沼肥对保护地番茄生长发育及其产量的影响

采用二裂式区组设计的方法,以番茄为供试作物,以沼肥（沼液、沼渣）、猪粪和化肥为肥料,研究了不同施肥措施对番茄生长发育及其产量的影响。结果表明：与施用化肥相比,施用沼液的番茄植株平均株高及根系体积有所增加,番茄产量略有降低;与施用猪粪相比,施用沼渣可促进植株茎秆的健壮生长及根系发育,番茄产量提高20．8％;与沼渣和化肥配合施用相比,沼渣与沼液配合施用促进了番茄植株的生长发育,其植株生长稳健,根系发达,而且番茄产量增加;与猪粪和化肥配合施用相比,猪粪与沼液配合施用促进了番茄植株的生长发育,其株高较高、茎秆粗壮、根系发达,但番茄产量下降。     

施用沼肥对保护地土壤微生物群落影响的研究

以等有机质含量的猪粪、沼渣为基肥,以等量N,P,K的化肥和沼液为追肥,采用二裂式区组设计的方法,研究了沼肥、猪粪、化肥等不同施肥组合对设施土壤微生物多样性指数动态变化的影响.结果表明:在番茄苗期和开花期,土壤微生物多样性指数较高,在坐果期最低.与施用猪粪、化肥相比,施用沼渣、沼液有利于土壤中多种微生物的均衡生长,有利于土壤微生物种群的均匀分布.     

沼肥中重金属含量初步研究

采用青饲料和配合饲料饲喂生猪,对所产生的猪粪进行沼气发酵,测试和分析沼肥中主要重金属的含量,初步探索出沼肥中重金属含量的变化趋势.分析数据表明:配合饲料沼渣中砷、镉、铬的含量远高于青饲料沼渣,两者沼液中汞、铅的含量呈显著性差异.     

沼渣底施对黄瓜生长及土壤微生物数量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了沼渣肥用量对黄瓜不同生育时期生长情况和土壤中细菌、真菌两种微生物数量的影响。结果表明,不同添加量的沼渣肥都能够显著促进黄瓜生长,其中以5.0%沼渣的综合应用效果最好,该处理对黄瓜收获期的根重、地上部重、植株干重、株高、叶数和茎粗分别比未施肥对照组高130.51%,141.87%,72.88%,26.70%,39.32%和35.11%。沼渣肥的施用也显著改变了土壤中微生物的数量,使土壤中细菌数量增加、真菌数量降低,对生育前期土壤微生物的数量影响很大,随着生育期的延长而逐渐降低。土壤中微生物含量与黄瓜生物量相关性分析表明,土壤细菌数与黄瓜生物量成正相关,土壤真菌数量与黄瓜生物量成负相关。田间试验表明,施用沼渣比常规处理产量增加8.3%,比空白对照增产19.2%。     

基于LCA方法沼渣沼液生产利用过程的环境影响分析

采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,以1 t沼渣沼液为功能单位,评估了北京市延庆县某大型沼气工程的沼渣沼液在生产利用过程中产生的环境影响,并与化肥生产利用全过程产生的环境影响进行了对比分析。结果表明:在整个生产利用过程中,沼渣沼液环境影响综合指数为-13.949×10-3,化肥的环境影响综合指数为5.219×10-3。沼渣沼液作为有机肥用于农业生产,对全球变暖、环境酸化、富营养化、光化学氧化和能量消耗等方面的负面作用小于化肥,但在人类毒性和土壤毒性方面的负面作用比化肥大。     

花生施用沼肥增产技术

花生施用沼肥可以防止植株早衰 ,减少病虫害 ,产量可提高２０ %以上 ,而且果大粒饱 ,每百克果数减少４～６个。沼肥种植花生具体方法如下。（１）施足底肥以沼渣作底肥 ,按１６．５ｔ／ｈｍ２ 撒匀 ,然后翻地、整墒待播。（２）沼液浸种在播种前 ,将花生种子放入蛇皮袋内 ,扎紧袋口 ,用绳子将口袋吊入正常产气的沼气池的出料间中层沼液中 ,浸泡８ｈ ,取出后用清水洗净 ,沥干水分后播种。（３）追施沼肥在花生开花期和结果期各追施沼肥一次。施用方法是将沼液兑入水中 ,顺水施于大田 ,或按沼液∶水＝１∶３的比例将沼液稀释后灌施 ,每次施７…     

沸石对猪粪沼气发酵特性及沼渣、沼液中重金属Zn的影响

为减少重金属污染,以猪粪为发酵原料,采用厌氧发酵技术进行试验。结果表明:添加沸石对沼气发酵产气量、甲烷含量影响不大;厌氧发酵后,添加沸石组重金属Zn的89.88%存在于沼渣中,10.12%存在于沼液中;Zn总量下降了32.41%,下降幅度高于空白对照组;厌氧发酵后,沼渣、沼液中的重金属形态都以残渣态为主,添加沸石组的沼渣、沼液中残渣态的比例高于空白对照组;厌氧发酵后,空白组沼渣中重金属Zn的有效态含量占32.63%,添加沸石组重金属Zn的有效态含量占29.12%。添加沸石有利于降低重金属Zn的生物有效性,因此,建议在厌氧发酵过程中添加重金属钝化剂,以此减少沼肥回田后重金属污染的风险。     

沼液对番茄产量及其植株生育性状指标的影响

沼液是人、畜粪便经厌氧发酵后的残余物，含有丰富的氮、磷、钾等营养元素和锌等微量元素，具有平衡供应养分的特点，是一种优质有机肥。沼液在改良和培肥土壤，刺激作物生长，增强作物抗逆性和改善产品品质等方面具有良好的作用。　　本文以L402番茄为供试品种，采用L9(34)正交表安排试验，以等氮、等磷、等钾为前提条件，对沼液、化肥、混合肥(50％沼液＋50％化肥)进行对比试验，辅以根外追施沼液，研究不同施肥量、施肥种类及叶面喷施沼液浓度的不同水平组合对番茄产量及植株生育性状指标的影响，用方差及极差分析法分析试验结果。1试验…     

施用沼肥对生菜生长特性及品质影响的研究

通过沼肥与化肥的混合施用,试验研究了沼肥对生菜生长特性及其品质的影响,目的是为沼气的综合利用提供理论依据和技术支持.试验结果表明：施用沼肥能有效提高生菜产量,改善生菜的植物学性状和营养品质,特别是在喷施沼液的情况下,当沼渣与化肥配比为8：2时,生菜产量最高,品质最优.     

沼肥育壮秧六个环节

沼肥育壮秧、育好秧已被我市广大沼气户农民公认,具体施肥方法是:1、施足基肥:早秧田应在2月底以前翻耕一遍,在播种前3～5天每亩施沼渣肥60～100担,(以猪粪为主要发酵原料的沼渣肥60～80担,以牛粪秸秆为主要原料的多施)通过     

Evaluation of biogas production from different biomass wastes with/without hydrothermal pretreatment

Municipal biomass waste is regarded as new available energy source, although it could cause serious environmental pollution. Generally, biogas recovery by anaerobic digestion was seen as an ideal way to treat biomass waste. Different types of biomass waste have different biogas production potential. In this paper, cow manure, pig manure, municipal sewage sludge, fruit/vegetable waste, and food waste were chosen as typical municipal biomass waste. In addition, hydrothermal pretreatment was used to accelerate digestion and increase biogas production. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was used to evaluate biogas production for raw biomass and hydrothermal treated waste. Raw materials of fruit/vegetable and food waste show higher methane production than that of cow manure, pig manure, and municipal sewage sludge. After hydrothermal pretreatment at typical condition (170 °C at 1 h), the biogas production of pig manure, cow manure, fruit/vegetable waste, and municipal sewage sludge increased by 7.8, 13.3, 18.5, and 67.8% respectively. While, for treated food waste, the biogas decrease by 3.4%. The methane yield of pig manure, fruit/vegetable waste, and municipal sewage sludge increased by 14.6, 16.1, and 65.8%, respectively. While, for treated cow manure and food waste, the methane decrease by 6.9% and 7.5%.     

Anaerobic Digesters: From Waste to Energy Crops as an Alternative Energy Source

Abstract

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the integrated organic waste-anaerobic digester-energy crop production system as a eco-agricultural system and to use anaerobically digested cattle slurry as fertilizer for safflower production. The value of slurry as fertilizer for growing safflower was compared with commercial organic and chemical fertilizers. According to the results of this study, higher yields were obtained from the application of anaerobically digested cattle slurry as fertilizer than the applications of commercial organic and chemical fertilizers such as aerobically digested cattle fertilizer, composted poultry fertilizer and compose fertilizer. Recycling of organic wastes by this system can decrease input of chemical fertilizer and use of fossil fuels. Also, it can improve soil texture. In conclusion, this system that combined organic waste, biogas production and energy crop production as an eco-agricultural system will play an important role in improving residential sanitation and economical development in rural areas.     

福建省养殖场大中型沼气工程问题分析及建议

至2007年底,福建省猪粪沼气潜力占全省畜禽沼气资源总量83.17%,全省养猪场存栏数5000头以下占到了82.56%。对172家规模养猪场进行调查表明:43.02%沼气池容积在500～999m3之间,沼气利用率在30%以下的占到81.49%,大部分沼气排空,造成资源浪费,加剧温室效应。另一方面,沼气利用领域窄、工业化利用水平低。根据这些情况,笔者提出实行环境治理与能源资源开发利用并举方针,鼓励沼气综合利用,加强沼气科研创新和人才培养等建议。     

Application of nano-scale transition metal carbides as accelerants in anaerobic digestion

Four types of nano-scale transition metal carbides (HfC, SiC, TiC, and WC), used as accelerants in anaerobic digestion (AD) with cattle manure, were investigated through batch experiments under mesophilic conditions (37 ± 1 °C). The AD system with four carbide accelerants showed a higher biogas yield (463–499 mL/g TS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) degradation rate (58.62–78.90%) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentrations (905.0–1077.0 mg/L) as compared with control check (CK, 294 mL/g TS, 46.99%, 290 mg/L). All of the digestate samples from the AD systems using four carbide accelerants showed not only higher degradation of organic compounds during thermal analysis, but also stronger fertilizer values. The use of transition metal compounds (TMCs) as accelerants in AD can efficiently improve the conversion of waste resources into biogas and fertilizers, which can potentially open new avenues for the use of TMCs in upcoming research on biomass energy.     

福建省规模化养猪场粪便沼气潜力评估及分布特征

以畜牧部门统计数据为依据,对福建省规模化养猪场粪便资源产沼气潜力进行了评估并介绍了分布特征,结果表明2007年福建省规模化养殖场存栏生猪613.68万头,粪便资源干物质含量为101.16万t,沼气潜力为4.25亿m3,主要分布在福州市、龙岩市、南平市以及漳州市。     

Ecological and economic benefits of the application of bio-based mineral fertilizers in modern agriculture

In the transition from a fossil to a bio-based economy, it has become an important challenge to maximally recuperate valuable nutrients coming from waste streams. Nutrient resources are rapidly depleting, significant amounts of fossil energy are used for the production of chemical fertilizers, whereas costs for energy and fertilizers are increasing. In the meantime, biogas production through anaerobic digestion produces nutrient-rich digestates. In high-nutrient regions, these products cannot or only sparingly be returned to agricultural land in its crude unprocessed form. The consequent processing of this digestate requires a variety of technologies producing lots of different derivatives, which could potentially be re-used as green fertilizers in agriculture. As such, a sustainable alternative for fossil-based mineral fertilizers could be provided. This study aims to characterize the physico-chemical properties of digestates and derivatives, in order to identify the fertilizer value and potential bottlenecks for agricultural re-use of these products, in line with European legislative constraints. In addition, the economic and ecological benefits of substituting conventional fertilizers by bio-based alternatives are quantified and evaluated. Waste water from acidic air scrubbers for ammonia removal shows potential for application as N-S fertilizer. Analogously, concentrates resulting from membrane filtrated liquid fraction of digestate show promise as N-K fertilizer. Substituting conventional fertilizers by digestate derivatives in different cultivation scenarios can result in significant economic and ecological benefits for the agriculturist. Starting from theoretical scenarios outlined in the current study, field test validation will be required to confirm the potential substitution of fossil-based mineral fertilizers by bio-based alternatives.     

川渝养殖场沼气工程运行状况与沼液生物学特性研究

为探索沼气工程运行状况、沼液理化性质及微生物群落结构差异,对川渝9个养殖场沼气工程进行调查与采样分析,利用16S rRNA基因扩增子高通量测序技术研究沼液中微生物群落组成及多样性。结果表明,川渝地区养殖场沼气工程以处理养殖场废水为主,不以产能为目的,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、NH+4和化学需氧量(CODCr)等理化指标在猪场和牛场沼液之间无显著差异。14个沼液样品中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、互养菌门(Synergistetes)和疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)是主导微生物,这5大类细菌占细菌克隆总数的84%以上。猪场沼气工程Proteobacteria相对丰度在45.0%~69.3%之间,显著高于牛场,而牛场沼液中Firmicutes及Bacteroidetes占主要优势,两者相对丰度之和的平均值为58.4%。沼液中古菌以甲烷微菌纲(Methanomicrobia)、甲烷杆菌纲(Methanobacteria)占优,且Methanomicrobia丰度在2类养殖场间存在显著差异;猪场沼液中Methanosaeta占绝对优势,达到84.1%~94.4%,而Methanosarcina丰度极少。进一步分析,结果显示,沼液铵磷比与Firmicutes相对丰度、丰富度指数(Chao1)及多样性指数(Shannon)都存在显著的相关性。沼液中群落主坐标分析及聚类分析均可准确辨识猪场沼气工程、运行状况良好及运行状况欠佳的牛场沼气工程,可为养殖场粪污治理效果评价提供科学依据。