Dyeing properties of wool treated with liquid ammonia

Wool fibre and fabric have been treated with liquid ammonia and their surface characteristics investigated by means of SEM and ESCA techniques. The treated specimens were dyed with levelling and milling acid dyes. Although no changes in nitrogen content and fibre surface properties were detected, their dyeing rate was increased considerably as was saturation dye exhaustion. Dyeing properties were similar to those of wool treated with low-temperature plasmas by glow discharge. Fabrics treated with liquid ammonia were dyed at various temperatures in the range 30–80°C, and dye uptake was similarly increased.     

The influence of amphoteric products on the affinity of wool for acid dyes*

This paper deals with the influence of N-alkylbetaines and alkylamidobetaines on the levelling of acid dyes on wool. The effects of chemical composition of the betaines and their concentration in the dyebath on levelling have been studied. The relationship between levelling behaviour and variation in dye absorption has also been examined.     

Study on wettability improvement and its uniformity of wool fabric treated by atmospheric pressure plasma jet

The influence of processing parameters on wettability improvement and its uniformity of wool fabric treated by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) was explored. A woven wool fabric was treated by APPJ under various treatment conditions such as different treatment time, different oxygen flow rate, and different jet‐to‐substrate distance. The water absorption time of wool fabric was measured to determine wettability improvement. The diffusion photo of water droplet on wool fabric surface was taken by digital camera to reflect wettability uniformity. After APPJ treatment, SEM observation showed that the scales on the wool fiber surface directly facing plasma jet pores were destroyed than those on the other fiber surface. XPS analysis showed that the carbon concentration substantially decreased. The concentration of oxygen and nitrogen significantly increased and but the concentration of sulfur and silicon did not obviously changed. With the addition of oxygen gas, more polar groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl produced on wool fiber surface. The water absorption time of wool fabric greatly reduced indicating wettability improvement. The diffusion of water droplet on wool fabric surface was also larger and more homogenous suggesting uniform plasma treatment. It was concluded that the wettability improvement and its uniformity of the treated wool fabric increased and then decreased with the increasing oxygen flow rate and jet‐to‐substrate distance, and increased with the increasing treatment time. Therefore to achieve reasonable wettability and its uniformity of the wool fabric treated by APPJ, plasma treatment conditions have to be carefully chosen. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

羊毛混纺织物的染色

羊毛混纺织物兼容多组分纤维的性能,优点明显,但是染色工艺复杂,成本较贵.因此,研究开发新型染料及新型染色方法对羊毛混纺织物的染色具有重要意义.本文综述了羊毛/腈纶、羊毛/锦纶、羊毛/蚕丝、羊毛/Tencel等羊毛混纺织物的染色现状及进展.     

Factors Affecting the Performance of Insectproofing Agents Applied to Wool During Dyeing

An examination has been made of the influence of dyebath pH and temperature, length of dyeing cycle, presence of levelling agents, and ammonia aftertreatment on the application of the commonly used insectproofing agents applied to wool during dyeing. Formulations based on polychloro-2-(chloromethyl-sulphonamido) diphenyl ethers were significantly less effective when applied at high pH (>5) over long periods of dyeing. The levelling agents examined showed a tendency to retard the uptake of all agents, and an ammonia aftertreatment stripped a significant amount of all insectproofing agents from the wool. These factors, acting alone or in combination, can seriously reduce the level of insect resistance of the treated wool and result in increase in the amount of the insectproofing compounds in the spent dye-liquors. Ways of overcoming some of these problems are suggested.     

Transglutaminase‐mediated crosslinking of gelatin onto wool surfaces to improve the fabric properties

In this study, transglutaminase (TGase)‐mediated crosslinking of gelatin on the surface of wool and its effect on the properties of wool fabric were investigated. For the wool fabric used in this study, gelatin (3 g/L) treatment for 1 h combined with 20 U/g of fabric microbial TGase reduced the area shrinkage of KMnO₄‐pretreated wool fabric from 6.53 ± 0.06 to 1.92 ± 0.15%, which was more effective than that treated with gelatin alone (in which the area shrinkage was reduced to 4.02 ± 0.10%). At the same time, the tensile strength recovered from 267 ± 2.0 to 335 ± 2.1 N. The antifelting ability of treated wool fabric exhibited better washing durability. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the gelatin material smoothed the wool fiber surface by coating or filling the raised scales of the wool with TGase. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Improving the hydrophilic properties of wool fabrics via corona discharge and hydrogen peroxide treatment

Corona discharge has been widely applied to modify the surfaces of polymers. In this study, corona discharge was combined with a hydrogen peroxide treatment to improve the hydrophilic properties of wool fabric. Scanning electron microscopy photographs showed that the tip of wool scales was etched after corona discharge and that parts of the scales were peeled off after the hydrogen peroxide treatment. The surface hydrophilic properties of the wool fabric were improved greatly by corona discharge. Increases in the discharge voltage and the number of treatment passages enhanced the hydrophilic properties dramatically, but the improved properties deteriorated with increases in the number of washing cycles and storage time. The hydrogen peroxide treatment could improve the hydrophilic properties and especially the wicking properties of the wool fabric. The fabric became weaker and flexible with an average weight loss of 3% after the hydrogen peroxide treatment. A combination of corona discharge treatment and the hydrogen peroxide treatment made the wool fabric absolutely hydrophilic; the water penetration time of the treated fabric was less than 1 s even when the fabric was washed for several cycles or stored for 6 months. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

‘Masked’ Isocyanates as Reactive Groups for obtaining Dyes of High Fastness to Washing

Reactive dyes for wool which incorporate a water-stable bisulphite-isocyanate adduct as the ‘masked’ reactive group can be applied in the form of levelling acid dyes. High fastness to washing on wool can subsequently be attained by fixing the dye with alkali or steam treatments.     

用三维卷曲中空涤纶短纤维混纺涤毛弹力织物

介绍用 3 .3 3 dtex三维卷曲中空涤纶短纤维与毛、氨纶混纺生产涤毛弹力织物的情况。着重介绍了织物织造工艺过程及产品质量 ,说明三维卷曲中空涤纶短纤维可与毛混纺生产出符合质量要求的涤毛弹力织物     

Evaluation of some of the properties of plasma treated wool fabric

Low temperature plasma (LTP) treatment was applied to wool fabric with the use of a nonpolymerizing gas, namely oxygen. Properties of the LTP‐treated samples including low stress mechanical behavior, air permeability, and thermal characteristics were evaluated in this study. Kawabata evaluation system fabric (KES‐F) was employed to determine the tensile, shearing, bending, and compression strength properties and surface roughness of the specimens. The changes in these properties are believed to be closely related to the interfiber and interyarn frictional force induced by the LTP. The decrease in the air permeability of the LTP‐treated wool fabric was found to be probably because of the plasma action effect on increasing the fabric thickness and a change in fabric surface morphology, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The change in the thermal properties of the LTP‐treated wool fabric was in good agreement with the earlier findings and can be attributed to the amount of air trapped between the yarns and fibers. This study suggested that the LTP treatment can influence the final properties of the wool fabric, and also provide information for developing LTP‐treated wool fabric for industrial use. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 5958–5964, 2006     

Effect of microwave irradiation on the physical properties and structures of wool fabric

Microwaves are high frequency radio waves which are capable of penetrating many materials and causing heat to be generated in the process. To investigate the effect of microwave irradiation on the physical property, chemical structure, surface morphological structure, and fine structure of wool fabric, wool fabric was treated with microwave irradiation under variety of conditions in terms of the power and the time of microwave treatment. The breaking strength, breaking elongation, and whiteness of the treated wool fabric in different humid state were investigated. The structures of the untreated and treated wool were investigated with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS). The results show that the physical properties of the treated wool fabrics were changed with microwave irradiation time and power. The chemical structure had not significant change. The surface morphological structure, the concentration of cystine S S bonds and crystallinity of the treated wool were changed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Surface modification of TiO2/SiO2 composite hydrosol stabilized with polycarboxylic acid on Kroy-process wool fabric

Self-cleaning of wool fabric has been of increasing interest due to availability and practicability. In this paper, two kinds of wool fabrics, including raw wool and Kroy-process wool fabric, were successfully modified by TiO₂/SiO₂ gel stabilized by 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and citric acid (CA), respectively. The optimum concentration of carboxylic acids and TiO₂/SiO₂ gel was decided by the crease recovery angles and total color difference (ΔE) values, respectively. The results revealed that wool fabrics treated with BTCA and TiO₂/SiO₂ had better wrinkle resistance in comparison with CA and TiO₂/SiO₂ treated samples. The decomposition of stains was studied using UV irradiation and the presence of TiO₂/SiO₂ gel demonstrated obvious self-cleaning property, in which the color of wool fabric was unchangeable. The hydrophilicity of Kroy-process wool fabric increased relative to raw ones. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope images demonstrated the layer of TiO₂/SiO₂ nanoparticles coated on treated samples. In general, the adhesion properties coated to the fabric surface showed a slight loss even at harsh processing conditions, however, the anti-UV properties obviously increased due to the decrease in the fabric porosity. And the linkages between carboxylic acid and wool fibers were illustrated using FTIR pattern.     

Low chrome dyeing. Part 1 — the role of sulphamic acid in the afterchrome dyeing of wool

The role of sulphamic acid in the afterchrome dyeing of wool has been investigated. It was found that chromium residues in the dyebath effluent were significantly reduced when the commonly used formic acid was either partly or wholly replaced with sulphamic acid. The wash fastness properties of the wool fabric dyed in the presence of sulphamic acid were the same as those of wool fabric dyed by the conventional afterchrome process. There was no significant difference in the wool damage caused during the sulphamic acid-assisted dyeing process and the conventional formic acid dyeing process.     

Application of a biopolymer chitosan-poly(propylene)imine dendrimer hybrid as an antimicrobial agent on the wool fabrics

In this research, chitosan-poly(propylene)imine dendrimer hybrid (CS-PPI) was applied to wool fabrics; and weight gain and antibacterial properties of the grafted wool fabric by CS-PPI were investigated. A response surface methodology employed for optimization of the important factors such as pH, processing time, and CS-PPI and cross-linking agent (CA) concentrations. The physical properties showed sensible changes regardless of weight gain. The maximum weight gain was obtained when the wool fabrics were treated with pH 5, processing time 24 h, CS-PPI 20 %(owf) and CA 5 % over weight of fiber (owf). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of foreign particles determinedly fixed to the surface of the wool fabric. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning colorimetry revealed the grafting of CS-PPI onto wool fabric by forming novel chemical bonds between the wool and CS-PPI molecules. The treated wool fabrics showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial activities of the treated wool by CS-PPI at a concentration of 20 % over weight of fiber (owf) demonstrated 100 % bacterial growth inhibition, which was preserved more than 84 % even after being washed in 12 various conditions repeatedly. The grafted wool fabrics have antibacterial potential due to the antibacterial property of CS-PPI molecules. The mechanism of CS-PPI grafting onto wool fabric using CA was proposed. The findings of this study support the potential production of the new environmentally friendly textile fibers.     

Surface modification of wool fabric for printing with acid and reactive dyes

The present study investigates environmentally safe pretreatments for wool fabric to improve its printing with acid and reactive dyes. Wool fabric was pretreated either with activated hydrogen peroxide using tetraacetylethylenediamine or with lipase enzyme under specified conditions. Some acid and reactive dyes were applied for wool printing using normal techniques. These treatments were found to improve the colour intensity of the printed fabrics to a level comparable with those of prechlorinated wool fabrics.     

Pretreatment of wool/polyester blended fabrics to enhance titanium dioxide nanoparticle adsorption and self‐cleaning properties

This research aims to enhance the self‐cleaning properties of fibre‐blended fabric using surface pretreatment prior to the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. To this end, the polyester/wool fabric was modified, in that the wool fibres were oxidised with potassium permanganate and the polyester fibres were hydrolysed with lipase before nano processing. Butane tetracarboxylic acid was also used to enhance the adsorption of the nanoparticles and also to stabilise them on the fabric surface. The self‐cleaning properties of the fabric were examined through staining of the fabric with CI Basic Blue 9 and then discolouring by exposing to ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Some other properties of the treated fabrics, such as water drop absorption, crease recovery angle and bending were investigated and are discussed in detail. The colour changes of different samples indicated an appropriate discoloration on the titanium dioxide‐treated fabrics after ultraviolet and daylight irradiation. Overall, the surface pretreatment of the wool and polyester fibres improved the self‐cleaning properties of the fabric significantly.     

Modification of wool fabric using ecologically acceptable UV‐assisted treatments

Wool fabric was modified using ecologically acceptable treatments in order to enhance its shrinkage and pilling resistance. Wool fabrics were irradiated with ultraviolet light for different period of times. The UV‐irradiated wool fabrics were then treated with an oxidising agent (hydrogen peroxide or sodium monoperoxyphthalate) or a protease enzyme (papain or savinase 16L type EX). Treatment of wool fabric with these systems was found to be effective in reducing its pilling and shrinkage without severe loss in weight and strength of the fabric. Chemical and mechanical analyses of the treated samples compared with the untreated one are reported. Transmission electron microscopy investigation of the untreated and treated wool samples was used to identify the histological component in wool keratin affected by these treatments. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

废旧毛涤黏混纺面料脱色预处理工艺研究

以废旧毛涤黏混纺面料为研究对象,首先对面料进行清洁与消毒,然后对其组分进行定性、定量分析,最后通过单因素法优化,得出最佳的溶胀工艺为:m_(废旧面料)∶m_(DMSO)=1∶10,溶胀时间40 min,溶胀温度90℃。在该工艺下对织物进行溶胀处理,得到织物的质量损失率为3.06%,K/S值为16.906。     

毛涤氨/T400抗菌双弹织物的设计与开发

采用赛罗菲尔纺纱工艺,将毛涤混纺纱分别与涤包氨纶以及T400长丝进行复合作为经纬纱,开发了一种抗菌毛涤双弹织物。介绍了该织物的开发思路、产品规格设计、各工艺参数以及生产技术要点,并分析了定形温度对织物的弹力的影响,得到最佳的工艺路线,最终开发出了抗菌保暖、弹力优良的理想面料。     

Surface modification of textiles by glow discharge technique: Part II: Low frequency plasma treatment of wool fabrics with acrylic acid

In this study, wool fibers are modified by low frequency plasma polymerization of acrylic acid regarding to its' hydrophobic character due to cuticular cells at their surfaces. Variables of the plasma glow discharge processes were power (40–100 W) and exposure time (5–45 min). The effect of plasma modification in the performance properties of wool were investigated on the basis of hydrophilicity of wool, average wrinkle recovery angle, and breaking strength. The surface chemical structures of fabrics were examined with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The hydrophobic wool fabric became hydrophilic after all plasma treatments except one (40W–5 min). Average wrinkle recovery angle of the treated fabrics were between 157 and 178°, while that of untreated fabric was 180°. The treated fabrics had a little bit lower angles according to the untreated fabric. However, even the lowest value as 157° means that the fabric has a good crease resistance property. The breaking strengths of fabrics were increased up to 26% after the plasma treatments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010