定向凝固共晶生长的元胞自动机数值模拟

本文在已有的二元初生相元胞自动机（CA）方法的基础上,针对二元共晶凝固过程提出了改进的元胞自动机（MCA）模型.该模型考虑成分过冷和曲率过冷对界面形态的影响,通过界面溶质浓度守恒来获得共晶α相和β相生长速率,模拟了层片的湮灭、分叉与稳态生长.为了验证模型的可靠性,对常见的CBr₄-C₂Cl₆共晶透明合金进行了模拟,研究了抽拉速率对共晶层片间距大小的影响,模拟结果与文献中的实验结果吻合良好;同时模拟了共晶层片间距调整过程的形貌演化以及层片振荡不稳定性现象.本文将MCA模型扩展到三维定向凝固过程中,研究了共晶形态的层棒状转变机制.     

共晶变速生长的多相场模拟

利用多相场模型,模拟了CBr4-C2Cl6共晶合金定向凝固稳态生长及非稳态变速生长过程.稳态生长模拟结果与Jackson-Hunt共晶理论描述一致,验证了模型的可靠性.非稳态变速生长模拟表明:阶跃增速或减速时,片层间距的调整分别通过突变分叉、或逐步湮没与合并以及自身相的长大方式进行,两者片层间距的选择过程表现为强烈的非对称性;相对于阶跃时刻,片层间距调整、界面平均生长速率与平均过冷度的变化均具有滞后性.     

共晶形貌选择及界面失稳的多相场模拟

采用KKSM多相场模型,研究了低速下定向凝固CBr4-C2Cl6薄试样的层片共晶界面失稳及形貌选择．多相场模拟结果真实再现了3种共晶层片界面失稳模式及其形貌选择的演化过程,随着初始层片间距的不断增加,其形貌选择变化依次为：层片湮没→稳态生长→1λO不稳定性→2λO不稳定性→层片分叉与形核．模拟结果不仅与理论计算的形貌选择图相符,而且与实验结果定性一致．     

多相场模拟非共晶成分CBr4-C2Cl6合金层片生长的形貌选择

通过KKSM多相场模型,分别研究了定向凝固条件下亚共晶、过共晶成分的CBr4-C2Cl6合金层片生长形貌选择规律.结果表明,随着初始层片间距的不断增加,亚共晶的形貌选择变化依次为:层片湮没→稳态生长→2λ0不稳定性→层片分叉与形核;而过共晶的形貌选择变化依次为:层片湮没→稳态生长→2λ0不稳定性→T-2λ0不稳定性→Tilt 生长→T-1λ0不稳定性.模拟结果不仅与理论计算的形貌选择图相符,而且与实验结果定性地一致.     

多相场法研究层片厚度对三维共晶层片生长的影响

利用KKSO多相场模型,研究CBr4-C2Cl6过共晶合金,当层片间距为4.1μm时,层片厚度对三维共晶层片生长过程的影响。研究表明层片厚度对三维共晶层片生长影响显著,厚度效应有可能导致层片取向的垂直偏转和倾斜偏转。层片厚度比较小时,共晶层片以类似于二维的1λ振荡形式生长;当层片厚度大于6.4μm以后,层片开始偏转,并最终在横截面上垂直于初始层片方向;层片厚度在8.6～14.2μm之间取值时,在横截面内层片发生倾斜;之后,出现Z字形分叉,进一步增加层片厚度值至18.2μm时,共晶层片又发生垂直偏转。     

电磁搅拌对Pb—Sn共晶组织的影响

本文研究了pb—Sn共晶合金定向凝固条件下电磁搅拌对层片组织的影响。结果发现,Pb—Sn合金共晶组织明显粗化,并且层片间距随着半径的增加而增加。通过引进由流动引起的浓度波动项,利用最小过冷度理论推导出了下式:λ~2V=Ao/(1-A~1Guλ~2/D)。式中Gu=0. 25~μ-0.5~ωl- 5~r,Gu为液固界面前的速度梯度。随半径r增加而增加,这就较好地解释了层片间距λ与r的关系。此外,在试棒的外侧还发现了锡富集层。     

定向凝固Al2O3/YAG共晶自生复合材料的组织形态及非规则共晶生长

采用激光区熔定向凝固技术制备了Al2O3/Y3Al5O12(YAG)共晶自生复合材料.利用SEM,XRD,EDS及TEM对共晶形貌特征、相组成、界面结构.组织演化及相析出规律进行了研究;利用分形维数对非规则微观组织形态进行了定量表征.在此基础上,分析讨论了氧化物共晶的非规则共晶生长机制.结果表明: Al2O3/YAG共晶自生复合材料由无规则均匀分布的Al2O3和YAG两相组成,两相之间相互交错,耦合生长,呈象形文字结构;凝固过程中,YAG相作为领先相析出;随扫描速率增大,共晶间距高度细化,最小层间距为0.2 靘;在低扫描速率下,共晶组织属典型的层片状非规则共晶组织,具有明显的分形特征,当扫描速率达到2000 靘/s时,出现胞状和树枝状组织,组织分形特征减弱;共晶两相高的熔化熵及激光快速凝固大的动力学过冷导致的小平面/小平面共晶生长是形成复杂非规则共晶组织的主要原因.     

溶质截留对过冷共晶生长过程的影响

以过冷凝固条件下已有的共晶生长理论模型为基础,考虑了快速非平衡凝固条件下会出现溶质截留现象,探讨溶质截留对生长过程的影响.发现溶质截留的引入,增大了共品生长速度,减小了层片间距和枝晶尖端半径.初始平衡溶质分配系数越小,溶质截留对过冷共晶生长过程的影响越显著.     

生长速率对NiAl-7.8Mo亚共晶合金定向凝固组织及界面形态的影响

采用高温度梯度定向凝固装置制备了NiAl-7.8Mo亚共晶合金,系统研究了生长速率对合金凝固时界面形态、枝晶生长及初生相析出的影响.随生长速率的增大,固液界面依次呈现平、胞枝、枝的形貌转变,初生β相的一次枝晶间距λ1在胞晶生长阶段逐渐增大,而在枝晶生长阶段λ1又逐渐减小;二次枝晶间距λ2随生长速率的增加一直减小.初生β相的析出量随生长速率的增加而增加.分析结果表明:生长速率增加导致熔体过冷度增加,使得NiAl初生相形核率增加,最终导致初生β相的析出量随生长速率的增加而增加.     

试样直径对Ni-Ni3Si定向凝固共晶组织失稳的影响

采用Φ4 mm、Φ7 mm两种Ni-Ni_3Si共晶合金试样,研究试样直径对定向凝固共晶组织失稳的影响。实验结果表明:Ni-Ni_3Si共晶耦合生长的初生相为Ni_3Si相,定向生长的小直径试样更易发生zigzag失稳,形成弯曲的层片组织。分析认为小直径试样的液相温度梯度较大,合金凝固过程中过冷度较低,在生长速率为4μm/s时,即可发生zigzag失稳,这种失稳有利于减小共晶两相扩散生长速率的差异性,缩小两相的宽度差。此外,这种晶内失稳与晶粒的层片取向有关。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.