丁香精油β-环糊精微胶囊制备工艺条件的优化

介绍了丁香精油的性能和其作为食品防腐剂的局限性。以β-环糊精(β-CD)为壁材制备了丁香精油微胶囊,通过正交试验对微胶囊制备工艺条件进行了优化。结果表明:微胶囊制备比较适宜的条件为β-CD与水比质量比为1∶6,芯材与壁材体积质量比为1∶6,溶媒乙醇的体积分数为60%,丁香精油与溶媒体积比为1∶20,微胶囊化的温度为60℃,时间为2.5 h。由此可得到包合得率为76.86%,包埋率为22.32%,粒径50~80nm的微胶囊颗粒。     

三聚氰胺-甲醛相变微胶囊制备及性能

以三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂(MF)为壁材,石蜡为芯材,通过原位聚合法制备了芯壁比分别为2∶1、3∶1、4∶1的相变微胶囊,并对微胶囊进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、热重分析(TG)及热循环测试。结果表明,在制备过程中,微胶囊的壁材不与芯材发生反应,制备的微胶囊为比较完整的球形。当相变微胶囊芯壁比为4∶1时,潜热值高达到162.7 J/g,与计算值非常接近,经过100次热循环后潜热值损失3.63%;当芯壁比较小时,微胶囊的耐热性及包裹较好。     

聚氨基酸复合微胶囊对Hb的控制释放

以生物相容性好、价格低廉的海藻酸钠(ALG)为聚阴离子芯材,通过静电液滴装置制备了平均粒径在290 μm左右、球形度好、表面光洁的海藻酸钙胶珠;再将生物可降解、具有介入治疗作用的聚精氨酸(PLA)与聚组氨酸(PLH)的混合物作为聚阳离子壁材,在海藻酸钙胶珠表面覆上一层高分子聚合膜以制备聚氨基酸复合微胶囊;并以牛血红蛋白Hb为药物模型,对微胶囊的控制释放性能进行了考察并将其初步应用于体外模拟口服给药。结果表明:聚氨基酸复合微胶囊在前0.5 h的累积释放量均低于40％,溶出结束时累积释放量均达到80%以上;ALG/(PLA-PLH)复合微胶囊和ALG/PLH微胶囊的药物释放速率均低于ALG/PLA微胶囊;于10 min成膜时间内制备的微胶囊具有较高的载药量、包封率和缓释性能;以pH 4.6 HAc-NaAc缓冲液为成膜溶媒制备的微胶囊,Hb持续释放时间和残留量均高于蒸馏水组;前2 h在模拟胃液的pH 1.2 HCl溶媒中累计释放的Hb不超过10％且绝大部分是在模拟肠液环境即pH 6.8 PBS 溶媒中释放的;壳聚糖的引入能在一定程度上延长药物释放时间。聚氨基酸复合微胶囊具备一定的缓释性、pH响应性和生理黏附性,有望成为一种口服给药系统用药物载体。      

广藿香油缓释微胶囊的制备及其性能分析

以广藿香油为芯材,壳聚糖和阿拉伯胶为壁材,采用复凝聚法对广藿香油进行包埋,制备广藿香油微胶囊。利用扫描电子显微镜、激光粒度仪、红外光谱和紫外光谱等分析方法研究各因素对微胶囊形成的影响。确定制备广藿香油微胶囊的最佳条件:采用中低粘度的壳聚糖,壳聚糖浓度为0.5%,阿拉伯胶浓度为4%,芯壁比为1∶2,复凝聚pH值为4.5,搅拌转速为2000r/min。红外光谱分析表明广藿香油包埋成功,其载药量和包封率分别为20.75%和67.2%。微胶囊缓释性能测试结果表明微胶囊具有良好的缓释效果,在25℃条件下,微胶囊释放150h后,累计释放率为33%,即微胶囊保留率为67%。     

响应曲面法橄榄油微胶囊化工艺优化研究

目的通过响应曲面试验确定制备橄榄油微胶囊的最佳工艺。方法以大豆分离蛋白和黑木耳多糖为新型壁材,橄榄油为芯材,亚麻籽胶为乳化剂,采用乳液聚合-冷冻干燥法制备橄榄油微胶囊,其实验指标为包埋率,并利用透射电镜观察微胶囊的形态。结果在固形物质量分数为15.4%、壁芯材体积比为5︰1、乳化剂的质量分数为0.24%的条件下,包埋率可达到77.22%。通过透射电镜观察微胶囊形态可知,橄榄油微胶囊基本呈圆球形,分布均匀,包埋效果较好。结论响应曲面试验可以很好地对橄榄油微胶囊的制备工艺条件进行优化,制备的橄榄油微胶囊对橄榄油的抗氧化作用有着加强效果。     

壳聚糖/阿拉伯胶复凝聚鱼油微胶囊的制备及性质研究

研究以壳聚糖(chitosan,CS)和阿拉伯胶(acacia gum,GA)作为包裹鱼油的壁材,通过复凝聚反应制备CS/GA复凝聚鱼油微胶囊。首先通过单因素分析法,对复凝聚行为的影响因素进行研究。结果表明,当m(CS)∶m(GA)为1∶6,1∶7,壁材总浓度为3%,4%,5%,pH值为4.0,4.5,5.0,反应温度为20℃,反应时间为30min时,CS与GA具有较好的复凝聚效果。以此为基础,在保证较好的复凝聚效果的前提下,确定了CS/GA复凝聚鱼油微胶囊的最佳制备工艺:CS/GA壁材总浓度为5%,m(CS)∶m(GA)为1∶7,芯壁比为1∶2,pH值为4.5,反应温度为20℃,复凝聚反应时间为30min。在最佳制备工艺下制备的CS/GA复凝聚鱼油微胶囊呈规整的球形,分散性良好;粒径分布均匀,平均粒径为16.3μm;对鱼油的包埋率和壁材的利用率分别为75.33%和81.01%。     

反溶剂法制备肉桂醛/乙基纤维素微胶囊及其表征

采用反溶剂法,以肉桂醛为芯材,乙基纤维素(EC)为壁材制备肉桂醛微胶囊,研究了不同芯壁比对微胶囊包埋率及形貌的影响;采用扫描电镜对所得微胶囊的表面形貌进行观察,借助红外光谱和热重分析等对其形成机理能进行了分析,并对其缓释性进行了测试。结果表明,当芯壁比为1∶3时包埋率最大,达到83%,载药量为21%,微胶囊为分散性好、粒径200 nm~1μm的球形粒子。红外光谱、热重分析结果表明EC可以通过自组装将肉桂醛包裹于其形成的疏水性空腔内部。微胶囊存放7 d后,其中的肉桂醛释放率仅为23%,而肉桂醛混合物中肉桂醛的释放率达到了54%,表明肉桂醛微胶囊具有一定缓释性。     

肉桂精油微胶囊抗菌水性油墨的研制

目的为了满足食品包装对油墨安全性的要求,研制一种具有缓释抗菌特性的水性油墨。方法以β-环糊精为包埋材料,采用超声波法制备肉桂精油微胶囊,设计L_9(3~4)正交实验方案,研究芯材(肉桂精油)与壁材(β-环糊精)的质量比,壁材与水的质量比,反应转速,反应时间等对包埋率的影响。以制备的肉桂精油微胶囊为抗菌剂,辅以水性丙烯酸酯树脂、颜料、填料、水及各类助剂制备抗菌水性油墨,选用大肠杆菌和青霉菌检测油墨的抗菌性。结果确定了超声波法制备肉桂精油微胶囊的最佳工艺条件,芯壁质量比为1∶5,壁材与水的质量比为1∶8,反应转速为2000 r/min,时间为6 min,此条件下可制备包埋率为33.88%的肉桂精油微胶囊。抗菌性检测结果表明,肉桂精油微胶囊抗菌水性油墨对大肠杆菌和青霉菌均有显著的抑制作用,当肉桂精油微胶囊质量分数为7%时,对大肠杆菌和青霉菌的抑菌圈直径分别为24 mm和17 mm。结论通过添加肉桂精油微胶囊,可制备具有显著抗菌性的水性油墨,提升了水性油墨在食品包装方面的应用价值。     

三氯蔗糖微胶囊的制备与工艺优化

为延缓三氯蔗糖甜味特性,采用微胶囊技术对三氯蔗糖进行包埋处理。选择大豆分离蛋白和海藻酸钠为壁材,三氯蔗糖为芯材,采用复合凝聚法制备三氯蔗糖微胶囊。以微胶囊产率为评价指标,利用单因素试验和响应面优化法确定最佳制备条件,并对其形态等进行表征。研究结果表明,微胶囊的最佳制备工艺：复凝聚pH值为3.01,芯壁质量比为1.27,大豆分离蛋白和海藻酸钠的质量比为3.01,壁材质量浓度为0.0304 g/mL。按此工艺条件制备的三氯蔗糖微胶囊呈完整球形,表面光滑平整,粒径约为50μm,产率可达75.19%。     

氧化石墨烯改性石蜡相变微胶囊的制备及性能研究

采用悬浮聚合法制备了以氧化石墨烯改性甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯酸共聚物为壁材,固体石蜡为芯材的相变储热微胶囊。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和热重分析仪(TGA)等手段对微胶囊的表面形貌、化学结构及热性能等进行了表征和测试。结果表明:当芯壁比为4∶10,氧化石墨烯含量为0.6%(质量分数)时,氧化石墨烯在壁材中分布均匀,微胶囊的平均产率为87.41%,平均包覆率为71.06%。微胶囊呈规则球形,平均粒径为200μm,相变焓为73.5J/g。经改性后,微胶囊热性能增加,机械强度提高。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...