光纤饱和吸收体稳频窄线宽光纤激光器

结合光纤饱和吸收体与光纤光栅法布里-珀罗标准具,研制出了全光纤结构1550nm单频窄线宽掺铒光纤环形激光器.采用两个976nm激光二极管双向抽运作为抽运源,高掺杂浓度铒光纤作为增益介质,以行波腔消除空间烧孔效应,利用光纤光栅法布里-珀罗标准具窄带选模特性,以10m长低掺铒光纤饱和吸收体稳频,得到了十分稳定的窄线宽激光输出.激光器抽运阈值功率21mW,在抽运光功率为145mW时输出光功率39mW,斜率效率30%,信噪比大于50dB.采用延迟自外差方法精确测量光纤激光器线宽小于10kHz.     

Real-time tracking of time-varying velocity using a self-mixing laser diode

A new method is proposed for estimating the time-varying velocity of a moving target with a low-cost laser sensor using optical feedback interferometry. A new algorithm is proposed to track velocity variations from real-time analysis of the output signal of a self-mixing laser diode. This signal is strongly corrupted by a multiplicative noise caused by the speckle effect, which occurs very often with noncooperative targets used in many industrial applications. The proposed signal processing method is based on a second order adaptive linear predictor filter, which enables us to track the digital instantaneous Doppler frequency, which is proportional to the velocity. A model of the laser diode output signal is proposed, and it is shown that the sensor and its associated algorithm have a global first-order lowpass transfer function with a cutoff frequency expressed as a function of the speckle perturbations, the signal to noise ratio and the mean Doppler frequency. Numerical as well as experimental results illustrate the properties of this sensor.     

科用外差法测定NH_2D斯塔克盒稳定CO_2激光频率系统的鉴频曲线

本文提出了固定NH_2D分子吸收线型中心频率而改变激光输出频率,用外差拍频计数记录激光频率的变化的外差拍频测定NH_2D Stark盒稳定CO_2激光频率系统中鉴频曲线的方法。利用一支稳频激光器提供参考频率,采用这种方法进行了鉴频曲线的测量。文中给出了实验结果并进行了误差分析。     

Effects of Transverse-mode Profile on Slope Efficiency and Relaxation Oscillations in a Longitudinally-pumped Laser

Abstract

Measurement of relaxation oscillation frequency can provide a convenient means for measurement of laser resonator losses. Expressions are derived which take account of the effect of non-uniform pump and laser beam profile on relaxation oscillation frequency and slope efficiency for a longitudinally-pumped four-level laser. Significant departures from plane-wave calculations are found. It is also shown that by combining a measurement of slope efficiency and relaxation oscillation frequency, the loss can be deduced without detailed knowledge of the pump beam profile. Experimental results supporting these calculations are described.     

Theory study on a range-extended and resolution-improved microwave frequency measurement

A range-extended and resolution-improved approach for microwave frequency measurement is proposed. In this system, a single laser source, a polarization modulator, and a dispersive element are shared to construct different amplitude comparison functions (ACFs) simultaneously via tuning the polarization angles of four photonic links. These ACFs owning relatively high slope are used jointly to estimate the microwave frequency so that the measurement range is extended beyond the monotonic region of a single ACF and the resolution is also improved by selecting a higher–slope ACF. With theory analysis and simulation verification, a measurement range of 2–20 GHz with a resolution better than 100 MHz is obtained.     

一种基于光拍频的连续激光调制光谱测量方法

针对F-P干涉仪分析连续激光调制光谱的局限性,本文提出了一种基于光拍频的连续激光调制光谱的测量方法,该方法可实现调制频率低达千赫兹的连续激光调制光谱的测量.本方法以光电转换理论为基础,利用频谱分析仪测得参考光与连续调制光谱的拍频信号,然后通过相应的数学计算得到连续调制光谱的各个光频的相对电场强度,从而实现连续调制光谱的分析.本文在理论建模与分析的基础上,利用该方法对半导体激光器出射激光经电光调制器调制产生的调制光谱进行了测量,测量结果与F-P干涉仪测量结果一致,验证了该方法的可行性.     

测量激光线宽的一种新装置

介绍了一种新的仅用一台激光器测定激光线宽或频率稳定的测量方法，用稳定的无源腔透过曲线腰处斜率将激光的频率扰动转为电压扰动。用所研制的测量装置对自制的边疆波染料激光频率的线宽和频率稳定性进行了测量。     

Holographic femtosecond laser processing using optimal-rotation-angle method with compensation of spatial frequency response of liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Holographic femtosecond laser processing performs high-speed parallel processing using a computer-generated hologram (CGH) displayed on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. A critical issue is to precisely control the intensities of the diffraction peaks of the CGH. We propose a method of compensating for the spatial frequency response in the design of CGH using the optimal-rotation-angle method. By applying the proposed method, the uniformity of the diffraction peaks was improved. We demonstrate holographic femtosecond laser processing with two-dimensional and three-dimensional parallelism.     

零差激光干涉仪在超低频大振幅振动测量中的应用

介绍了利用正交的零差激光干涉仪测量安装于振动台面被测靶体的位移,实时计算出运动速度和加速度,从而实现对位移达1m的超低频振动传感器的实时绝对校准。     

Measurement of the Frequency of the 3.39-?m Methane-Stabilized Laser to ±3 Parts in 1011

We have measured the frequency of a methane-stabilized laser at 88 THz (3.39 ?m) by a simultaneous beat-counting method which largely eliminates the uncertainties contributed by lower frequency lasers used as transfer oscillators. Our result is primarily of interest for a proposed new definition of the meter in which the speed of light in vacuum (c0) would be kept constant and reference made to the standard of time and frequency. For this reason our measurement has been referred to the mean frequency of 5 similar portable stabilized lasers normally used as wavelength standards. We estimate the mean frequency of the laser ensemble to have been (88 376 181 616 ± 3) kHz. The estimated standard deviation is within about a factor 2 of the reproducibility of the lasers themselves and the result can be extended to the visible iodine-stabilized lasers at 0.63 ?m to ±2 parts in 1010 by using the wavelength ratio measured by Layer et al.     

Two-channel interferometer based on inter-laser detection of reflected radiation

A novel laser interferometer is proposed. It successively generates two quadrature output signals at a high carrier frequency, combining a two-beam principle with a point spread function possessing a high slope. The interferometer is based on a dual-mode Zeeman He−Ne laser with a wavelength of 3.39 μm. It is used to present experimental investigations of an erosion capillary discharge in air produced by means of a grind-faced graphite employed as the reflector. Translated from Izmeriell’naya Tekhnika, No. 7, pp. 36–39, July, 1999.     

Piezoelectric-transducer-based optoelectronic frequency synchronizer for control of pulse delay in a femtosecond passively mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser

We propose a piezoelectric transducer-(PZT-) based optoelectronic frequency synchronizer to control simultaneously change in the repetition rate, the relative pulse delay, and the phase noise of a passively mode-locked femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser with an intracavity saturable Bragg reflector absorber with respect to an electronic frequency reference. An optoelectronic phase-locked-loop-based PZT feedback controller with a proportional, integral, and differential (PID) circuit and a tunable voltage regulator is designed to achieve frequency synchronization, phase-noise suppression, and delay-time tuning. When the controlling voltage is tuned from -2.6 to 2.6 V, the maximum pulse-delay range, tuning slope, and tuning resolution of the laser pulse-train are 11.3 ns, 2.3 ps/mV, and 1.2 ps, respectively. Setting the gain constant of the PID circuit at 10 or larger causes the delay-time tuning function to be linearly proportional to the controlling voltage. In the delay-time tuning mode the uncorrelated single-side-band phase-noise density of the frequency-synchronized laser is approximately -120 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 5 kHz, which is only 7 dBc/Hz higher than that of the electrical frequency reference. The proposed system also supports linear,continuous switching,and programmable control of the delay time of Ti:sapphire laser pulses when they are frequency synchronized to external reference clocks.     

Analysis of nonlinear frequency sweep in high-speed tunable laser sources using a self-homodyne measurement and Hilbert transformation

We have proposed and demonstrated a novel measurement technique for characterizing nonlinear frequency sweep in high-speed tunable laser sources by using a simple self-homodyne setup and Hilbert transformation. Measurement results, such as the variation in frequency scanning rate during a frequency sweeping process, are presented for a temperature-tuned distributed feedback laser diode and external cavity tunable laser. The time-varying optical phase of the incident light of a laser is calculated from the integration of the instantaneous optical frequency, and the tuning rate is obtained from its derivative.     

Performance of diode-end-pumped Cr, Nd:YAG self-Q-switched and Nd:YAG/Cr:YAG diffusion bonded lasers

Self-passively Q-switching of a diode-pumped Cr,Nd:YAG, where the Cr⁴⁺ is used as a saturable absorber for the 1064 nm laser emission is reported. The maximum average output power was obtained using an output coupler of R=86%. The self-Q-switched diode pumped laser yielded 1.86-W average output power with low threshold pumping power (≈1.7-W), average slope efficiency of ≈34%, pulse duration of about 14–16 ns, and modulation frequency ranging from 2.4 to 73 kHz, depending on the input pumping power. These results are the highest reported for self-Q-switched lasers. Higher slope efficiency (42%) and shorter Q-switched pulses were obtained for a Q-switched Nd:YAG/Cr⁴⁺:YAG diffusion bonded laser. A comparison of the codoped Cr,Nd:YAG laser performance, with that of a diffusion bonded laser is reported and analyzed.     

Laser offset-frequency locking up to 20 GHz using a low-frequency electrical filter technique

A simple, easy-to-implement, and robust technique is reported to offset lock two semiconductor lasers with a frequency difference easily adjustable up to a couple of tens of gigahertz (10 and 19 GHz experimentally demonstrated). The proposed scheme essentially makes use of low-frequency control electronics and may be implemented with any type of single mode semiconductor laser, without any requirement for the laser linewidth. The technique is shown to be very similar to the wavelength modulation spectroscopy method commonly used for laser stabilization onto molecular absorption lines, as demonstrated by experimental results obtained using 935 nm laser diodes.     

基于环形激光陀螺调制输出的寻北系统

利用环形激光陀螺对角速度输入量具有较高灵敏度的特点,提出了一种新型的激光陀螺寻北系统,将一环形激光陀螺垂直安3 水平的恒速转台上,使输入轴与台面平行,通过测量地球自转角速度的向向分量,实现寻北过程,通过与其对称放的加速度计可以测量出由于轴系安装和系统调平引起的台面倾斜误差,从而对激光陀螺的数据出量进行补偿,同时采用单周期多位置采集技术和多周期重复测量的方法,有效地抑制了激光陀螺的测量噪声,最大限度地减少了随机误差和系统误差的影响,提出了系统的寻北精度,适合多种领域的需要。     

Slope measurement of bent plates using double grating shearing interferometry

A grating-based shearing interferometeric setup for slope measurement of bent plates has been proposed. The specimen under test is illuminated by a collimated beam from the laser. Light reflected from the specimen passes through two identical holographic gratings placed in tandem. The grating frequency has been so chosen that the diffracted orders from each grating are separated out distinctly. Two first-order beams diffracted from each of the gratings superpose in space. In the resulting interferogram, the fringes due to slope information of the object are visualized. Mathematical formulation for experimental determination of slope values has been undertaken. Validation of the experimental results with theoretical predictions in case of cantilever beam provides good correlation. The main advantage of the technique has been the realization of very compact geometry without the need for spatial filtering arrangement commonly associated with the grating-based techniques used to date.     

大型硅晶片平面度精密纳米计量技术

描述了一种基于斜率传感器的大型硅晶片平面度扫描测量系统．采用二维斜率传感器对晶片表面扫描，以获得表面绕X和Y轴的倾斜度．斜率传感器装在X向滑板上，而晶片固定在可绕Z轴转动的主轴上．对斜率传感器Y向的输出积分，得到晶片表面各个同心圆上轮廓截面高度．对斜率传感器X向的输出积分，得到晶片表面沿X向的截面轮廓，从而获得各同心圆轮廓之间的关系．构建了一个包括基于自准直原理的小型斜率传感器、气浮主轴、气浮导轨的实验系统，提出一种斜率传感器现场标定方法，用此系统测量了直径300mm的硅晶片平面度。     

Curvature contours of flexed plates by a multiple illumination moiré shearing interferometer

A new moiré method is proposed to map partial slope, partial curvature and twist curvature contours of laterally loaded specularly reflecting plate models. Converging HeNe laser light is diffracted by a lens plane cross grating, different combinations of orders are selectively permitted through the Fourier transform plane and collimated to illuminate the plate model. This technique eliminates the difficulties involved in Fourier filtering in the imaging optics, thereby extending the reflection moiré' interferomelry to general plate structures and loading. The slope contours are obtained still by double exposure.     

Experimental validation of a simple approximation to determine the linewidth of a laser from its frequency noise spectrum

Laser frequency fluctuations can be characterized either comprehensively by the frequency noise spectrum or in a simple but incomplete manner by the laser linewidth. A formal relation exists to calculate the linewidth from the frequency noise spectrum, but it is laborious to apply in practice. We recently proposed a much simpler geometrical approximation applicable to any arbitrary frequency noise spectrum. Here we present an experimental validation of this approximation using laser sources of different spectral characteristics. For each of them, we measured both the frequency noise spectrum to calculate the approximate linewidth and the actual linewidth directly. We observe a very good agreement between the approximate and directly measured linewidths over a broad range of values (from kilohertz to megahertz) and for significantly different laser line shapes.