真空条件下珠状凝结传热特性的理论分析与试验研究

从理论分析和试验研究两个方面研究了真空状态下珠状凝结的传热特性.首先从蒸汽流场、气膜热阻和表面能3个角度进行理论分析,分析结果表明,珠状凝结的换热系数K值随着真空的提高而增大.然后进行真空条件下的珠状凝结试验,经过数据分析表明,试验结果与理论分析相吻合,即在真空条件下,凝结换热系数K值随着真空度的提高而增大,在较大Re数时(Re＝34755),真空度每提高0.01 MPa,换热系数可提高10%左右.     

真空状态下不锈钢管束的凝结试验研究

对不同真空和循环水雷诺数下,经过表面改性处理的不锈钢管束与普通不锈钢管柬的换热性能进行对比试验,结果表明,经过表面改性处理的不锈钢管束能促进珠状凝结的实现,其汽侧凝结换热系数可以提高1～2倍,总体换热系数可以提高50%以上.试验的真空范围满足电厂凝汽器的真空范围,因此处理过的不锈钢管束可以应用于火电厂.     

水平三维肋管外含不凝性气体的水蒸汽凝结换热的实验研究

对水平光管和三维肋管管外具有不同空气含量的水蒸汽凝结换热性能进行了实验研究。获得了不凝性气体含量和壁面过冷度对光管和三维肋管凝结换热性能的影响规律。实验结果表明：在相同的工况条件下，水平三维肋管的凝结换热系数是光管的1．7～2．9倍；不凝性气体含量越高，凝结换热系数越低；壁面过冷度越大，凝结换热系数越大。最后，获得了水平三维肋管管外凝结换热实验关系式。图8表1参9     

波槽管管外珠状凝结换热的实验探讨

在水平及垂直管外水蒸气凝结的条件下,对4种实验管的传热性能进行了比较实验研究。对于水平、略高于大气压的凝结条件,在实验范围内,BGT管的总传热系数约为光管的1.38~1.60倍,而BGT-1管的总传热系数约为光管的2.05~2.16倍。对于同一管型,在真空Ph=0.068 6 MPa、冷却水Re数5×103~4×104范围内,BGT-1管垂直布置时总传热系数约为水平布置时的0.78~0.87倍。实验结果表明,布置方式、蒸汽凝结负荷及压力是维持珠状凝结持久的重要影响因素。     

四类螺旋翅片管束热力特性数值研究

对气流横掠螺旋翅片管错列管束的流动与换热特性进行了数值研究,在雷诺数Re=10 000～40 000范围比较了四类(连续型、平齿I型、平齿L型和扭齿型)螺旋翅片管束的换热、阻力及热力综合性能。结果表明:与常规的连续型管束相比,在相同Re下,平齿I型、平齿L型和扭齿型管束的努塞尔数Nu分别提高约24%、32%和38%,欧拉数Eu分别增大约24%、85%和90%;在相同的换热量、流体输运功耗和翅片管结构参数下,平齿I型、平齿L型和扭齿型管束所需的换热面积较之连续型管束所需的分别减小约9%、6%和12%,扭齿型表现最佳;在管束紧凑性方面,连续型、平齿I型和扭齿型管束无明显差别,但选用平齿L型会使管束体积相对增大约18%。     

圆形液体射流冲击单相局部对流传热的实验研究

以强润湿性液体为工质，就圆形自由和浸没射流冲击r／d=0.2，3．5和5处的换热系数及局部换热系数的径向分布进行了系统测定并予以关联。详细研究了射流出口Re数和液体温度等对局部换热系数的影响，最后就Nu0～Re关系式中Re数指数的物理含义作了说明。图4表3参14     

螺旋翅片管束换热过程的熵产分析

对不同翅片间距Sf、管束横向节距St和管束纵向节距Sl的9组螺旋翅片管束的换热和流动过程进行了试验研究.分析了换热过程的熵产,研究了雷诺数(RP)、翅片间距、管束横向节距和管束纵向节距对管束换热熵产数NsH、流动熵产数NsF和总熵产数Ns的影响.结果表明:对不同布置方式的管束,随着Re的增加,NsH迅速减小,NsF逐渐增加,Ns先减小后增加;翅片间距对NsH影响较小,在高Re下,翅片间距增大时,NsF和Ns均明显降低;横向节距对NsH几乎没影响,但随着横向节距的增加,NsF和Ns均明显降低;管束纵向节距对NsH、NsF和Ns的影响都很小.     

管间距对折齿型螺旋翅片管束性能影响的数值模拟及试验研究

折齿型螺旋翅片管是在平齿型螺旋翅片管基础上发展而来的.它具有更好的强化换热性能,在烟气余热回收等领域,有着良好的应用前景.为了获得管间距对折齿型螺旋翅片管束换热与阻力特性的影响规律,对8个错列布置的折齿型螺旋翅片管束进行了数值模拟研究,并进行了模化试验验证.结果表明:在相同Re数和相对纵向间距S2/do下,相对横向间距S1/do=2.00～3.26范围内,存在最优S1/do使得管束气侧Nu数最大,气侧Eu数随S1/do的增大而明显减小;在相同Re数和S1/do下,S2/do=2.16 ～3.00范围内,存在最优S2/do使得管束气侧Nu数最大,气侧Eu数随S2/do的增大而稍有降低;数值模拟与模化试验结果偏差较小,相关的研究方法及结果可为进一步优化折齿型螺旋翅片管束布置提供参考.     

垂直布置B30波槽管管外膜状凝结的实验研究

在略高于大气压的凝结条件下,对垂直布置渡槽管管外膜状凝结换热进行了实验研究。实验结果表明：垂直布置时波槽管具有一定的强化传热效果,在实验范围内,最佳波槽管的总传热系数约比光管提高27％-43％,而阻力系数约为光管的2．94-3．48倍,垂直布置的强化传热效果不如水平布置的好。通过对实验数据的回归分析,得到了垂直管管内对流换热、管外凝结换热及阻力系数的实验关联式。     

丁胞结构强化换热机理的场协同分析

采用数值方法计算了丁胞结构流道内对流换热过程,并运用场协同理论分析了丁胞结构强化换热的机理,分析了丁胞大小、深度以及Re等对换热过程的影响。结果发现,丁胞的前侧是换热弱化区,而后侧才是强化换热区,但总体表现为强化换热效果,在低Re条件下,Nu较普通流道高1．2～1．5倍,是一种较好的强化换热方式。     

Dropwise Condensation Heat Transfer on Plasma-Ion-Implanted Small Horizontal Tube Bundles

Stable dropwise condensation of saturated steam was achieved on stainless-steel tube bundles implanted with nitrogen ions by plasma ion implantation. For the investigation of the condensation heat transfer enhancement by plasma ion implantation, a condenser was constructed in order to measure the heat flow and the overall heat transfer coefficient for the condensation of steam on the outside surface of tube bundles. For a horizontal tube bundle of nine tubes implanted with a nitrogen ion dose of 10¹⁶ cm^{? 2}, the enhancement ratio, which represents the ratio of the overall heat transfer coefficient of the implanted tube bundle to that of the unimplanted one, was found to be 1.12 for a cooling-water Reynolds number of about 21,000. The heat flow and the overall heat transfer coefficient were increased by increasing the steam pressure. The maximum overall heat transfer coefficient of 2.22 kW · m^?2· K^?1 was measured at a steam pressure of 2 bar and a cooling-water Reynolds number of about 2,000. At these conditions, more dropwise condensation was formed on the upper tube rows, while the lowest row received more condensate, which converted the condensation form to filmwise condensation.     

Effect of inundation for condensation of steam on smooth and enhanced condenser tubes

The paper presents new measurements on the effect of inundation during condensation of steam in tubes banks. Most of the data relate to wire-wrapped enhanced tubes but measurements are also reported for low-finned and smooth tubes. The technique of artificial inundation has been used where liquid is supplied above a single horizontal test condenser tube to simulate condensate draining from higher tubes. Inundation rates have been used to simulate a column of up to almost 30 tubes. The surface temperature of the condenser tube was measured at four locations around the tube using buried thermocouples. The heat transfer and hence condensation rate was determined from the mass flow rate and temperature rise from coolant. The temperature and flow rate of the simulated inundation was carefully controlled. All tests were carried out at atmospheric pressure with constant vapour downflow approach velocity and constant coolant flow rate. For the given coolant and vapour flow rates and temperatures (same for all tests), and in the absence of inundation, the vapour-side heat-transfer coefficient for the finned tube was around four times that of the smooth tube while the heat-transfer coefficient for the wire-wrapped tubes was independent of winding pitch and around 30% higher than for the smooth tube. For inundation conditions the smooth tube data are in line with the widely used Kern equation relating the heat-transfer coefficient to the depth of a tube in the bank. The heat-transfer coefficient for the finned tube was virtually unaffected by inundation up to the maximum used which was equivalent to a depth of about 20 finned tubes in a bank. At this depth level the heat-transfer coefficient for the finned tube was around six times that of the smooth tube. For the wire-wrapped tubes the deterioration in performance with increasing inundation was least for the smallest winding pitch used for which the heat-transfer coefficient fell by around 9% at an equivalent depth in a bank of 25 tubes. At this depth level the heat-transfer coefficient for the wire-wrapped tube was almost twice that of the smooth tube.     

Influence of processing conditions of polymer film on dropwise condensation heat transfer

The effect of processing conditions of polymer film on dropwise condensation heat transfer of steam under atmospheric pressure is investigated to find an effective technique to prepare a viable polymer film sustaining long-term dropwise condensation pattern state. The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films were coated on the external surfaces of brass tubes, copper tube, stainless steel tube and carbon steel tube by means of the dynamic ion-beam mixed implantation technique, with a variety of surface processing conditions. The experimental results indicated that heat flux is increased by 0.3-4.6 times and condensation heat transfer coefficient by 1.6-28.6 times of film condensation values for the brass tubes treated with various conditions. The surface processing condition is crucial to the adhesion between polymer film and metal substrate, different substrate material requires different optimal processing condition, and leads to different condensation heat transfer characteristic.     

扁管通道的轿车暖风器传热性能研究

对轿车暖风器的传热性能进行了数值模拟和实验研究,将数值模拟与试验结果相对比,验证了壁面温度选取的正确,为进一步的数值模拟研究打下了基础。依据实测数据,将管内外侧的对流换热系数从传热系数中分离出来,得到了管外换热关系无量纲准则式;对管内外的换热特性、阻力特性进行分析,指出了改善暖风器传热性能的方法,同时验证额定工况性能指标的合理性。     

A comparison between HIGHFLUX and plain tubes,boiling pentane in a horizontal kettle reboiler

An experimental study has been undertaken into the enhancement obtained in the heat-transfer coefficients when HIGHFLUX tubes are used in preference to plain tubes while boiling pentane. The study involved two experimental facilities, a single-tube pool boiler and a 241 tube, 17 row by 17 column, thin slice kettle reboiler. The pool boiling results show that the HIGHFLUX tubes produce heat-transfer coefficients that are up to five times larger than their plain tube counterparts. In flow boiling the enhancement is 3–6 times. In both cases, HIGHFLUX tube performance is shown to deteriorate when small degrees of subcooling are present in the liquid. The deterioration still leaves the HIGHFLUX tubes with a significantly higher heat-transfer coefficient than the plain tubes. Existing flow boiling design methodologies are shown to produce performance characteristics that HIGHFLUX tubes do not follow.     

Heat transfer and skin friction of a phase-changing interface of gas-liquid laminar flows

Gas and liquid laminar flows having a phase-changing (evaporation or condensation) interface at their common boundary are investigated numerically under the conditions of constant properties and of flat-surface boundary layers of zero-pressure gradient. The increase of the normal velocity at the interface associated with phase-changing modifies the velocity and temperature profiles so as to reduce the coefficients of skin-friction and heat-transfer at the interface. With an approximation for the velocity profile, these coefficients are analytically presented as functions of the parameter of the phase-change, that is, the normal and parallel velocities and the temperature or the vapor concentration at the interface.     

A comparison of flow boiling heat-transfer in in-line mini pin fin and plane channel flows

The use of a boiling fluid as a coolant is an attractive option for electronic devices as electrical power densities increase. However, for systems working at the micro-scale, design methods developed for evaluating heat transfer in macro-scale evaporators are not appropriate for passages with hydraulic diameter of the order of 1 mm and below.Heat-transfer coefficients and pressure drops are reported for two surfaces, a pin-fin and a plate surface, each with 50 mm square base area. The pin-fin surface comprised of 1 mm square pin fins that were 1 mm high and located on a 2 mm square pitch array covering the base. The channel was 1 mm high and had a glass top plate. The data were produced while boiling R113 at atmospheric pressure. For both surfaces, the mass flux range was 50–250 kg/m²s and the heat flux range was 5–140 kW/m². The results obtained have been compared with standard correlations for tube bundles.The measured heat-transfer coefficients for the pin-fin surface are slightly higher than those for the plate surface. Both are dependent on heat flux and reasonably independent of mass flux and vapour quality. Thus, heat transfer is probably dominated by nucleate boiling and is increased by the pin fins due to the increase in area and heat-transfer coefficient. The pin-fin pressure drops were typically 7 times larger than the plate values.The pin-fin heat-transfer coefficients and pressure drops are compared to macro-scale tube bundle correlations. At low vapour qualities the heat-transfer coefficients are in reasonable agreement with the correlations, but, as the vapour quality increases, they do not show the convective enhancement which would be expected for a conventionally-sized tube bundle. Measured two–phase pressure drops are in reasonable agreement with the tube bundle correlation.     

Condensation from gas–vapour mixtures in small non-circular tubes

Careful measurements have been made during condensation of steam from steam–air mixtures flowing in a small, flattened, horizontal tube. The ranges of the relevant variables covered (inlet temperature, pressure, air mole fraction and mixture mass flow rate) were chosen to simulate those occurring in an exhaust heat-exchanger tube of a proposed fuel-cell engine. The experimental tube was cooled by water in laminar counter flow to simulate the external heat-transfer coefficient (air flowing over fins) in the application. The total heat-transfer rate was found from the mass flow rate and temperature rise of the coolant. The tube wall temperature was measured by thermocouples attached in grooves along its length. Special arrangements were made to ensure good mixing of the coolant (in laminar flow) prior to measuring the inlet and outlet temperatures. The condensate was separated using a cyclone at exit from the tube. A simple model was developed to predict local and total heat-transfer and condensation rates and local bulk vapour composition, temperature and pressure along the tube in terms of the inlet parameters and the wall temperature distribution. The measured heat-transfer and condensation rates for the tube were found to be in good agreement with the calculated values without having recourse to empirical adjustment.     

Marangoni condensation of steam–ethanol mixtures on a horizontal tube

For condensation of binary mixtures where the less volatile constituent has the higher surface tension the condensate film is potentially unstable and various “modes” of condensation are seen depending primarily on composition and vapour-to-surface temperature difference. Of particular interest is the so-called “pseudo-dropwise” mode of condensation where the appearance of the condensate closely resembles that of dropwise condensation of a pure fluid on a hydrophobic surface. In recent years the so-called Marangoni condensation problem has been studied experimentally in great detail by Utaka and co-workers [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [11] for condensation of steam–ethanol mixtures on small vertical plane surfaces. It has been found that very small concentrations of ethanol in the liquid phase can give rise to significantly larger heat-transfer coefficients than found with pure steam.In the present investigation the problem has been studied using a horizontal condenser tube. Heat flux and vapour-to-surface temperature difference have been measured for steam–ethanol mixtures over a wide range of composition at atmospheric pressure. The results show the same trends as those found by Utaka for vertical surfaces. Differences in detail can be explained by geometry considerations and strong dependence of heat-transfer coefficient on vapour-to-surface temperature difference and vapour velocity, both of which vary around the perimeter of the horizontal tube.     

Experimental research and theoretical analysis of anti-fouling characteristics on the surface of Ni-based implanted tube

The surface fouling of different tubes in boiling conditions are studied through experiments, which include Carbon steel tube, stainless steel tube, brass tube, and Ni-based implanted tube. Their anti-fouling characteristics and induction period are analyzed by the theory of surface energy. The experiments show that the boiling time is asymptotic regarding to fouling mass in unit area to Ni-based implanted tube, while it is linear in terms of fouling mass in unit area to other three tubes. Furthermore, the induction period of Ni-based implanted tube is two times of the others'. It is concluded that Ni-based implanted tube has better anti-fouling characteristic and longer induction period, which makes it good surface for anti-fouling purpose.