冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的耐久性及其GM(1,N)预测

通过沥青混合料空隙率及冻融前后混合料劈裂抗拉强度变化进行冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的耐久性能研究,并采用灰色系统理论中GM(1,N)模型对冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的耐久性能进行预测。试验结果表明:沥青混合料耐久性因素中的空隙率和劈裂抗拉强度与冻融次数之间有良好的相关性,在冻融循环条件下,空隙率随着冻融次数的增加而明显增加,劈裂抗拉强度随着冻融次数增加显著减小。建立的GM(1,N)灰色预测模型能够较好地预测冻融循环条件下沥青混合料的空隙率和劈裂抗拉强度,且计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,表明在冻融循环条件下沥青混合料耐久性研究中引入灰色系统理论是可行的;通过GM(1,N)多因素预测,可以大量减轻试验工作量以及降低试验成本。     

沥青混合料劈裂强度的影响因素

选用相同的试验材料,通过室内劈裂试验,研究了常温和低温下级配、油石比、空隙率以及均匀性对沥青混合料劈裂强度的影响规律。研究结果表明:常温下,随着级配变粗,沥青混合料劈裂强度增大;低温下,随着油石比增大,沥青混合料劈裂强度和劲度模量增大,破坏应变减小;随着空隙率的增大,沥青混合料劈裂强度减小;沥青混合料均匀性与劈裂强度间没有直接明显的相关性,但与其变异性间的关系很好。     

基于动水冲刷作用的沥青混合料短期水损害特性

针对车辆荷载引起的动水冲刷作用,设计开发了一种模拟动水冲刷的试验装置,结合冻融循环试验,对动水冲刷与静态浸水模式下沥青混合料的空隙率、吸水率以及劈裂强度等技术指标进行测试,并借助CT扫描试验,从微观的角度探讨动水冲刷作用下沥青混合料的短期水损害机理。试验结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的递增,动态冲刷浸水模式和静态浸水模式作用下的沥青混合料试件空隙率增幅分别为47.62%和22.5%;吸水率增幅分别为263.2%和86.4%,冻融劈裂强度比(TSR)降幅分别为34.0%和24.9%,动水冲刷作用会加剧沥青混合料物理和力学性能的衰退。CT图像分析表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,混合料试件的内部产生了新的空隙,试件外缘集料存在不同程度的剥落现象;动水冲刷作用会加剧水体对沥青薄膜的机械侵蚀速率,加速沥青的剥离和细集料的流失,导致原有空隙体积的进一步增大,混合料抗水损害性能下降更为显著。     

用冻融循环劈裂比评价沥青混合料抗水损害能力

目前用冻融劈裂试验来评价沥青混合料抗水损害能力有一定局限性，在研究了空隙率和饱水率对冻融劈裂试验结果影响的基础上，增加冻融循环次数，以冻融循环劈裂比评价沥青混合料抗水损害能力，可较客观地评价沥青混合料的耐久性。     

基于同种沥青不同级配的大空隙沥青混合料渗水性能试验与评价

通过浸水马歇尔试验、冻融劈裂试验、车辙试验和渗水试验来评价基于同种沥青不同级配的大空隙沥青混合料的水稳定性、高温稳定性和渗水性能等,分析了大空隙沥青混合料路用性能渗水性能与级配、空隙率的之间关系,从而为大空隙沥青混合料提供设计依据.     

水泥对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的影响研究

水泥作为常用的活性添加剂对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料有着重要的作用,水泥的用量会直接影响泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的性能。文章通过室内试验设计了含有不同剂量水泥的泡沫沥青冷再生混合料,并对混合料进行劈裂、车辙和低温弯曲试验,评价水泥对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的影响。结果表明:水泥和沥青在泡沫沥青混合料中共同发挥胶结料作用,水泥剂量超过1.0%时,水泥形成的胶结强度大于沥青形成的胶结强度;水泥剂量为1.0%~1.5%时,泡沫沥青冷再生混合料泡沫沥青冷再生混合料整体性能较优,满足作为路面基层或中下面层的使用要求;水泥剂量大于2%时,混合料低温性能降低。     

沥青混合料在冻融循环作用下的弯拉特性

通过沥青混合料在冻融循环作用下的弯曲试验,分析了冻融循环次数、油石比、级配组成对混合料弯拉特性的影响。试验结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增多,沥青混合料的弯拉强度、弯拉应变、劲度模量均呈减小趋势。油石比、级配组成对弯拉特性有明显影响,随着油石比的增大,冻融循环作用对沥青混合料弯拉特性的影响减小,AC-13混合料的弯拉特性优于其他两种级配。在青藏高原寒冷地区采用AC-13的沥青混合料、油石比为5.5%或适当增加油石比可以提高沥青混合料在冻融循环作用下的低温弯曲特性。     

级配和压实次数对沥青混合料性能的影响分析

以混合料的高温动稳定度、低温小梁弯曲应变、浸水马歇尔残留稳定度、劈裂强度、冻融劈裂强度以及AASH-TO T283劈裂强度比为评价指标,探讨集料级配和旋转压实次数对沥青混合料路用性能的影响。研究选取Sup13、Sup20粗、Sup20细3种级配和100次、125次的压实次数,用Tukey-Kramer方法对级配和设计旋转压实次数等水平的试验结果进行均值比较。结果表明:增加设计压实次数可以显著提高沥青混合料的高温动稳定度、低温弯曲破坏应变、劈裂强度和浸水劈裂强度,对混合料的水稳定性提高不显著。在相同设计压实次数下,粗级配相比细级配具有更显著的高温稳定性、低温抗裂性、劈裂强度和浸水劈裂强度,水稳定性相当。在混合料设计时,应优先考虑粗级配进行混合料设计。     

沥青混合料劈裂强度影响因素数值模拟

为数值研究沥青混合料劈裂强度影响因素,基于三维离散元法与粘聚带模型,建立了沥青混合料劈裂试验微观力学模型,模拟不同集料级配在不同温度下沥青混合料劈裂强度,并通过室内试验进行验证。研究结果表明:基于粘聚带模型和三维离散元法所建立的沥青混合料劈裂试验微观力学模型可较地好模拟沥青混合料劈裂强度。集料级配和温度对沥青混合料劈裂强度有显著影响。相同温度下,随着集料公称最大粒径变大,集料级配变粗,沥青混合料劈裂强度而逐渐增大;相同集料公称最大粒径时沥青混合料劈裂强度随温度的升高而逐渐降低。     

硫酸盐腐蚀再生橡胶颗粒沥青混合料冻融劈裂试验

针对国内外硫酸盐腐蚀环境中再生橡胶颗粒沥青混合料冻融劈裂试验鲜有研究的现状,采用１０％Ｎａ₂ＳＯ₄溶液加速劣化下的真空饱水冻融循环劈裂试验,研究在硫酸盐腐蚀介质中,橡胶颗粒的粒径和掺量对再生橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的抗冻融性能的影响。试验结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,再生沥青混合料的ＴＳＲ值逐渐降低,空隙率逐渐增大,高浓度饱和硫酸盐腐蚀环境加速劣化了再生沥青混合料的性能;在冻融循环次数一致的条件下,掺加小橡胶颗粒的再生沥青混合料的ＴＳＲ值优于普通再生沥青混合料的ＴＳＲ值和掺加大橡胶颗粒再生沥青混合料的ＴＳＲ值。在最佳橡胶颗粒掺量下,掺加小橡胶颗粒的再生沥青混合料的抗冻融性能最优。     

改性多孔沥青混合料水稳定性与损伤规律

为了提高季冻区多孔沥青路面的使用质量、减轻路面冻融损伤,采用玻璃纤维、硅藻土与沥青路面旧料以改善多孔沥青混合料性能。分析不同材料掺量的多孔沥青混合料在冻融循环下的抗压强度、空隙率及应变变化,并考虑不同材料与不同材料掺量对多孔沥青混合料水稳定性的影响;基于损伤力学理论以抗压强度为指标表示强度率,研究改性多孔沥青混合料的冻融损伤演化规律;基于CT无损检测与数字图像处理技术,分析玻璃纤维多孔沥青混合料冻融前后空隙数量与空隙面积的变化规律。结果表明：混合料抗压强度随冻融循环次数的增加而降低,而空隙率与应变呈上升趋势;具有玻璃纤维掺量0.7%、沥青路面旧料掺量15%、硅藻土掺量25%和掺量15%沥青路面旧料及20%硅藻土的4种多孔沥青混合料水稳定性能最好,其中玻璃纤维的改性效果最佳;掺入玻璃纤维、15%掺量硅藻土与15%掺量沥青路面旧料能减轻多孔沥青混合料的冻融损伤,但硅藻土再生多孔沥青混合料损伤程度均较大,损伤前期强度较高,更适用于短时冻土区;与硅藻土再生多孔沥青混合料相比,玻璃纤维多孔沥青混合料、再生多孔沥青混合料与硅藻土多孔沥青混合料经历了长时间的快速损伤期、短时间的损伤稳定期与损伤发展期;玻璃纤维掺量较低的试样空隙数量增加,平均单个空隙面积减小,而掺量较高的试样表现相反。     

养生方法对泡沫沥青冷再生混合料性能的影响

为了更真实模拟现场养生状况,设计开放养生、半密封养生及半密封+全密封养生(“组合”养生)3种养生方式,并采用力学试验对3种养生条件下泡沫沥青冷再生混合料的含水率、劈裂强度( indirect tensile strength, ITS)、无侧限抗压强度( unconfined compressive strength,UCS)及抗剪参数的发展规律进行研究;同时,通过CT扫描试验对混合料内部空隙结构进行分析。结果表明：不同养生方式下,混合料内部水分迁移路径和散失速率不一致,导致混合料养生过程中含水率及强度发展规律不一致;含水率与混合料终期养生强度密切相关;不同养生条件下混合料的内摩擦角变化规律基本一致,而黏聚力受含水率影响明显;半密封及“组合”养生水分散失速率慢,养生过程中被水化产物包裹的水分产生的水蒸气压力会破坏原有空隙结构,从而揭示了不同养生方式的空隙分布机理并推荐半密封养生36 h+全密封养生36 h作为泡沫沥青冷再生混合料中长期养生方法。     

废轮胎橡胶粉改性沥青对混合料空隙结构的影响

为了研究废旧轮胎橡胶粉改性沥青对混合料空隙结构的影响,在我国SMA13级配范围内选择9条级配曲线,测试橡胶沥青混合料的体积参数;采用3种不同成型方法测试其对体积参数的影响,同时变化不同的矿粉用量,分析橡胶粉改性沥青对混合料空隙结构的影响。试验结果表明:SMA13混合料级配范围能够满足橡胶粉改性沥青的空隙结构的需要;采用橡胶粉改性沥青后的室内成型方法为双面击实50次;掺有橡胶沥青的混合料空隙率要比不掺的小2.5%,随着矿粉用量的增加,矿料间隙率不断下降,基质沥青的降幅达到1.2%,橡胶沥青的降幅仅为0.4%。     

Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Air Voids on the Anisotropy of Asphalt Mixtures

The aim of this study is to investigate the asphalt mixture anisotropy of both the modulus and Poisson's ratio due to air voids using a discrete element modeling simulation method. Three three-dimensional cubic digital samples of asphalt mixture with different shapes of single air void were built using discrete element software PFC~(3D). The aggregate gradation, air voids and mastic included in the digital samples were modeled using different contact models, with due consideration of the volumetric fractions of the different phases. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were conducted to obtain material input parameters for numerical modeling. Simulation of the uniaxial cyclic compressive tests was performed on the three cubic samples loaded in three different directions. Dynamic modulus in three directions and Poisson's ratio in six directions were calculated from the compression stress-strain responses. Results show that both the modulus and Poisson's ratio are dependent on the preferential orientation of air voids. The anisotropy of the modulus and Poisson's ratio increases as the pressure loading on the asphalt mixture increases. Compared to the modulus, Poisson's ratio due to air voids has been shown to be more anisotropic. The maximum of Poisson's ratio and modulus is shown to be up to 80% and 11% higher than the minimum, respectively.     

基于数字图像处理技术的沥青混合料微观结构有限元分析

论述一种将沥青混合料微结构和其力学行为仿真联系在一起的方法.该方法利用数字图像处理技术将计算机断层扫描(CT)图像转换为数字格式,并与有限元建模结合,使得根据CT图像建立的有限元模型可以较真实地再现沥青混合料的微结构,进行有限元分析时可以充分考虑沥青混合料颗粒和微空隙分布非均匀特性.计算分析了各向异性和空隙分布对沥青混合料劈裂试验的影响,数值计算结果发现沥青混合料颗粒和空隙分布的非均匀性对拉应力分布影响极大.研究结果表明:采用基于CT图像处理技术的有限元模型进行沥青混合料粘弹特性的研究是可行的.     

基于X-ray CT的沥青混合料空隙测试精度影响因素分析

为了分析细观尺度下沥青混合料空隙率测试精度的影响因素,采用德国Phoenix v|tome|x S240型工业X-ray CT机,结合正交试验设计与方差分析,研究不同CT参数及级配类型对沥青混合料三维重构体积参数的影响．通过对不同级配类型马歇尔试件扫描并进行三维重构与体积分析,建立影响因素与空隙率测试结果之间的关系,进而确定最优扫描参数．试验结果表明,基于细观尺度对沥青混合料进行三维体积分析是可行的;扫描电压、电流及级配类型对重构结果有不同程度的影响;适当提高电压、电流及选择恰当的滤波片可提高测试结果的准确性;在恰当的设备参数条件下,基于细观尺度与宏观尺度下得到的沥青混合料空隙率具有良好的相关性,有助于提高测试结果的准确性与试验的经济性．     

Evaluation of Mixture Performance Recycled Asphalt Pavement Materials as Base Layer with or without Rejuvenator into the Asphalt

The binder properties were determined in accordance with Chinese standard such as ductility test,which allowed to measure the distance in centimeters that a standard briquette of asphalt had been stretched before breaking.Then,penetration test was carried out in order to know some properties of the asphalt,which are the hardness and the softness.Finally,softening point test was carried out in order to determine the temperature at which the bitumen attains a particular degree of softening under the specification of the test.According to Chinese standard for performance tests,firstly,Marshall test was carried out in order to measure the theoretical density,air voids,voids filled with asphalt,stability,flow,and voids in mineral aggregate of asphalt specimens.Secondly,Freeze-thaw splitting test was carried out in order to determine Splitting strength ratio.Finally,dynamic stability (rutting) test was carried out to determine average dynamic stability.Beside the tests carried out,the gradation of the extracted aggregate in accordance with American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials was carried out to determine the dimensions of the particles weight distribution.Furthermore,both the percentage of recycled asphalt pavement materials and binder in mixture were determined to know how much of the new material during the mixture was needed.However,two specimens were used to evaluate the performance of recycled asphalt pavement materials.One specimen of recycled asphalt pavement materials was ten years old,and another one of recycled asphalt pavement materials was five years old.The results show that the conditions of the environment such as moisture,temperature,and age,decrease the ductility and penetration properties of binder when increase the softening point property of binder.Then the gradation of recycled asphalt pavement aggregate is of the required values to reuse in the mixture,while the flow ratio,the splitting strength ratio,and the dynamic stability ratio,are less than the required value test.With regard to the properties of mixture of recycled asphalt pavement material binder with rejuvenator,the results show that when the penetration and ductility versus percentage of rejuvenator increase,softening point versus percentage of rejuvenator decreases.Also,when the bitumen and rejuvenator percentage increase,the air voids decrease.Consequently,voids filled with asphalt and voids in the mineral aggregate increase.Moreover,the theoretical density and stability values decrease in a mixture containing four-point fifty percent to six percent of bitumen and rejuvenator,whereas the flow values increase.More interestingly,with four percent to four-point fifty percent mixture ratio of bitumen and rejuvenator,density,stability,and flow values increase.The splitting strength ratio values of mixtures and the dynamic stability test (rutting test) values of mixtures with forty percent of specimen one and specimen two respectively are greater than the required value of the standard test.In addition,the high percentage of rejuvenator increases the rut of pavement,in the same manner,the low percentage of rejuvenator induces low rut.In conclusion,the binder content from recycled materials without rejuvenator seems not be sufficient to be reused on the new pavement while the aged recycled material seems to be performed better than no aged recycled material with rejuvenator into bitumen.Then,the rejuvenator can influence the bitumen properties and performance of the pavement.Finally,the pavement made by only recycled pavement materials as a base layer appears to be more economical but cannot be more effective than the pavement made by mixture of new and recycled pavement materials as a base layer.     

沥青混凝土空隙率的重大影响因素

沥青混凝土空隙率是土木工程最为关键控制技术标准,针对密级配沥青混凝土空隙率的重大影响因素开展了单因素和多因素作用下的试验研究和长期工程验证,结果表明不同类型沥青混凝土对可压实性影响最为显著;压实功和成型温度对沥青混凝土空隙率影响较大;优化沥青混凝土材料组成设计可显著降低室内空隙率,各影响因素对其空隙率产生显著影响的同时也对其空隙率变异性产生了显著影响;在同等压实功作用下不同级配类型具有不同的适宜压实厚度,与实体工程验证结果具有一致性。据此提出了降低沥青混凝土空隙率的相关技术措施。     

Discrete element modeling of asphalt concrete cracking using a user-defined three-dimensional micromechanical approach

We established a user-defined micromechanical model using discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete (AC). Using the “Fish” language provided in the particle flow code in 3-Demensions (PFC3D), the air voids and mastics in asphalt concrete were realistically built as two distinct phases. With the irregular shape of individual aggregate particles modeled using a clump of spheres of different sizes, the three-dimensional (3D) discrete element model was able to account for aggregate gradation and fraction. Laboratory uniaxial complex modulus test and indirect tensile strength test were performed to obtain input material parameters for the numerical simulation. A set of the indirect tensile test were simulated to study the cracking behavior of AC at two levels of temperature, i e, −10 °C and 15 °C. The predicted results of the numerical simulation were compared with laboratory experimental measurements. Results show that the 3D DEM model is able to predict accurately the fracture pattern of different asphalt mixtures. Based on the DEM model, the effects of air void content and aggregate volumetric fraction on the cracking behavior of asphalt concrete were evaluated.