一株食源性多重耐药单核细胞增生李斯特菌的耐药性研究

本研究对食品样本中分离的一株多重耐药单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行耐药机制的探讨,以期对食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌多重耐药现象的控制提供理论依据。本文通过聚合酶链式反应筛选耐药决定因子,质粒消除及自然转化实验对耐药决定因子进行定位及传播能力的探讨,最后通过传代实验验证该菌株多重耐药性传播的稳定性。结果表明,对检测到的多重耐药菌株LM78(耐受氯霉素、红霉素、链霉素、四环素、复方新诺明)进行相关耐药基因检测,检测到cat、erm B、tet S 3个耐药基因。质粒消除后MIC值下降到敏感范围,且该质粒可通过自然转化在不同菌属间传递,说明这些耐药基因存在于质粒上。该质粒在无抗生素选择压力下连续传代,仍具有较高稳定性。食源性致病菌多重耐药性有可能通过不同细菌种属间转移,进而由食物链向人类传播,对人类健康造成潜在的威胁。     

动物源性食品中抗生素残留、耐药细菌的分布及耐药基因的水平传播

目的：调查动物源性食品中抗生素的残留、耐药细菌的分布及抗生素对耐药基因水平转移的影响。方法：利用盐析辅助液液萃取/高效液相色谱/串联质谱法对市售动物源性食品中18种抗生素的含量进行检测;对样品中的需氧菌进行分离鉴定,利用PCR技术调查耐药基因的分布,通过接合转移试验调查抗生素胁迫对耐药基因水平传播的影响。结果：50份动物源性食品中检出环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、土霉素、金霉素、磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶。162株分离株中磺胺甲基异恶唑耐药基因sul1的检出率最高。在环丙沙星胁迫下,三株供体菌中耐药基因qnrS的接合转移率均高于对照组。结论：动物源性食品中喹诺酮类、磺胺类和四环素类抗生素均有不同程度的残留。亚抑菌浓度抗生素促进耐药基因的接合转移。     

动物性食品源大肠杆菌质粒介导喹诺酮的耐药机制研究

本研究以动物性食品源大肠杆菌为研究对象,采用琼脂二倍稀释法调查菌株对抗生素的药物敏感性,通过PCR扩增及产物测序检测质粒介导喹诺酮耐药(PMQR)基因的分布以及喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)靶基因突变,旨在更好的了解食源性大肠杆菌对喹诺酮类药物产生耐药性的分子机制。645份动物性食品样品中共检出大肠杆菌179株,总检出率为27.7%。179株动物性食品源大肠杆菌对15种抗生素均表现出不同程度的耐药性,其中对四环素、链霉素、萘啶酸和复方新诺明的耐药水平较高。PMQR基因阳性菌株共14株,占受试菌株的7.8%,其中有11株能通过接合转移将PMQR基因转移至受体菌中。QRDR靶位突变在PMQR阳性菌株中普遍存在,介导菌株对喹诺酮的高水平耐药。研究结果表明,动物性食品可能成为耐药菌株的潜在"蓄水池",并通过食物链将耐药性传递给人类,从而引起人类的感染以及耐药菌株的流行。     

动物源性食品中病原菌的耐药性研究进展

动物源性食品中病原菌的耐药性给人类健康带来了巨大威胁。本文对动物源性食品中病原菌的耐药现状进行了阐述,系统地分析了动物源性食品中耐药病原菌产生机制及因素。同时,探讨了动物源性食品中耐药病原菌预防和监控的新方法或技术。     

沙门氏菌耐药与毒力杂合型质粒的分子特征与转移风险研究进展

沙门氏菌是引发食物中毒的首要致病细菌,其高毒耐药流行株在食品安全研究领域受到广泛关注。这些高毒耐药株中常携带耐药与毒力基因杂合质粒及大量可移动元件,它们可通过整个食品产业链进行水平转移,给民众的餐桌安全和身体健康带来巨大危害。深入解析这些质粒中耐药与毒力基因杂合转移的分子特征及其转移风险,是研究食源性致病菌危害因子传播规律领域的一个重要问题。伴随着测序技术的进步,耐药与毒力基因在质粒中的聚集与重组等演化过程逐渐被揭示,可移动元件在质粒的稳定和转移过程中的作用也得到初步验证。基于此,本文从杂合方式与转移风险、重要可移动元件的功能以及杂合质粒中耐药与毒力基因的演化特征等角度,简述沙门氏菌耐药与毒力杂合质粒的研究进展,以期为揭示高毒耐药株的传播特征和风险评估提供数据支持。     

裂解酶对食源性病原菌的生物防治研究及应用

噬菌体裂解酶能够高效消化细菌细胞壁,对多重耐药病原菌表现出独特的裂解能力,是一种新型抗菌分子,具有重要的应用潜力和研究价值。本文对裂解酶在食品生产中的研究进展进行了概述,重点综述了裂解酶及其嵌合体对食源性病原菌的生物防治研究以及裂解酶作用于革兰氏阴性菌的研究进展。     

猪源金黄色葡萄球菌lsa(E)基因的流行性研究

多重耐药菌的传播对食品安全和人们健康造成严重威胁。为研究介导细菌对林可胺类、截短侧耳素类及链阳菌素A类耐药的lsa(E)基因及其基因簇在猪源金黄色葡萄球菌中的流行情况,对厦门三个猪场分离得到的29株金黄色葡萄球菌进行lsa(E)基因检测,用overlapping PCR对lsa(E)基因阳性菌株进行耐药基因簇的扩增,并用药敏纸片法检测菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,29株金葡菌全部携带lsa(E)基因,且aad E-spc-lsa(E)-lnu(B)-tnp基因簇检出率为96.6%(28/29)。药物敏感实验结果显示,29株lsa(E)基因阳性的金葡菌对克林霉素、克拉霉素、庆大霉素的耐药率分别为100.0%、100.0%、72.4%,对复方新诺明、四环素、环丙沙星的耐药率均为96.6%。未发现有对苯唑西林、喹奴普汀/达福普汀和利奈唑胺耐药的菌株。细菌多重耐药率为100.0%,且耐药谱主要为PEN-GEN-TET-CLA-SXT-CLI-CIP-MXF。研究旨在为临床治疗食源性致病菌引起的食品安全问题和控制多重耐药菌随食品链的传播提供一定的科学依据。     

食源性致病菌研究动态

正食源性病原菌是引起食源性疾病的主要原因之一,是全球食品安全的核心问题,已成为威胁人们健康的重要公共卫生问题。近年来,国内外食源性病原菌病事件频频发生,在我国,由于食物链中病原细菌污染及其造成的食源性疾病也屡见不鲜,不仅严重危害国民健康,而且已经成为我国食品出口的主要障碍,严重损害了我国的国际形象。因此,我国应加强对食源性细菌病的研究和防控工作。本文将简要介绍食源     

季铵盐类消毒剂及大肠杆菌对其耐药性研究进展

研究表明,食源性细菌消毒剂耐药严重,大肠杆菌是食品污染状况及耐药性监测的指示菌,对季铵盐类消毒剂表现出比革兰氏阳性菌更强的抗性,且大肠杆菌对消毒剂与抗生素耐药性可共传播。鉴于此,本文综述了季铵盐类消毒剂的结构与种类、作用机制、大肠杆菌消毒剂耐药产生、耐药基因、基因型与表型的关系以及与抗生素耐药共传播机制等的研究进展。食源性大肠杆菌对季铵盐类消毒剂抗性的耐药机制研究很少,研究大肠杆菌对季铵盐类消毒剂耐药性,可为消毒剂的规范使用以及食源性大肠杆菌的防控提供科学依据及理论基础。     

IncI1和IncN质粒阳性沙门氏菌耐药及质粒接合转移特征

目的:研究分离于北京、上海、福建、河南、四川、广东、广西、陕西和新疆等地各类零售食品、临床病人和食品性动物源沙门氏菌中IncI1和IncN质粒的流行状况,IncI1和IncN质粒阳性沙门氏菌的药敏性、携带的耐药基因及其在接合过程的水平转移状况。方法:使用聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)复制子分型方法筛选携带不相容质粒IncI1和IncN的菌株,琼脂稀释法测定沙门氏菌的药敏性,PCR法检测耐药基因,膜接合法测定IncI1和IncN质粒的水平转移。结果:956株沙门氏菌中共检出IncI1阳性菌株42株(4.39%),IncN阳性菌株3株(0.31%);26株IncI1和/或IncN质粒阳性代表菌株对头孢噻呋(100.0%)、萘啶酮酸(92.3%)、氨苄西林(92.3%)、头孢哌酮(88.5%)、四环素(84.6%)、头孢曲松(80.8%)、复方新诺明(76.9%)、链霉素(76.9%)和氯霉素(61.5%)耐药最为普遍,对卡那霉素(26.9%)、庆大霉素(23.1%)、多黏菌素B(23.1%)、环丙沙星(19.2%)、阿莫西林/克拉维酸(15.4%)、头孢西丁(11.5%)和阿米卡星(3.8%)的耐药性相对较低。IncI1质粒阳性菌株比IncN质粒阳性菌株的耐药谱更宽,对头孢类抗生素的耐受水平更高;IncN质粒阳性菌株对氨基糖苷类抗生素的抗性相对更高。IncI1阳性菌株中blaTEM和blaCTX-M基因检出率高于IncN阳性株,IncN阳性株中qnrA、qnrB和qnrS基因检出率高于IncI1阳性菌株。沙门氏菌作为受体时接合频率在3.2×10~(-5)～2.0×10~(-3)之间,大肠杆菌作为受体时接合频率在8.7×10~(-7)～9.6×10~(-5)之间。供体菌携带的qnrB、acc(6’)-Ib、blaTEM和blaCTX-M基因均可通过接合转移至受体菌,接合后受体菌获得卡那霉素、头孢噻呋、头孢曲松、氨苄西林、链霉素和庆大霉素抗性。结论:IncI1和IncN质粒阳性沙门氏菌检出率较低,菌株携带的质粒类型和相应的耐药表型存在一定关联,质粒携带的耐药基因可通过接合作用在不同种属细菌间传播,使受体菌获得耐药性。     

Phages and their lysins: Toolkits in the battle against foodborne pathogens in the postantibiotic era

Worldwide, foods waste caused by putrefactive organisms and diseases caused by foodborne pathogens persist as public health problems even with a plethora of modern antimicrobials. Our over reliance on antimicrobials use in agriculture, medicine, and other fields will lead to a postantibiotic era where bacterial genotypic resistance, phenotypic adaptation, and other bacterial evolutionary strategies cause antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This AMR is evidenced by the emergence of multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and pan-resistant (PDR) bacteria, which produces cross-contamination in multiple fields and poses a more serious threat to food safety. A “red queen premise” surmises that the coevolution of phages and bacteria results in an evolutionary arms race that compels phages to adapt and survive bacterial antiphage strategies. Phages and their lysins are therefore useful toolkits in the design of novel antimicrobials in food protection and foodborne pathogens control, and the modality of using phages as a targeted vector against foodborne pathogens is gaining momentum based on many encouraging research outcomes. In this review, we discuss the rationale of using phages and their lysins as weapons against spoilage organisms and foodborne pathogens, and outline the targeted conquest or dodge mechanism of phages and the development of novel phage prospects. We also highlight the implementation of phages and their lysins to control foodborne pathogens in a farm–table–hospital domain in the postantibiotic era.     

Antibiotic resistance mechanism and diagnosis of common foodborne pathogens based on genotypic and phenotypic biomarkers

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the overuse or inappropriate use of antibiotics has become a significant public health concern. The agri-food chain, which serves as a vital link between the environment, food, and human, contributes to the large-scale dissemination of antibiotic resistance, posing a concern to both food safety and human health. Identification and evaluation of antibiotic resistance of foodborne bacteria is a crucial priority to avoid antibiotic abuse and ensure food safety. However, the conventional approach for detecting antibiotic resistance heavily relies on culture-based methods, which are laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop accurate and rapid tools for diagnosing antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. This review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance at both phenotypic and genetic levels, with a focus on identifying potential biomarkers for diagnosing antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. Furthermore, an overview of advances in the strategies based on the potential biomarkers (antibiotic resistance genes, antibiotic resistance-associated mutations, antibiotic resistance phenotypes) for antibiotic resistance analysis of foodborne pathogens is systematically exhibited. This work aims to provide guidance for the advancement of efficient and accurate diagnostic techniques for antibiotic resistance analysis in the food industry.     

食源性沙门菌流行趋势及耐药性研究进展

沙门菌病是主要的食源性疾病,构成了全球范围内主要的公共卫生问题,在我国由沙门菌引起的食源性疾病也占首位。本综述概述了近年来国内外食源性沙门菌流行趋势,回顾了我国多个省市从肉制品或肉制品生产链中检出肠炎沙门菌、鼠伤寒沙门菌、德尔卑沙门菌的情况,从耐药情况和耐药机制两方面简述了食源性沙门菌耐药性,分析了食源性耐药菌通过食物链和粪-口途径在养殖业-社区-医院间的传播模式。研究发现,肉制品可能是人类沙门菌病主要的传染源,且近年来在全球范围内,肉制品中耐药性沙门菌的检出率居高不下,这使临床医生治疗时可选择的药物受到限制。随着家禽肉类食品的日益全球化,沙门菌病的控制可能会面临更严峻的挑战,因此控制沙门菌的传播需要采取新的综合干预策略。     

生物膜状态对食源性致病菌耐药与毒力的影响研究进展

生物膜是细菌抵御不利环境维持群体稳定性的一种常见的群落形态。生物膜状态增强了食源性致病菌的抗逆性和持久存活力,促进了细菌间的信息传导和物质交换。特别是生物膜状态显著增强了菌株对抗生素的耐受能力,提升了可移动元件在细菌间的转移效率,并且生物膜状态下的细菌具备更强的入侵和感染能力,成为食品安全和人类健康的重要危害。基于此,本文将从生物膜的结构特征与异质性、生物膜对基因突变和基因水平转移的影响、以及群体感应调控等多个角度,简述生物膜状态影响食源性致病菌耐药和毒力的研究进展,以期为深入研究生物膜的生物功能与危害防控提供新的思路。     

噬菌体裂解酶结构特征、重组策略及其在控制食源性致病菌中的应用

持续的全球食源性疾病和耐药细菌的广泛流行,对食品安全和人类健康造成了极大的威胁,迫切需要研发新型杀菌、控菌技术。噬菌体裂解酶是大部分裂性噬菌体在裂解期释放一种活性蛋白,能够有效裂解宿主细胞壁,已被证明可应用于食品供应链的各个环节中控制食源性致病菌风险。天然噬菌体裂解酶具有高度的宿主特异性和强烈的裂解活性,能破坏细菌生物被膜,而且具备绿色安全、不易产生耐药等优势。同时,噬菌体裂解酶具有模块化结构特点,运用蛋白质工程技术将其重组,可增强其裂解活性、提高稳定性以及靶向性。本综述系统地描述了噬菌体裂解酶的模块化结构特征及作用位点,讨论了噬菌体裂解酶的重组策略和方法,总结了天然噬菌体裂解酶在控制食源性致病菌方面的应用进展,并对噬菌体裂解酶在食品工业中的应用进行了展望,以期为食源性致病菌及其耐药性的有效控制提供一种行之有效的新策略。     

The importance of lactic acid bacteria for the prevention of bacterial growth and their biogenic amines formation: A review

Foodborne pathogens (FBP) represent an important threat to the consumers' health as they are able to cause different foodborne diseases. In order to eliminate the potential risk of those pathogens, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have received a great attention in the food biotechnology sector since they play an essential function to prevent bacterial growth and reduce the biogenic amines (BAs) formation. The foodborne illnesses (diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, etc.) caused by those microbial pathogens is due to various reasons, one of them is related to the decarboxylation of available amino acids that lead to BAs production. The formation of BAs by pathogens in foods can cause the deterioration of their nutritional and sensory qualities. BAs formation can also have toxicological impacts and lead to different types of intoxications. The growth of FBP and their BAs production should be monitored and prevented to avoid such problems. LAB is capable of improving food safety by preventing foods spoilage and extending their shelf-life. LAB are utilized by the food industries to produce fermented products with their antibacterial effects as bio-preservative agents to extent their storage period and preserve their nutritive and gustative characteristics. Besides their contribution to the flavor for fermented foods, LAB secretes various antimicrobial substances including organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins. Consequently, in this paper, the impact of LAB on the growth of FBP and their BAs formation in food has been reviewed extensively.     

Antimicrobial resistance risk assessment in food safety

Microbiological risk assessments generally focus on estimating adverse human health risks from exposures to human pathogenic microbes. The assessment of potential human health risks posed by pathogens that have acquired resistance to antimicrobial drugs is a new application of risk assessment that is closely related to microbiological risk assessment. Antimicrobial resistance risk assessment is a risk analyticalprocess that focuses on resistance determinants as hazardous agents that might lead to drug-resistant microbial infections in humans exposed to bacteria carrying the determinants. Antimicrobial-resistant infections could occur directly from actively inavading or opportunistic pathogens or indirectly from the transfer of resistance genes to other bacteria. Here, we discuss risk assessment models that might be employed to estimate risks from drug-resistant bacteria in the animal food pathway and the types of models and data that may be used for microbiological risk assessments or antimicrobial resistance risk assessments.     

Antimicrobial activity of coriander oil and its effectiveness as food preservative

Foodborne illness represents a major economic burden worldwide and a serious public health threat, with around 48 million people affected and 3,000 death each year only in the USA. One of the possible strategies to reduce foodborne infections is the development of effective preservation strategies capable of eradicating microbial contamination of foods. Over the last years, new challenges for the food industry have arisen such as the increase of antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens to common preservatives and consumers demand for naturally based products. In order to overcome this, new approaches using natural or bio-based products as food preservatives need to be investigated. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is a well-known herb widely used as spice, or in folk medicine, and in the pharmacy and food industries. Coriander seed oil is the world's second most relevant essential oil, exhibiting antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, some yeasts, dermatophytes and filamentous fungi. This review highlights coriander oil antimicrobial activity and possible mechanisms of action in microbial cells and discusses the ability of coriander oil usage as a food preservative, pointing out possible paths for the successful evolution for these strategies towards a successful development of a food preservation strategy using coriander oil.