南美白对虾虾头、虾壳化学成分的对比研究

对比研究了南美白对虾虾头、虾壳的一般化学威分及氨基酸,脂肪酸、矿质元素组成. 结果表明,虾头、虾壳水分舍量最高,分别为78. 44%和75. 15%;蛋白质,灰分、甲壳素含量丰富,以湿重计,虾头中分别为6. 38%、3. 62%和3. 33%,虾壳中分别为5. 22%、5. 30%和6. 67%;虾头中脂肪、总糖及总酸度以湿基计分别为2. 42%、0. 27%和2. 30%,虾壳中则依次为1. 09%、0. 16%和2. 29%.虾头、虾壳中氨基酸种类齐全,矿质元素含量丰富,含有人体8种必需氨基酸、4种呈味氨基酸以及7种时人体有益的微量元素. 虾头、虾壳中油酸、亚油酸,DHA和EPA含量丰富,不饱扣脂肪酸含量分别占游离脂肪酸总量的55. 57%和48. 42%(以干基计). 对比而言,虾头中脂肪、总糖、蛋白质高于虾壳,分别为虾壳的2. 22倍、1. 69倍和1. 22俄虾头中氨基酸总量及游离脂肪酸总量也明显高于虾壳,分别为虾壳的1. 37倍和2. 96倍;但虾壳中甲壳素含量显著高于虾头,为虾头的2. 00倍;此外,虾壳中钙元素含量极高,占原料干重的19. 6%,比虾头高1.87倍.     

柠檬酸用于虾头、虾壳的脱钙处理

以南美白对虾虾头、虾壳为原料,利用柠檬酸对其脱钙处理制备甲壳素,通过单因素和响应面试验优化提取条件。结果表明：当柠檬酸质量浓度12.00g/L、料液比1:2.00(g/mL)、时间3.88h时,所得甲壳素灰分含量为1.0g/100g,即已经达到食品级甲壳素的要求。利用柠檬酸脱除虾头、虾壳中的钙盐制备甲壳素,不仅获得食品级的甲壳素,而且反应条件温和、污染小,生成的副产物柠檬酸钙可以作为钙强化剂,提高虾头、虾壳的资源利用率。     

玉米蛋白复合风味蛋白酶水解物性质的研究

以玉米蛋白为原料,主要研究了通过复合风味蛋白酶水解制备的玉米蛋白水解物的功能特性。结果表明:玉米蛋白经复合风味蛋白酶水解后水解度为11.43%,体外实验该水解度下的玉米蛋白水解物结合胆汁酸的能力较强,相对分子质量分布在10 000～180 Da之间,水解物中有高含量的疏水性氨基酸残留。玉米蛋白水解物持水性为2.95 mL/g,持油性为2.13 mL/g,乳化性为49.96 mL/g,起泡性为126%。玉米蛋白水解物经Sephadex G-15、RP-HPLC分离纯化,对含量最高的组分F2,用MALDI-TOF/TOF MS/MS方法进行鉴定,其相对分子质量为244.2 Da,氨基酸组成为脯氨酸-谷氨酰胺。     

酶法水解蟹壳蛋白

对水解脱钙蟹壳中蛋白质的蛋白酶进行了选择,并探讨了蛋白酶水解的条件,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了采用不同脱除蛋白方法处理后的甲壳素表面状态,分析了蛋白水解液中的氨基酸组成及营养价值。结果表明,Alcalase2.4 L酶比较适于水解蟹壳中的蛋白质,水解度较其他蛋白酶高。Alcalase2.4 L水解蟹壳蛋白的最适条件为:温度60℃,pH8.0,料液比1∶3,酶底物比为3 000 U/g,水解5 h后水解度可达到14%左右。酶法与碱法脱蛋白对甲壳素表面微观状态影响不同,酶法脱蛋白后甲壳素表面较光洁。水解液中的氨基酸组成与FAO/WHO建议的理想模式基本一致,鲜味氨基酸含量较高。     

不同规格及性别的克氏原螯虾各部位营养分析及评价

摘 要：目的 综合分析和评价不同规格及性别的克氏原螯虾各部位的营养成分。方法 通过测定不同规格及性别的克氏原螯虾的肝胰腺、肌肉、虾壳、虾钳中基本营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质指标等,综合评价各部位的营养情况。结果 同等规格下雌虾可食用率高于雄虾,中等规格雌虾可食用率最高,为30.28 %;水分含量最高的部位为中等规格雄虾肌肉,含量为81.72±0.66 %;灰分含量最高的部位为中等规格雄虾虾壳,含量为38.42±0.31 %;粗蛋白质含量最高的部位为大规格雌虾肌肉,含量为17.37±6.00 %;粗脂肪含量最高的部位为大规格雌虾肝胰腺,含量为25.00±3.29 %;甲壳素含量最高的部位为大规格雌虾虾钳,含量为14.55±2.55 %;虾青素含量最高的部位为大规格雄虾虾壳,含量为106.93 ug/g;虾的肝胰腺和肌肉中Zn、Se、Fe含量较高;虾壳和虾钳中Ca元素含量较高;虾的肌肉中P、K、Na、Mg元素含量较高。结论 中等规格雌虾具有更大的食用价值,各类虾的虾头壳、虾钳、肝胰腺等副产物中富含甲壳素、虾青素、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸、矿物质等营养成分,具有较高的开发价值。     

小龙虾下脚料中虾青素和甲壳素提取工艺研究

我国每年会产生大量的虾头、虾壳、虾尾等富含虾青素和甲壳素等高经济价值成分的下脚料。以小龙虾下脚料为原料进行虾青素和甲壳素的连续提取,首先对原料进行去蛋白质处理,然后采用乙酸乙酯浸提法提取虾青素,最后采用HCl/NaOH浸提法从剩余固体中提取甲壳素。通过单因素及响应面优化试验,确定最佳虾青素提取工艺条件：料液比1∶19（g/mL）、浸提时间120 min、浸提温度34℃,此条件下虾青素提取量为67.40 μg/g;最佳甲壳素提取工艺条件：HCl溶液浓度1 mol/L、HCl溶液浸泡时间20 min、NaOH溶液浓度1 mol/L、NaOH溶液浸泡时间6.5 min,此条件下甲壳素提取率为24.13%。     

利用蟹壳制备乳酸钙和甲壳素的技术研究

以蟹壳为原料,采用乳酸与碱性电解水联合处理脱矿物质与蛋白质制备乳酸钙和甲壳素。经过条件优化,蟹壳与1.14 mol/L乳酸以1∶10(g/mL)的料液比于25℃下发生中和反应,反应时间为2 h,最终乳酸钙的最高产量为0.89 g/g蟹壳粉,乳酸钙各项检测指标均符合国家标准。1%NaCl制备的碱性电解水后继脱蛋白处理提取甲壳素,甲壳素灰分含量为0.81%,蛋白质含量为7.53%,蛋白质脱除率达到90.54%,试验结果表明,用乳酸和碱性电解水联合处理,能较好地实现脱矿物质和脱蛋白制备乳酸钙和甲壳素,实现蟹壳资源的有效利用。     

甲壳质在造纸工业中的应用

甲壳质又叫甲壳素、几丁质、壳多糖,俗名蟹壳素,学各为聚-N-乙酰-D-葡糖胺。甲壳质广泛存在于甲壳纲动物、软体动物、昆虫、霉菌中,估计全世界每年再生这类资源可达100亿吨。其中,虾、蟹等甲壳动物中的甲壳质含量较高,因此,目前普遍采用废弃的虾壳和蟹壳为原料制备甲壳质。甲壳质在加热条件下经浓碱处理脱去乙酰基后便成为脱乙酰甲壳质。     

虾壳中虾青素的乙醇解吸-稀碱提取工艺优化

采用乙醇解吸—稀碱液提取的内部沸腾法对虾壳中虾青素进行提取。考察解吸时间、乙醇的用量、稀碱的浓度、稀碱的量、提取的温度、提取的时间等因素对提取效果的影响。结果表明,在室温下,虾壳粉在12 L的95%乙醇中解吸30 min,然后用30 mL浓度为1.0 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液提取4 min,可获得虾青素浓度为171.2μg/g的溶液体系,虾青素提取得率达19.5%。该工艺采用的有机溶剂无毒且用量少,提取液色泽透亮,用时短,提取效果较好。     

夏季克氏原螯虾虾肉和虾壳基本性质研究

为了完善克氏原螯虾原料基础数据库，以7、8月捕获的大、中、小三种规格克氏原螯虾为原料，测定虾肉的基本组成、理化性质和虾壳的近似成分及表观结构。结果表明，虾肉中以水分（76.53%～79.22%）和蛋白质（17.63%～19.45%）为主，pH分布在6.88～7.30。虾壳中甲壳素（12.07%～17.43%）和钙（3.31～5.35 g/100 g）含量较高，氢键结构以CO/HN为主（41.33%～47.22%），二级结构以β折叠（35.21%～40.02%）和β转角（29.68%～33.53%）为主。随着捕捞时间和小龙虾规格逐渐增加，小龙虾的得肉率下降，肌纤维间隙减少，持水性上升，弹性和硬度上升，虾壳中蛋白质有序结构比例上升，氢键能和结晶度上升。本研究对基于原料性质的小龙虾运输及加工具有实际指导意义。     

Use of chitosan for the removal of metal ion contaminants and proteins from water

Naturally abundant biosorbants such as chitin and chitosan are recognized as excellent metal ligands, forming stable complexes with many metal ions, and serving as effective protein coagulating agents. Chitin isolated from crab processing discards was deacetylated over different time periods in order to obtain three types of chitosans [Type 1 (20 h), Type 2 (10 h) and Type3 (4 h)]. Chitosans so prepared were evaluated for their capacity to chelate metal ions in samples of water obtained from a zinc mining site (Buchans, Newfoundland). Metal chelation capacity of chitosan for wastewater was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at three different pH (5, 6 and 7). Chitosan served as an effective coagulating agent in removing proteins from wastewater as well as for the removal of metal ions [Hg(II), Fe(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] from industrial wastewater, especially at pH 7, as measured by ICP-MS. Mercury was best chelated by all three types of chitosan under all pH conditions tested. In the protein flocculation study, Type 1 chitosan showed the best flocculation ability followed by Type 2 and Type 3 chitosans.     

Purification of Aspergillus sp. S1-13 chitinases and their role in saccharification of chitin in mash of solid-state culture with shellfish waste

In a suspension of solid-state culture of Aspergillus sp. S1-13 containing a lactic acid-treated crab shell as the substrate, the saccharification of chitin in the shell proceeded to form N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc): the culture was the source of chitin and chitinases. The analysis of chitinases in the water-extract of the solid-state culture indicated occurrence of an exochitinase (Exo, MW 73 kDa) and two endochitinases. The amounts of the endochitinases suggested that one of them (Endo-1, MW 45 kDa) might be the main species in the chitin-saccharification. The amount of GlcNAc released from the LA-treated crab shell by the combined action of isolated Exo and Endo-1 was very small, predicting participation in the saccharification of other enzyme species, which might be hardly extracted with water from the solid-state culture. The re-extraction of the solid-state culture using 2 M KCl, which was extracted with water beforehand, demonstrated another endochitinase (Endo-2, MW 51 kDa). Endo-2 isolated from the salt-extract can adsorb to chitin, and can hydrolyze the chitin in the adsorbed state. The roles of these chitinases in the chitin-saccharification based on their properties and combined action were discussed.     

Characterization of Clostridium paraputrificum chitinase A from a recombinant Escherichia coli

Clostridium paraputrificum chitinase A (ChiA) was purified from a recombinant Escherichia coli. ChiA was active toward chitin from crab shells, colloidal chitin, glycol chitin, and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-N,N'-diacetylchitobioside [4-MU-(GlcNAc)2]. ChiA showed maximum activity at pH 6.0 and its optimum temperature was 45 degrees C. ChiA was stable between pH 6.0 and 9.0 and at temperatures up to 40 degrees C. The K(m) and V(max) values of ChiA for 4-MU-(GlcNAc)2 were estimated to be 6.9 microM and 43 micromol/min/mg, respectively. Thin-layer chromatography indicated that ChiA hydrolyzes chitooligosaccharides to mainly chitobiose. ChiA was found to adsorb not only chitinous polymers but also cellulosic polymers.     

虾、蟹壳利用的研究进展

虾、蟹壳是虾、蟹加工过程中产生的主要废弃物,含有较大量的蛋白质、灰分和甲壳素,以及少量的脂肪、游离氨基酸和虾青素等。近年来,随着我国养殖、捕捞技术的进步以及伏季休渔制度的实施,虾、蟹产量逐年上升。因此,有效利用虾、蟹壳副产物,开发基于虾、蟹壳废弃物的利用途径和产品类型,以提高产品附加值,减少环境污染,对于虾、蟹产业的健康发展具有重要意义。目前,采用酸碱法制备甲壳素是虾、蟹壳利用的主要方法,该方法易于操作,但能耗高且污染严重,近年来研究人员对传统的酸碱法制备甲壳素的工艺进行了优化,并积极探索酶法和发酵法等新型提取工艺。此外,虾、蟹壳中其他可利用成分(蛋白质、脂肪、钙质和虾青素)的提取和利用也获得了许多研究成果。本文主要综述了虾、蟹壳的组成成分,虾、蟹壳整体利用途径以及虾、蟹壳中甲壳素、蛋白质、脂肪、钙质、虾青素等成分的提取和利用途径的研究进展,以期为虾、蟹壳的高效、低成本、无污染和高附加值利用提供借鉴。     

EFFECTS OF ADDITIVES ON QUALITY OF MECHANICALLY EXTRACTED JONAH CRAB (CANCER BOREALIS) MINCE DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE1

Research was conducted to determine yield and composition of mechanically separated Jonah crab mince prepared from processing discards and to evaluate effects of different additives on the chemical and microbiological quality of the mince. The following additives were used: 2% or 5% dried rosemary (with or without 2% lactic acid), 400 ppm and 800 ppm diacetyl (with or without 2% lactic acid), 2% sodium lactate, and a control (with or without 2% lactic acid). The eleven treatments were stored at 5C for 8 days, and periodically subjected to total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), pH, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and microbial analyses. Lactic acid, 400 ppm and 880 ppm diacetyl, and sodium lactate were effective in inhibiting TVBN and TBA production. Sodium lactate, 5% rosemary and 800 ppm diacetyl had the highest antimicrobial activity. Combinations of additives are recommended to improve different aspects of crab mince quality during refrigerated storage.     

Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by chitin nanocrystal particles

The aim of the present study was to investigate the oil-in-water emulsion stabilizing ability of chitin nanocrystals (colloidal rod-like particles) and the factors that may influence the properties of such systems. Chitin nanocrystal aqueous dispersions were prepared by acid hydrolysis of crude chitin from crab shells and oil-in-water emulsions were generated by homogenizing appropriate quantities of a chitin nanocrystal stock aqueous dispersion with corn oil, using an ultra-sonic homogenizer. The resulting emulsions were visually evaluated for their creaming behaviour upon storage. Additionally, the samples were studied with static light scattering, small deformation oscillatory rheometry and optical microscopy, under different conditions of nanocrystal concentration, ionic strength, pH and temperature. The chitin nanocrystals were proven quite effective in stabilizing o/w emulsions against coalescence, over a period of one month, as evidenced by static light experiments and microscopy, and this could be attributed to the adsorption of the nanocrystals at the oil–water interface. The rheological data provided evidence for network formation in the emulsions with increasing chitin nanocrystal concentration. Such a gel-like behaviour was attributed to an inter-droplet network structure and the formation of a chitin nanocrystal network in the continuous phase. The stability of the emulsions to creaming increased with an increase in nanocrystal concentration. Finally, by raising the temperature (20–74 °C), NaCl concentration (up to 200 mM) or pH (from 3.0 to 6.7) there was an enhancement of the emulsion elastic character and creaming stability.     

1 株高产几丁质脱乙酰酶红球菌的基因组测序及其应用潜力分析

为高效利用虾蟹壳资源,推动壳聚糖的几丁质脱乙酰酶法生产,采用Illumina测序技术,对1 株高产几丁质脱乙酰酶的红球菌菌株11-3进行基因组测序,并进行系统的生物信息学分析,主要包括基因本体论（Gene Ontology,GO）、直系同源群集（Cluster of Orthologous Group,COG）、京都基因与基因组百科全书（Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG）功能注释,碳水化合物活性酶注释以及几丁质降解相关酶基因的生物信息学分析。研究发现,红球菌11-3的基因组为6 089 866 bp,共5 904 个编码基因,GC含量为70.514%。经碳水化合物活性酶注释共识别了165 个基因,包括59 个碳水化合物酯酶基因,42 个糖基转移酶基因,36 个糖苷水解酶基因和28 个辅助氧化还原酶基因,其中,鉴定出1 个几丁质脱乙酰酶基因（gene4907）,4 个几丁质酶（EC 3.2.1.14）基因（gene1286、gene1287、gene3810、gene4754）和2 个壳聚糖酶（EC 3.2.1.132）基因（gene4921、gene5362）。gene4907与已报道的几丁质脱乙酰酶基因的序列一致性为26.60%～32.43%,为一种新的几丁质脱乙酰酶。因此,红球菌11-3菌株在几丁质资源的开发领域具有极大潜力。     

酶在壳聚糖制备中的应用

综述了酶在壳聚糖制备中的应用;详细介绍了虾蟹壳酶法脱蛋白、甲壳素酶法脱乙酰及壳聚糖酶法降解这三方面的研究概况。     

虾蟹壳中甲壳素绿色提取技术研究进展

甲壳素的提取需经脱除蛋白质、矿物质、脂质和色素等工艺,酸碱法有成本高、环境危害等缺点,微生物发酵、酶法或基因工程等生物法绿色提取技术亟待研究。本文综述以虾蟹壳为原料,由传统化学法、生物法绿色提取技术的进展;分析微生物发酵、酶法及基因工程等生物法的优缺点,微生物生物转化及酶处理利用发酵产生的有机酸和蛋白酶,经济有效易实现大规模生产,提出微生物发酵法提取甲壳素具有产业化潜力;最后对遗传操作和代谢工程在近几年的进展也进行了讨论。以生物法绿色提取技术生产甲壳素既具备环境友好又具备高效性,具有重要的发展前景。