镧系六铝酸盐催化剂的制备及其催化甲烷燃烧活性研究

用共沉淀法制备了镧系六铝酸盐LaMnxAl12-xO19(x=0、1、2、3、4、5、6)催化剂,通过X射线衍射、差热分析、扫描电镜和比表面积分析等实验技术及甲烷催化燃烧,对催化剂的结构和性质进行了考察。研究了锰离子掺杂对催化剂结构以及甲烷催化燃烧活性的影响。结果表明,催化剂在1200℃焙烧后可以形成完整的六铝酸盐晶型,且具有较高的催化性能和高温稳定性,不同含量的Mn离子掺杂对催化剂的比表面积和活性有较大的影响。LaMn2Al10O19催化剂具有较好的活性,其起燃温度(T10%/℃)为506℃,完全转化温度(T90%/℃)为696℃。     

Ce0.65-xCoxK0.15Zr0.2O2催化剂催化碳烟燃烧活性及稳定性研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了Ce0.65-xCoxK0.15Zr0.2O2(x=0,0.15,0.23,0.30,0.38和0.45)系列催化剂,用XRD、SEM、BET、H2-TPR及程序升温氧化(TPO)反应等方法考察了Co含量对催化剂结构和催化活性的影响,重点探讨了催化剂表面性质和体相结构与催化活性和稳定性之间的关系。结果表明:所得催化剂呈现出网状多孔结构,Co离子难以大量扩散至CeO2晶格中,而是以Co3O4粒子形式分散在样品表面。老化前催化剂表面Co3O4颗粒的数量和尺寸对催化剂的催化活性起关键性作用,而进入到CeO2晶格中的钴离子则对提高催化剂的抗老化能力产生重要影响。当x=0.23时,催化剂表面出现大量具有高活性的细小Co3O4粒子,催化碳烟燃烧活性最高,起燃温度Ti与最大燃烧速率温度Tm分别为321℃与355℃,但该Co3O4粒子经空气气氛下800℃老化处理后易失活;当x=0.15时,催化剂老化前并未表现出优异的催化活性,但老化后因具有较多钴铈锆固溶体而表现出了最高的稳定性与催化碳烟燃烧活性,其Ti与Tm仍可达375℃与439℃。     

掺入Al_2O_3对固体氧化物电解质材料YSZ性能影响的研究

在立方相的钇稳定化氧化锆 [(ZrO2 ) 0 .92 (Y2 O3) 0 .0 8](YSZ)中 ,掺入少许不同量的Al2 O3,研究其对基体材料YSZ的烧结性能、机械强度和导电性能的影响 ,并对其机理进行了分析。实验结果表明 ,掺入Al2 O3能够明显降低电解质烧结温度 ,改善烧结性能。在 130 0℃烧结 1h后 ,少量掺杂Al2 O3的样品晶粒尺寸明显比纯YSZ样品的小 ;从阻抗谱图上可以看出 ,随着Al2 O3含量的增加 ,晶界电阻不断减小 ,在掺杂比例为 4 % (质量分数 )时 ,达到最小点。而后随着Al2 O3含量的增加 ,晶界电阻又呈上升趋势。用纯YSZ和掺 4 % (质量分数 )Al2 O3的材料制成SOFC ,得到伏安特性曲线 ,结果表明 ,掺 4 % (质量分数 )Al2 O3的性能比YSZ好。     

Fe对Mn/CeO2-TiO2催化剂低温NH3选择性催化还原NO的影响

以锰氧化物为活性组分,CeO2-TiO2为载体制备了Mn/CeO2-TiO2催化剂.考察了Fe的加入对Mn/CeO2-TiO2的低温NH3-SCR活性的影响.并采用BET比表面积,H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征.活性结果表明,Fe的引入显著改善了Mn/CeO2-TiO2的NH3-SCR活性,催化剂在113～250℃之间表现出良好的NO去除效率.表征结果表明,Fe的引入促进了锰物种在CeO2-TiO2表面的分散,降低了Mn-Fe/CeO2-TiO2中锰物种的还原温度.XPS分析指出Mn-Fe/CeO2-TiO2表面Mn以+4价存在,而Fe主要以+3价的Fe2O3存在,且Fe与载体表面间存在强相互作用.     

掺杂Mn对Ce-Zr复合氧化物性能的影响

采用共沉淀方法制备了一系列Ce-Zr-Mn 复合氧化物储氧材料, 并应用X射线衍射(XRD), BET, 氧吸附, 以及程序升温还原(TPR)对这些样品进行表征, 研究了样品老化前后的结构和织构变化, 储氧性能, 还原性能以及物相的变化. 结果表明, 在Ce-Zr固溶体中掺入少量的Mn可以显著提高储氧材料的储氧能力, 降低还原温度, 而且均形成稳定的立方晶相的CeO₂-ZrO₂固溶体. 当Mn含量(摩尔分数)达到0.025时, 样品的储氧量达到最高, 同时在织构上表现出优越的抗老化性能, 经1273K高温老化5h后比表面积可高达57.8m²/g.     

沉淀/络合剂对六铝酸盐-氧化铝复合涂层结构及粘附性能的影响

以γ-Al2O3/FeCrAl为基体并提供铝源,采用静态碱络合法制备了镧锰六铝酸盐(LaMn-hexaaluminate,简写LHA)-氧化铝复合涂层LHA-Al2O3。研究了不同沉淀/络合剂(氨水、氢氧化钠、碳酸铵、尿素、乙二胺)对涂层结构、形貌和粘附稳定性能的影响。采用SEM,XRD等对涂层的结构和形貌进行了表征,采用超声波振荡和热冲击对LHAAl2O3/FeCrAl及LHA/LHA-Al2O3/FeCrAl的粘附性能进行了测试,并对催化剂进行了甲烷催化燃烧活性测试。结果表明5个样品的活性结果相近,而氨水样品的粘附性能最好,尿素样品粘附性能最差。说明在保障良好甲烷催化燃烧的前提下,过渡层中嵌入和覆盖的板状LHA颗粒决定了催化剂体系的粘附稳定性。     

烟气中SO2催化还原制取硫磺

以煤气为还原剂、Fe为活性金属催化还原冶炼烟气中SO2制取硫磺.研究了不同载体、不同金属含量、稀土Sm及其含量对SO2还原成S单质催化活性的影响.结果表明,载体Al2O3粉末越细,SO2还原反应出的硫温度越低;催化剂中金属Fe的最佳含量(质量分数)为14%,当反应温度为400℃时,硫的产率为81.92%;稀土Sm的加入提高了催化剂的反应活性,当反应温度为360℃时,Sm-Fe/Al2O3的硫产率与Fe/Al2O3相比提高了40.5%.Sm-Fe/Al2O3催化剂的活性与Sm含量存在一定的关系,本试验条件下,稀土Sm的最佳含量(质量分数)为1.0%.     

掺入Al2O3对固体氧化物电解质材料YSZ性能影响的研究

在立方相的钇稳定化氧化锆[(ZrO2)0.92(Y2O3)0.08](YSZ)中，掺入少许不同量的Al2O2，研究其对基体材料YSZ的烧结性能、机械强度和导电性能的影响，并对其机理进行了分析。实验结果表明，掺入Al2O2能够明显降低电解质烧结温度，改善烧结性能。在1300℃烧结1h后，少量掺杂Al2O3的样品晶粒尺寸明显比纯YSZ样品的小；从阻抗谱图上可以看出，随着Al2O3含量的zk加，晶界电阻不断减小，在掺杂比例为4％(质量分数)时，达到最小点。而后随着Al2O3含量的zk加，晶界电阻又呈上升趋势。用纯YSZ和掺4％(质量分数)Al2O的材料制成SOFC，得到伏安特性曲线，结果表明，掺4％(质量分数)Al2O3的性能比YSZ好。     

钙钛矿型LaCo_(1-x)Fe_xO_3催化剂的制备及其催化甲烷燃烧性能研究

以催化甲烷燃烧为目标反应,采用共沉淀法制备铁和钴同时作为活性组分的一系列钙钛矿催化剂LaCo1-xFexO3(x=0、0.2、0.4、0.5、0.6、0.8、1.0),通过XRD、BET、SEM、DSC-TG和TPR等实验技术,对催化剂的结构和性质进行了考察。主要考察了不同掺杂量的Fe对催化剂结构及催化甲烷燃烧活性的影响。结果表明,催化剂在600℃焙烧后可以形成完整的钙钛矿晶型,同时具有较高的催化性能。不同量的Fe掺杂对于催化剂的特性有较大的影响,说明Fe离子和Co离子之间存在着一定程度的协同作用。Fe的加入使催化剂的活性得到明显提高,但加入Fe过量,催化剂的活性会有所降低。其中LaCo0.2Fe0.8O3催化剂具有较大的比表面积和较高的催化活性。     

BCFNO透氧膜反应器所用催化材料的选择分析

透氧膜反应器稳定性除受膜材料本身性能和膜反应器所处气氛影响外,重整过程所用催化剂与膜材料的反应问题同样值得关注。以透氧膜反应器焦炉煤气甲烷部分氧化重整用BCFNO膜材料为研究对象,分别通过SEM和XRD分析Al2O3、MgO、YSZ、β分子筛、TiO2等催化载体材料与BCFNO透氧膜材料的长时间反应情况,目的是为BCFNO透氧膜反应器所用催化剂材料选择提供依据。实验结果表明β分子筛、Al2O3和TiO2容易与BCFNO透氧膜材料反应形成新的相。MgO也与BCFNO反应,但反应较小,YSZ不与BCFNO发生反应。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...