进气氮气含量对柴油机混合气形成与燃烧过程的影响

在一台可以拍摄气缸内混合气形成和燃烧过程的发动机上，用高速摄像机研究了进气中加入不同浓度的氮气（N2）后柴油机的油束发展，混合气形成，着火以及燃烧过程， 同时还采用三基色法对高速摄像机拍摄的燃烧火焰的照片进行了温度场分布的计算分析。拍摄的图像和计算结果表明，加入了不同比例的N2，对燃油束的雾化及混合气的形成过程没有影响，对滞燃期的影响也不大，但对火焰的燃烧最高温度和燃烧室的平均温度降低影响很大。N2的加入量越大，燃烧温度下降越多，燃烧过程结束的也就越早。     

进气中氮气的体积分数对柴油机着火与燃烧影响的研究

在一台可以拍摄缸内混合气形成和燃烧过程的发动机上，用高速摄像机研究了在进气加入不同体积分数的N2后柴油机的油束发展，混合气形成，着火以及燃烧过程，同时还采用了三基色法对高速摄像机拍摄出的燃烧火焰的照片进行了温度场分布的计算分析，拍摄的图像和计算结果表明，加入N2后，对燃油束的喷雾及混合气体形成过程没有影响，对着火滞燃期的影响也不大，但对火焰的燃烧最高温度和燃烧室的平均温度影响很大，N2的加入量越大，燃烧温度下降越多，燃烧过程的结束也就越早。     

柴油机起动倒拖缸内喷雾仿真分析

采用三维CFD数值模拟的方法,对试验发动机冷机起动倒拖时的缸内燃油喷射雾化过程进行了仿真计算分析。研究结果表明:在燃油喷雾过程中,由于燃油蒸发吸热,导致缸内温度明显下降,与不喷油时相比下降了32K;缸内喷雾过程出现大量的燃油附壁,附壁量占总喷油量的70%左右;喷雾过程结束时形成的混合气浓度场和温度场呈极不均匀的分层分布,浓度较高的区域温度较低,且分布于靠近活塞壁面的薄层,不利于焰前反应的进行。这些因素均对冷起动过程缸内混合气的着火燃烧产生关键性的影响。此外,研究结果还表明,喷油油束速度是冷起动条件下影响缸内油滴蒸发过程的重要因素。     

溶有CO2燃油发动机燃烧的数值研究

在KIVA程序的基础上修改了油滴的蒸发模型，并根据实测数据对溶有CO2的燃油在缸内的喷射、蒸发、燃烧过程进行了数值模拟，计算结果表明，溶有CO2的燃油喷射可有效地降低燃烧初期油束区的温度和氧浓度，从而降低燃烧温度，减少NOx的生成。     

缸内直喷周向分层燃烧系统火花塞附近油束发展历程的试验研究

采用高速摄影技术研究了缸内直喷周向分层（简称DICSC）燃烧系统火花塞附近两根油历史潮流的发展历程。研究结果表明,喷雾混合过程中燃油碰壁、反弹现象非常明显,大多数燃油的雾化与蒸发产生于油束碰壁以后。靠近壁面处燃油浓度最大,向燃烧室中心方向浓度逐渐降低,沿周向、顺涡流方向形成了明显的由浓到稀的分层。因而,为了保证较好的着火稳定性,在DICSC燃烧系统中火花塞靠近壁面布置并处于油束下游一定角度比较合适,此外有浓度合适、易于点燃的混合气以便火焰能够顺利扩展。另外,还研究了不同涡流比和油束夹角下的油束发展历程。     

柴油机起动过程引入EGR对滞燃期影响的研究

试验研究表明,在柴油机首着火循环前引入EGR可以改善柴油机首着火循环的冷起动性能。在试验研究的基础上,进行了化学动力学计算,进一步研究了EGR对起动燃烧的影响。计算发现着火循环前排气成分中的完全燃烧产物少,而未燃燃油和中间氧化产物的含量大,因此改善了燃烧。通过对不同EGR率和不同燃空当量比下,混合气在定容状态下的滞燃期进行分析,得到了混合气着火性能随着EGR率的变化规律。     

轴针式喷油嘴燃油束撞击时雾化特性研究

在前期发动机台架实验和高速摄影实验的研究基础上,为进一步了解燃油束撞击法形成混合气及其在小型柴油机上实现直喷式燃烧的机理,用多次喷雾叠加摄影技术以及马尔文激光粒子分析仪对带挡块的轴针式喷油器的喷雾过程进行了研究。实验中对不同形状挡块以及不带挡块的油束形成过程进行了详细的观察,并对撞击前后的油滴滴径进行了测量。结果表明,燃油经撞击后可显著地增大油束扩散角,不同程度地影响了燃油束的贯穿度,但燃油束撞击前后的滴径变化不大。加深了对油束撞击现象、撞击油束雾化特点和混合气形成过程以及在小型柴油机内实现直喷式燃烧的认识。     

DME/柴油混合燃料HCCI燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

在单缸柴油机上采用轴针式喷嘴进气道燃油喷射方式,开展了二甲醚(DME)/柴油混合燃料预混均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧及其排放特性的试验研究,探讨了喷油嘴启喷压力、进气温度以及进气掺混不同比例CO2对混合气制备率和发动机性能的影响.结果表明:低沸点液相DME在进气道喷射过程中所具有的闪急沸腾效应,可有效强化柴油/DME混合燃料的雾化与蒸发,减少燃油撞击壁面而出现的进气歧管壁湿现象,从而改善柴油HCCI发动机均质混合气的形成与燃烧,拓宽发动机的运行工况范围.进气掺混0~30%的CO2能使HCCI发动机的正常工作范围从0.32MPa提高到0.5MPa,实现高负荷工况下同时降低NOx和碳烟的排放,但CO和未燃HC排放有所增加.     

双燃料发动机的燃烧模型

针对双燃料发动机燃烧特性，建立了柴油喷雾扩散燃烧子模型和气体燃烧均质混合气火焰传播燃烧子模型，应用该模型研究了双燃料发动机燃烧机理，计算结果和实验结果相当吻合。计算表明：当引燃柴油比例较大时，双燃料发动机燃烧过程以喷雾混合控制燃烧为主，柴油喷雾扩散燃烧模型与实测较吻合；当柴油比例较小时，该过程以均质混合气火焰传播燃烧为主，均质混合气火焰传播燃烧模型与实测软吻合。计算结果表明，引燃柴油量对双燃料发动机性能影响较大，引燃柴油减少，着火滞燃期延长，缸内最大爆发压力升高。     

压燃式天然气发动机着火和敲缸的试验研究

提出了一种压燃式天然气发动机燃烧系统。该燃烧系统采用了低散热的分隔式燃烧室和复合供气系统,即利用分别安装于进气管和气缸盖上的高、低压天然气喷射阀在一个工作循环中的分时供气,以在副燃烧室内形成较浓的混合气,在主燃烧室内形成稀混合气。在接近压缩终点处,副室内的混合气首先着火,其火焰喷入主燃烧室点燃其中的稀混合气。在单缸试验机上研究了这一燃烧系统的着火起动特性和敲缸现象。试验结果说明：仅采用进气道低压喷射天然气的供气方式在发动机气缸内形成天然气／空气的均质混合气,可很容易地实现压缩着火和起动发动机;电热塞温度、进气温度及副室与主室之间通道尺寸对发动机的着火和起动性有显著的影响,可以实现仅利用电热塞辅助加热即可在常温进气条件下起动发动机。在主、副燃烧室内实现混合气浓度的时间-空间控制,以实现混合气浓度分层,有助于避免敲缸现象。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996