Combination of a non-thermal plasma and a catalyst for toluene removal from air: Manganese based oxide catalysts

A series of manganese based catalysts have been tested in a combined plasma-catalyst reactor in the reaction of toluene removal from air. In the standard conditions (toluene = 240 ppm, energy density = 172 J/L, 1 g of catalyst, 315 mL/min), the best catalyst (manganese oxide supported on active carbon) is able to transform 55% of the toluene into carbon oxides. According to the study of the reaction mechanism, it appears that the toluene is oxidized both in-plasma by short-lived species generated by plasma and in post-plasma on the catalyst surface by the ozone formed in the plasma, the reaction on the catalyst being more selective in carbon dioxide formation than the reaction in plasma. We have shown that the toluene conversion increases when the toluene concentration in air decreases. A model able to describe the behavior of the plasma reactor and the plasma-catalyst reactor is proposed.     

低温等离子体协同锰银催化剂降解甲苯

以挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的代表物质——甲苯为去除对象,采用自制线管式介质阻挡放电反应器,考察低温等离子体与γ-Al2O3负载不同类型催化剂相结合去除空气中甲苯的性能。通过对负载活性组分的γ-Al2O3小球与未负载进行对比分析,考察放电对催化活性的影响。对不同类型反应器从能量密度、甲苯去除效率、能量效率和副产物臭氧的产生量进行测定比较。研究结果表明,负载活性组分后,催化剂的比表面积和孔径均减小。与仅填充γ-Al2O3相比,负载催化剂后的反应器能量密度有所降低,填充负载锰银催化剂的反应器对甲苯的降解有明显的促进作用,但不同催化剂的作用程度不同,在电压17 k V时,MnO2、Ag O、MnO2-Ag O、MnO2-Ag O-CeO2催化剂及无负载催化剂对甲苯去除效率分别为53.4%、64.4%,67.9%、74.0%和53.3%。因此,活性组分有助于提高催化活性,进而提高甲苯去除效率。甲苯降解的能量效率随电压升高而减小,引入催化剂后的能量效率高于仅填充γ-Al2O3时的能量效率。臭氧的产生量随电压的升高而升高,引入催化剂有利于减少副产物臭氧的生成。     

低温等离子体协同铜铈催化剂脱除甲苯

以挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）中的代表物质甲苯作为脱除对象,采用柠檬酸水热法制得铜铈催化剂,考察了低温等离子体协同不同摩尔比铜铈催化剂脱除甲苯的性能。研究发现铜铈复合型金属催化剂可以大幅度提升低温等离子体对甲苯的脱除效率,降低初始浓度、气体流速和升高电压可以提高甲苯脱除效率。同时利用N₂吸附-脱附（BET）、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、红外光谱（FTIR）等手段对催化剂进行表征,发现催化剂活性组分分布较均匀,铜铈复合型金属催化剂表面氧空位、吸附态氧含量高于单金属氧化物催化剂,这有利于催化剂活性氧的释放。铜铈之间存在着协同作用,铜铈之间的氧化还原循环有利于甲苯的氧化。     

循环的存储-放电等离子体催化新过程脱除室内空气中甲苯

引言 室内空气中的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),如甲醛(HCHO)、苯(C<,6>H<,6>)、甲苯(C<,7>H<,8>)等,是一类对人体有极大危害的室内空气污染物[1-2].传统的脱除VOCs的方法有吸附法、催化氧化法、热焚烧法等,这些方法在经济上或处理效率上或多或少存在缺陷.用于室内空气中VOCs脱除的理想方法应该同时具备脱除效率高、室温脱除、操作简单、能耗低及无二次污染物等特点.     

Effective combination of non-thermal plasma and catalyst for removal of volatile organic compounds and NOx

A plasma/catalyst hybrid reactor was designed to overcome the limits of plasma and catalyst technologies. A two-plasma/catalyst hybrid system was used to decompose VOCs (toluene) and NOx at temperature lower than 150 °C. The single-stage type (Plasma-driven catalyst process) is the system in which catalysts are installed in a non-thermal plasma reactor. And the two-stage type (Plasma-enhanced process) is the system in which a plasma and a catalyst reactor are connected in series. The catalysts prepared in this experiment were Pt/TiO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ of powder type and Pd/ZrO₂, Pt/ZrO₂ and Pt/Al₂O₃ which were catalysts of honeycomb type. When a plasma-driven catalyst reactor with Pt/Al₂O₃ decomposed only toluene, it removed just more 20% than the only plasma reactor but the selectivity of CO₂ was remarkably elevated as compared with only the plasma reactor. In case of decomposing VOCs (toluene) and NOx using plasma-enhanced catalyst reactor with Pt/ZrO₂ or Pt/Al₂O₃, the conversion of toluene to CO₂ was nearly 100% and about 80% of NOx was removed. This work was presented at the 6 ^th Korea-China Workshop on Clean Energy Technology held at Busan, Korea, July 4–7, 2006.     

低温等离子体协同Mn基催化剂降解氯苯研究

以氯代挥发性有机物（CVOCs）中的典型代表氯苯为研究对象,分别采用硝酸锰（MN）和乙酸锰（MA）为前体,通过浸渍法制备Mn基催化剂,考察了低温等离子体协同Mn基催化剂降解氯苯性能以及抑制反应副产物臭氧生成的影响。研究发现对于不同反应系统,提升电压可以提高氯苯降解效率;催化剂引入能够大幅度提高氯苯降解性能,与MnO _x （MN）/γ-Al₂O₃相比,MnO _x （MA）/γ-Al₂O₃引入对氯苯降解效果更好,对臭氧生成的抑制性能更高。利用N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对反应前后催化剂进行表征分析,发现放电并未对催化剂的孔径及晶相结构产生影响;通过无机氯选择性和尾气质谱结果分析氯苯降解过程中氯元素变化;与MnO _x （MN）/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂相比,MnO _x （MA）/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的比表面积相对较大,活性组分分散性更高、更均匀,从而导致反应系统内更多的臭氧在催化剂表面分解为活性氧原子,提高了氯苯的降解性能并抑制了反应系统内臭氧的生成。     

低温等离子体协同Mn基催化剂降解氯苯研究

以氯代挥发性有机物（CVOCs）中的典型代表氯苯为研究对象,分别采用硝酸锰（MN）和乙酸锰（MA）为前体,通过浸渍法制备Mn基催化剂,考察了低温等离子体协同Mn基催化剂降解氯苯性能以及抑制反应副产物臭氧生成的影响。研究发现对于不同反应系统,提升电压可以提高氯苯降解效率;催化剂引入能够大幅度提高氯苯降解性能,与MnO _x （MN）/γ-Al₂O₃相比,MnO _x （MA）/γ-Al₂O₃引入对氯苯降解效果更好,对臭氧生成的抑制性能更高。利用N₂吸附-脱附、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对反应前后催化剂进行表征分析,发现放电并未对催化剂的孔径及晶相结构产生影响;通过无机氯选择性和尾气质谱结果分析氯苯降解过程中氯元素变化;与MnO _x （MN）/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂相比,MnO _x （MA）/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的比表面积相对较大,活性组分分散性更高、更均匀,从而导致反应系统内更多的臭氧在催化剂表面分解为活性氧原子,提高了氯苯的降解性能并抑制了反应系统内臭氧的生成。     

Improved oxidation of air pollutants in a non-thermal plasma

The performance of non-thermal plasma (NTP) for the removal of organic air pollutants (especially in low concentrations) is improved by the introduction of ferroelectric and catalytically active materials into the discharge zone of an NTP reactor. Experiments with model systems (various contaminants and packed-bed materials) have shown that such a modification of a homogeneous gas-phase plasma can overcome the most serious restrictions of the NTP technique at its present state of the art: the incomplete total oxidation (i.e. the low selectivity to CO₂) and the energetic inefficiency.

Placing a ferroelectric packed-bed material in the discharge zone was shown to result in a lowering of the energy input required. The main effects of plasma catalysis enabled by the introduction of a catalytically active material were an enhanced conversion of pollutants and a higher CO₂ selectivity. These improvements are based on the presence of short-lived oxidising species in the inner volume of porous catalysts. Additionally, the formation of a reservoir of adsorbed oxidants in the NTP zone could be shown. The combination of both modifications (ferroelectric packed-bed materials and plasma catalysis) is a promising method to support the NTP-initiated oxidation of air pollutants.     

锰基催化剂协同等离子降解VOCs研究进展

等离子催化技术中,Mn基催化剂以其优异的催化降解VOCs和臭氧性能受到国内外研究者的广泛关注。本文从以下方面进行了综述：催化剂在等离子降解中的作用机理,包括改变放电状态、激发新的活性自由基、提供反应位点;常见的单金属及复合金属活性相类型;介绍了浸渍法、水热合成法、溶胶凝胶法和共沉淀法等主要制备方法;催化剂和等离子的协同方式;从统计角度分析文献报道中Mn基催化剂对甲苯的降解效率及抑制臭氧、NO_x的作用;最后对其研究前景进行了展望：Mn基催化剂将依然是该领域的研究热点;通过引入其他金属和非金属、增加活性相分散度、提升载体吸附性能等方法进一步提高催化剂活性和稳定性;利用原位技术探索等离子与活性相的作用机理。     

非热等离子体协同Mn-Ce/La/γ-Al2O3催化剂去除甲苯

采用自制线管式介质阻挡放电反应器,针对非热等离子体协同Mn-Ce/La/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对低浓度甲苯的去除开展研究。研究中制备了Mn/γ-Al₂O₃、Mn-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃、Mn-La/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,从甲苯去除率、产物O₃生成、CO_x选择性及其他副产物生成情况考察比较了空管放电、协同催化剂放电时催化降解甲苯性能,并对催化剂进行了BET、SEM、H₂-TPR和ICP-OES表征研究。结果表明：稀土助剂的加入有助于提高甲苯去除率及降低程度,且La催化性能优于Ce_.,当外加电压22 kV、气量6 L·min^-1、甲苯初始浓度600 mg·m^-3时,Mn-La/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对甲苯去除率达到72.74%。H₂-TPR结果表明,稀土助剂的加入提高了催化剂低温活性及储氧能力,添加La的效果优于Ce。催化剂有助于抑制副产物O₃生成,提高CO₂和CO_x选择性。     

Non-platinum electrocatalysts: Manganese oxide nanoparticle-cobaltporphyrin binary catalysts for oxygen reduction

This study is concerned with the development of non-platinum electrocatalysts for the efficient 4-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to water in acidic media. A binary catalyst composed of electrodeposited manganese oxide nanoparticles (nano-MnO _x ) and cobalt porphyrin macro complex (CoP) has been proposed in. The modification of glassy carbon (GC) electrode with CoP alone resulted in a significant positive shift of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared to the unmodified GC electrode while maintining a 2-electron reduction. That is a positive shift of the onset potential of the ORR of ca. 450 mV was achieved at the former electrode. The modification of the GC electrode with nano-MnO _x alone did not affect the ORR peak potential, but caused a remarkable increase in the reduction peak current due to the catalytic disproportionation of the electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The modification of a GC electrode with CoP and nano-MnO _x (utilizing the advantages of the individual catalysts) resulted in the occurrence of the ORR at a significantly positive potential with almost double peak current compared to the unmodified GC electrode, suggesting a promising procedure for developing electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in replacement of costly Pt. XPS and SEM techniques were employed to probe the structural and morphological characterization of the proposed binary catalysts.     

复合氧化物催化剂催化氧化甲苯性能

以γ-Al2O3为催化剂载体,铜、锰为活性组分,稀土元素铈为助催化剂,采用浸渍法制备复合氧化物催化剂5%Cu/γ-Al2O3、5%Mn/γ-Al2O3、5%Cu-5%Mn/γ-Al2O3和5%Cu-5%Mn-1.6%Ce/γ-Al2O3,并考察其催化氧化甲苯性能。研究表明,复合氧化物催化剂催化氧化甲苯具有显著的效果,5%Cu-5%Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂和5%Cu-5%Mn-1.6%Ce/γ-Al2O3催化剂表现出良好的低温活性和催化性能,对甲苯的完全燃烧温度分别为340℃和285℃。采用SEM和BET对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,催化剂的催化活性与活性组分在催化剂表面的分散度和催化剂的孔结构相关。     

Preparation,characterization and kinetic behavior of supported copper oxide catalysts on almond shell-based activated carbon for oxidation of toluene in air

Dispersed copper oxide nano-catalysts supported on almond shell-based activated carbon were prepared for catalytic oxidation of toluene in air. The response surface methodology was used to express the catalyst removal efficiency in terms of catalyst metal loading and calcination temperature. Catalyst activity increased with both increasing calcination temperature and metal loading. Calcination temperature had a significant effect on the catalyst activity only at high metal loadings. Two different catalyst preparation methods were employed to investigate the effect of impregnation technique on the deposition–precipitation method. Well-dispersed nano catalysts with higher efficiency towards oxidation of toluene were prepared by the heterogeneous deposition–precipitation (HDP) as compared with the combined impregnation and deposition–precipitation method. The support and catalyst properties were determined by X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscope, Boehm test, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Characterization analyses and reaction experiments indicated the antonym effect of impregnation method on the deposition–precipitation method for catalyst preparation. Two types of crystallite (large and small) were formed on the support as a consequence of using the combined catalyst preparation method. Kinetic models were proposed for oxidation of toluene using copper oxide catalysts prepared by the HDP method. The kinetic study indicated that an Eley–Rideal mechanism could adequately describe the kinetic behavior of toluene oxidation.     

Effect of the catalyst supports on the removal of perchloroethylene (PCE) over chromium oxide catalysts

The oxidation of perchloroethylene (PCE) was investigated over chromium oxide catalysts supported on TiO₂, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, SiO₂–Al₂O₃ and activated carbon. The phase of chromium oxide on the catalyst surface is critical for the oxidation of PCE. The catalytic activity of PCE removal enhances as the formation of Cr(VI) species on the catalyst surface increases. The surface area and the type of the catalyst supports were also essential for high performance in the PCE oxidation. In addition, the structure of Cr(VI) on the catalyst surface also plays an important role for the decomposition of PCE. The polymerized Cr(VI) mainly formed by the interaction of metals with the support is the active reaction site for the present reaction system. CrO_x/TiO₂ reveals the strongest PCE removal activity among the catalysts examined in the present study. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Catalytic activity of copper and palladium based catalysts for toluene total oxidation

In this study, catalysts containing 0.5 wt.% of palladium or 5 wt.% of copper were compared towards toluene total oxidation using FAU Zeolite and ZrO₂ supports. A 0.5%Pd/NaFAU and 5%Cu/ZrO₂ were found to be promising catalysts for this reaction. Palladium presented then a better affinity for FAU zeolite and copper oxide had a better affinity for zirconia. The performances of Pd based catalysts were correlated to interaction between the active phase and the support whereas the activity of copper oxide was related to oxygen mobility property of the support leading to copper oxide particles easily reducible. Support modifications, yttrium addition for ZrO₂ and cation exchange for the zeolite FAU, still enhanced the catalytic activity. Therefore, 0.5%Pd/CsFAU and 5%Cu/Zr₉₅Y₅ samples were found to be interesting catalysts for total VOC oxidation.     

ZSM-5催化剂与低温等离子体协同转化H2S-CO2制合成气

将H₂S和CO₂混合酸气一步转化制合成气,既实现了二者无害化处理,又生产出合成气,是一条理想的废气资源化利用新路线。由于分子结构稳定,在常规条件下因受热力学平衡限制,二者转化率极低。而在低温等离子体中,H₂S和CO₂可被激发为高活性物种来参与反应。研究了具有不同Si/Al摩尔比的ZSM-5催化剂与低温等离子体结合实现H₂S-CO₂一步高选择性制合成气,显著提高了H₂S-CO₂转化性能。考察了ZSM-5催化剂中Si/Al比和低温等离子体放电条件等对反应的影响。其中,当Si/Al比为80时表现出最优催化性能,最高H₂和CO产率分别达到56.1%和10.0%。对常规条件和低温等离子体氛围下的不同ZSM-5催化剂上CO₂、H₂S、CO、H₂等化学吸脱附行为进行了对比研究,发现低温等离子体促进了催化剂对CO₂、H₂及CO分子的吸附活化,进而明显提升了H₂S和CO₂转化。     

Mesoporous silica supported cobalt oxide catalysts for catalytic removal of benzene

Two types of mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different pore diameter were synthesized with an ageing temperature of 373 K and an ageing temperature of 308 K, respectively; in addition, mesoporous silica with amorphous structure was synthesized by adding organosiloxane as part of the silica source during the synthesis procedure. Mesoporous silica and conventional alumina supported cobalt oxide catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method. These materials were characterized by FT-IR, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Temperature programmed reduction (TPR) techniques, and the activity of the supported cobalt oxide catalysts for deep oxidation of benzene were evaluated in a fixed-bed reactor. It seems that the pore diameter of the silica increase with the elevation of the ageing temperature. Mesoporous silica supported cobalt oxide catalysts are more active than conventional alumina supported ones. Cobalt oxide can be relatively better dispersed on the surface of mesoporous silica which has larger pore diameter and surface areas. Meanwhile, more silanol groups exist on the surface of amorphous silica, which could induce a strong interaction with the supported cobalt oxide species, leading to poor activity for benzene oxidation.     

甲苯氨氧化制苯甲腈研究

通过开发的新型催化剂研究了甲苯氨氧化制苯甲腈反应中温度、反应物线速、催化剂负荷、氧比(空气比)和氨比等条件对反应的影响。在反应温度405 ℃、原料配比甲苯∶氨∶空气=1∶4∶20、线速0.2 m/s、负荷50 g·ml^-1·h^-1时，其苯甲腈收率大于85%。700 t/a工业生产装置运行表明苯甲腈收率略高于实验室结果，且稳定性良好。