深覆盖层土石坝三维有限元应力应变分析

采用邓肯张E-B非线性模型对某深覆盖层坝基上沥青混凝土心墙土石坝进行了三维有限元应力应变分析,采用无质量地基模拟坝基和山体对坝体沉降变形和应力的影响,给出了深覆盖层上坝体的应力和变形特点,特别是沥青混凝土心墙上的应力、位移分布特点,为大坝的安全设计提供理论依据。     

串场河防洪闸群桩基础施工期仿真分析

串场河防洪闸建在覆盖层较厚的软土地基上,为防止基础不均匀沉降过大、增强闸基础稳定性和运行安全性,采用管桩方案加固基础.采用基于三维快速拉格朗日算法的FLAC3D程序对该闸施工期上部结构、群桩和地基共同作用机理进行数值仿真模拟,探讨了地基沉降及桩承载力分布规律.计算结果表明,施工期群桩基础的应力分布和不均匀沉降处于合理范围,桩顶反力满足承载力设计要求,基础不均匀沉降与现场观测资料基本吻合,可为工程设计和施工提供技术指导,同时说明FLAC3D软件在大型群桩基础分析具有可行性与可靠性.     

坝面溢流式面板堆石坝有限元计算与分析

通过用邓肯~张E~B模型,对岗曲河面板堆石坝在竣工期、蓄水期和泄水期进行了非线性有限元仿真计算,特别考虑了坝上溢洪道在泄水期,泄水水流对坝体应力和变形的影响,研究了大坝在三种工况下的应力变形特点及分布规律。计算结果分析表明,坝体竣工期、蓄水期的应力应变符合一般规律,泄水期的应力与竣工期、蓄水期相比有所减小,变形相差不是很大。     

深厚覆盖层上水电站厂房位移计算和控制

以西藏某水电站工程为例,针对深覆盖层软土地基上水电站厂房的沉降变形问题进行了有限元模拟和计算,利用邓肯—张双曲线模型中的卸载再加载模量代替原始地基变形模量与摩尔—库仑等面积圆屈服准则的组合作为地基本构模型进行计算,并采用面—面接触单位模拟桩与土体的摩擦接触,通过对不同施工措施下的结果比较和分析,提出了在整个厂房底部设置摩擦桩并进行较大范围的固结灌浆,可控制部分厂房沉降和蓄水引起的回弹变形。     

深厚覆盖层上超硬岩快速填筑面板堆石坝

结合建在深厚覆盖层上的苗家坝水电站面板堆石坝施工中遇到的实际问题——大坝填筑料硬度很大而且工期紧,填筑工程量大,填筑工序复杂。通过对大型非线性有限元通用软件ADINA的改进和开发,建立了面板堆石坝的三维数值模型,对大坝快速填筑坝的全过程进行数值模拟,计算分析此面板堆石坝填筑到各个时期的位移和变形、大小主应力的变化以及填筑完成蓄水以后坝体沉降和应力的变化趋势等。文章研究成果对在深厚覆盖层地基上利用超硬岩堆石料进行快速筑坝具有一定的实用价值,对类似的工程也有比较大的参考价值,部分研究成果已在该工程的设计和施工中得到应用。     

面板堆石坝中接触面及面板动力特性研究

针对垫层与面板间接触单元刚度的选取和垫层厚度对面板应力的影响大小尚无统一的认识问题,通过数值模拟试验确定了接触面模型参数的合理取值范围,研究了不同垫层厚度对面板动力特性的影响.结果表明,面板的变形主要由堆石体的变形引起,改变垫层厚度对面板的变形影响不大,但对面板的拉压应力幅值及分布情况影响较大,面板的拉压应力幅值及分布情况随垫层厚度的增加而得到较好的改善.     

不同施工顺序对深厚覆盖层坝基折线型防渗墙应力变形的影响

鉴于施工顺序对防渗墙应力变形影响很大,以折线型防渗墙为例,运用有限元模拟了两种防渗墙的施工顺序,对比分析了竣工期和蓄水期的防渗墙应力变形规律。结果表明,防渗墙在转折处存在一定的拉应力;推迟防渗墙施工能够有效减小防渗墙大主应力、竣工期顺河向位移量,但将增大蓄水后防渗墙的顺河向位移量。     

张峰斜心墙堆石坝应力应变静动力有限元分析

针对张峰水库地质条件复杂、覆盖层含有软弱夹层的问题,采用三维静动力有限元法,基于邓肯—张非线性弹性模型和修正的哈定—德涅维奇模型,模拟了张峰水库粘土斜心墙堆石坝在竣工期、运行期的应力应变情况,得出了应力应变的分布规律.结果表明,备工况下的坝坡安全系数均大于规范允许值,坝基软弱夹层不影响大坝的稳定安全性;竣工期坝体最大沉降位移为33 cm(约为最大坝高的0.46％),运行期最大水平向位移为31.6 cm;竣工期和运行期坝体内部应力水平均小于1.     

那兰水电站面板堆石坝变形反馈分析

合理确定覆盖层和坝体的本构模型参数对正确预测覆盖层上面板坝应力应变特性十分重要.结合那兰水电站面板堆石坝变形观测资料及覆盖层大型载荷试验结果,采用“南水”双屈服面弹塑性模型反馈分析了坝体和覆盖层的本构模型参数,并采用反馈所得参数进一步分析了坝体的应力变形分布情况.结果表明,采用反馈分析参数计算所得的坝体变形与相应的实测值吻合较好.     

东津面板堆石坝防浪墙伸缩缝变形异常的分析

东津面板堆石坝防浪墙伸缩缝错位变形严重、止水铜片被拉裂对面板堆石坝的防渗体系构成威胁。在深入分析结构特点和变形特性的基础上,建立大坝沉降变形的多测点时空分析模型,分析了防浪墙伸缩缝错位变形的主要影响因素和时效变化趋势,解析了面板堆石坝防浪墙伸缩缝变形异常的原因。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.