紫外和快中子结合诱变选育杆菌肽产生菌

在杆菌肽产生菌地衣芽孢杆菌的菌种选育中,利用紫外线照射和快中子辐射相结合的方法,获得突变株B-55,其摇瓶效价较出发菌株提高23%。经过5次传代实验,仍具有稳定的产抗生素特性。     

抗生素雾里看花

自从世界第一种抗生素产品——青霉素问世至今，抗生素工业已走过了整整一个甲子(60年)的历程，目前已形成包括B-内酰胺类(头孢菌素与青霉素)、四环素类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类以及林可霉素类等几大类抗生素和喹诺酮系列抗菌素在内的完备的抗生素产品生产体系。国际抗生素市场在20世     

探讨控制PTA产品质量新途径

文章叙述了PTA工艺流程,介绍了PTA产品质量重要指标B-值,指出了产生B-值的原因,影响因素,建立B值的控制模型,寻找到了控制产品的B-值的新途径。     

具有杀虫活性的大环内酯类抗生素——milbemycin

近来,人们把注意力集中于利用抗生素来防治害虫,并已出现了一些有关的报导。青木(Aoki)于1973年用棉红蜘蛛为试虫进行新杀虫抗生素筛选时,发现链霉菌B-41-146的代谢产物对各种害虫有独特的防效。取名为milbemycin的抗生素即为一种天然产生的新的十六元大环内酯的混合物。其后,Merk Sharp和Dohme研究小组从链霉菌avermitilis菌丝中分离得milbemycin     

正交实验法优化超临界CO2萃取薄荷挥发油工艺条件的研究

以薄荷为原料,进行超临界CO2萃取分离薄荷挥发油的工艺研究。重点考查了压力、温度、时间对产品得率的影响。正交实验结果表明:影响萃取的主次因素为B-温度>C-时间>A-压力;较佳工艺参数为萃取压力16MPa、温度50℃、时间90min,薄荷挥发油的总得率高达1.48%,其中薄荷醇的含量达58.2%。     

达托霉素及其衍生物生物合成的研究进展

随着高致病耐药菌的不断出现,临床上对新抗生素的需求十分迫切。达托霉素作为环脂肽类抗生素的第一个产品对耐药菌有很好的杀菌效果,且制剂用药方便,毒副作用小,被公认为病原菌最后一道防线--万古霉素的最佳替代品。本文在介绍达托霉素的理化特征和抗菌活性、合成基因簇的研究成果的基础上,重点对达托霉素及其衍生物的研究状况进行了综述,对达托霉素的生产及其衍生物的开发进行了展望：结合系统生物学为已有的达托霉素产生菌进一步进行代谢工程改造提供指导;通过合成生物学使达托霉素衍生物成为新型抗生素。     

井冈霉素高产菌种的选育

井冈霉素是一种在井冈山地区发现的微生物菌株所产生的农用抗生素 ,对水稻纹枯病有显著的防治效果 ,药效达 90 %以上。虽然从井冈霉素发现迄今已有 30年 ,但由于其具有高效、低毒 ,对环境安全 ,以及尚未发现抗药性 ,因而该产品仍拥有一个稳定的市场。但是多年以来井冈霉素的发酵生产水平一直徘徊在 1 0 0 0 0～ 1 2 0 0 0r/mL(以A组份计 ,下同 ) ,我们以本公司的井冈生产菌种为出发菌种 ,用紫外线进行诱变处理 ,筛选出了发酵效价稳定的高产菌株UV 1 99,摇瓶发酵效价可达到 2 0 0 1 5r/mL(补足摇瓶蒸发水份后测得 ) ,比出发菌株 1 4 1 5 8r…     

新型抗真菌抗生素发酵工艺及动力学研究

从浙江省东海土壤中筛选到1株具有抑制白色念珠菌ATCC 64548生长的解淀粉芽孢杆菌091,发现其能产生一种相对分子质量为410的大环内酯类抗真菌物质。在250 mL摇瓶中进行了抗生素发酵的单因素优化实验,实验结果:28℃,pH值6.5,摇床转速200 r/min,接种量(体积分数)8%,装液量40 mL,发酵时间36 h。优化后发酵液抗真菌效价比初始培养条件下提高了2.49倍,达7 026.79 U/mL。进一步采用Logistic,Luedeking-Piret和Lu-edeking-Piret-like方程建立了抗生素产生的动力学模型,并根据5 L发酵罐中的实验数据拟合得到了模型参数。结果表明:该数学模型能反映解淀粉芽胞杆菌091的细胞生长、底物消耗和抗生素合成的动力学机制,可为该抗真菌抗生素的中试生产提供理论指导。     

林可霉素发酵液效价化学测定法与生物测定法的比较研究

将生物测定法与化学测定法进行比较，从而确定一种测定抗生素效价更加快速便捷的方法。     

农抗120生产菌高能电子流诱变育种与发酵性能研究

通过诱变育种提高农抗120生产菌株的发酵效价。采用不同剂量高能电子流辐射孢子芽管悬液、琼脂移块 法初筛、摇瓶管碟法复筛得到高产菌株,然后在发酵罐中放大培养。选育得到一株高产突变株D3226,其摇瓶效价达 9260 μg·mL-1,比出发菌株O11提高了100．4％,并且传代稳定;在100 L和10 t发酵罐中的分批培养实验表明:pH值 下降到最低点5．7时为抗生素累积高峰,pH值可以作为一种新的有效的放罐指标。得到的高产菌株及发酵规律可以应 用于工业生产。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.