加拿大出台表面涂料新法规

为了保护和改善加拿大公众暴露于表面涂料时的身体健康和安全,加拿大卫生部最近拟订了《表面涂料法规》以取代现行的《危险产品(液体涂料)法规》。新法规进一步降低了有害物质铅在油漆和其他表面涂料中的限量值,同时规定了有害物质汞的限量值。新法规的主要变动包括对于用于儿童或孕妇的房屋或其它房屋、儿童用家具、玩具和其它物品、铅笔和美术画笔的表面涂料,要求其最大可允许铅含量从5000mg/kg降低到600mg/kg;免除某些特殊用途、非住宅表面涂料最大可允许铅含量要求,但应加贴预警标签;对于所有表面涂料规定其最大可允许汞含量为10mg/kg;…     

大兴安岭南段主要金属矿床的矿石铅同位素特征及其意义

大兴安岭南段金属矿床的成矿时代(海西期/燕山期)及某些金属矿床(如白音诺尔、大井及花敖包特等)的成因(喷流沉积或岩浆热液,或二者的叠加)和成矿物质来源一直存在争议。文章系统分析了大兴安岭南段主要金属矿床的矿石铅同位素组成特征,结果表明:大部分矿石铅同位素组成具幔源铅特征;矿石铅同位素组成与古生代侵入岩存在明显差异,但与中生代侵入岩具有很好的吻合性。这些特征表明:研究区内金属矿床的形成大都与中生代岩浆活动有关;矿石铅主要来自于中生代侵入体,二叠系地层、古生代火成岩和锡林浩特杂岩对矿石铅的供给有限;该区可能存在海西期和燕山期两期成矿事件,花敖包特矿床的形成时代与蒙恩陶勒盖矿床相近,都形成于燕山早期;大井和白音诺尔矿床是燕山期岩浆活动的产物。     

湖南郴州铁石垅铅锌矿床地质及硫、铅同位素特征与深部找矿预测

铁石垅铅锌矿床是湘南地区具有代表性的老矿山之一。为确定其成矿物质来源,指导深部找矿,在研究矿床地质特征的基础上,进行了矿石硫、铅同位素分析与研究。数据显示,矿床中方铅矿的δ³⁴S值基本呈“塔式分布”,δ³⁴S_CDT值变化介于-1.48‰～-5.05‰,平均-3.86‰,表明铁石垅铅锌矿床混有一定地层中的有机硫,具有地壳深部硫的来源特征,且越往深部,岩浆硫的来源特征越明显。²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值介于18.509～18.619,平均18.588;²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值介于15.697～15.762,平均15.735;²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值介于38.754～38.982,平均38.891。矿石铅同位素μ值变化范围小,相对集中且较大,显示铅源主要为上地壳物质,可能混染了少量造山带铅,成矿物质来源与岩浆作用关系密切。成矿作用主要发生在燕山期,预测铁石垅铅锌矿床深部存在隐伏岩体和钨、锡矿体。     

大连典型滩涂养殖区沉积物中抗生素协同重金属和环境因素对抗性基因分布的影响

集约化水产养殖区是水环境中抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的重要储存库。为探究养殖区抗生素、重金属和环境因素对ARGs分布的影响,以大连皮口典型滩涂养殖区为研究区域,利用实时定量PCR技术,于2016年3、6、9、11月考察了沉积物中15种ARGs和2种整合子的存在和丰度,以及抗生素、重金属和环境理化特征对ARGs的影响。结果表明:13种ARGs和2种整合子在滩涂养殖区沉积物中普遍存在,其浓度范围的对数[lg(copies/g)]为1.57～5.94,其中qnrA、qnrB、qnrS、sul1、sul2、floR和fexA是检出的优势ARGs;滩涂养殖区沉积物年季的pH、盐度、总氮、总磷、总氨氮和总有机碳含量分别为8.10～8.69、25.1～26.7、8.602～10.580、0.335～0.482、1.659～1.792、16.447～16.666 g/kg,铜、锌、铬、镉、铅和汞浓度范围分别为16.456～23.509、60.141～93.478、1.140～1.740、0.120～0.143、23.274～27.075、0.019～0.037 mg/kg;沉积物中共检出抗生素15种,氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)是检出的最优势类型,其中6种FQs全部检出,检出总浓度范围为4.682～78.368 ng/g;皮尔森相关性分析显示,抗生素对ARGs的存在和分布起到直接或间接筛选作用,重金属Cu和Zn与ARGs的丰度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而pH、盐度、Cr和Pb与ARGs呈显著负相关(P<0.05或P<0.01);典范对应分析显示,抗生素协同重金属和环境因素的联合筛选是养殖区沉积物中ARGs存在和分布的关键因素。研究表明,抗生素抗性基因qnrS和sul1可作为示踪滩涂养殖环境中ARGs的污染指示基因。     

高寒地区JYC生态基材护坡现场试验及测试研究

选取川西高寒高海拔地区鹧鸪山隧道西引道典型的路堑岩质陡边坡作为现场护坡试验工点,介绍JYC生态基材护坡的施工工艺与方法,对植被在高寒气候条件下的生长状况和越冬过夏能力进行长期的监控和评价。3 a多的现场护坡试验表明:JYC生态基材不仅具有良好的保水、保肥,耐旱抗冻和抗侵蚀能力,而且具有优良的团粒结构和黏结性能,能够与锚杆、铁丝网和植物根系组成复合的工程结构,并与岩质陡边坡形成一个有机整体,确保了基材自身和边坡在雨水和严寒条件下的浅、表层稳定。经过3 a多的取样测试表明:JYC生态基材物理性质较稳定,pH值属于中性土壤范围,天然含水率在40%左右,能够很好地满足高寒地区岩石陡边坡植物生长的要求;并且3 a中JYC生态基材养分含量的平均值分别为:全氮3.61 mg/kg,有效磷19.55 mg/kg,有效钾504.90 mg/kg,有机质7.56%,基材属于肥力较强的基质,能够持续提供给植物生长10 a以上的养分。JYC生态基材护坡技术既经济又环保,并能有效地防止土壤的酸化和板结,掺入高分子材料的生态基材护坡方法,是高寒高海拔地区岩质陡边坡生态护坡技术发展的方向。     

胶凝材料组成对水泥基材料抗侵蚀性CO2腐蚀的影响

本文主要研究不同胶凝材料组成的净浆抗侵蚀性CO2腐蚀的特性。在水泥中单掺矿渣粉、粉煤灰、钢渣粉及复掺矿渣粉与粉煤灰,制备28d抗压强度相近的净浆（约55MPa）,研究了在温度约为16℃、PH约为4．9、侵蚀性CO。浓度约为270mg／L、水流速为50L／d的地下流动水环境下净浆的劣化特性。结果表明：被腐蚀净浆的腐蚀深度的大小顺序为：掺矿渣＋粉煤灰〉掺矿渣〉掺粉煤灰〉纯水泥〉掺钢渣,而被腐蚀后开裂严重程度的顺序正好与之相反;纯水泥和掺钢渣的净浆碳酸化前线深度与腐蚀时间的二次方根在整个腐蚀龄期内（28d）基本保持线性关系,满足菲克第一扩散定律,而掺矿渣＋粉煤灰、单掺矿渣、单掺粉煤灰的净浆在不同腐蚀阶段的扩散系数不同,早期表层碳酸化阶段扩散速率快,大于纯水泥和掺钢渣的净浆,而中期稳定腐蚀阶段扩散减慢,小于纯水泥和掺钢渣的净浆。     

Sources and characteristics of lead pollution in the urban environment of Guangzhou

Guangzhou, the capital of the southeastern province of Guangdong, is one of the largest and most rapidly developing industrial cities in China. In recent years its rapid economic development has brought great prosperity to the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, but has also given rise to a wide variety of environmental problems. The current level of lead (Pb) contamination (75-926 mg/kg) in the surface environment of Guangzhou remains a major concern, even though the use of leaded petrol in the city was banned in 1997. The Pb isotope ratios (206Pb/207Pb(min-max) : 1.1612-1.1961 and 208Pb/207Pb(min-max) : 2.4495-2.4838) of the urban dusts from unconfined (road dusts and gully sediments) and relatively confined (vehicular tunnel) settings in Guangzhou remains in a relatively narrow range, comparable with those of the regional natural and anthropogenic sources. This study highlights the inherent shortcomings of the Pb isotope fingerprinting technique for provenancing Pb sources, as both the target media (urban dusts) and potential sources have similar and highly radiogenic Pb isotope values. This could not only lead to an overestimation of the effectiveness of phasing-out of leaded petrol, but also an underestimation of the ever-increasing relative contributions from other potential sources of pollution, including coal combustion, industrial emissions of local Pb-ores and non-additive Pb contents of crude oils. Re-suspended Pb-bearing particulates deposited from early vehicular exhaust emission of leaded petrol with distinctly low Pb isotope compositions are still an important source of Pb pollution in the region.     

Regional lead isotope study of a polluted river catchment: River Wear, Northern England, UK

High precision, lead isotope analyses of archived stream sediments from the River Wear catchment, northeast England (1986-88), provide evidence for three main sources of anthropogenic lead pollution; lead mining, industrial lead emissions and leaded petrol. In the upper catchment, pollution is totally controlled and dominated by large lead discharges from historic mining centres in the North Pennine Orefield (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios range from 2.0744-2.0954 and 0.8413-0.8554 respectively). In the lower catchment, co-extensive with the Durham Coalfield and areas of high population density, pollution levels are lower and regionally more uniform. Isotope ratios are systematically higher than in the upper catchment (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁶Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ratios range from 2.0856-2.1397 and 0.8554-0.8896 respectively) and far exceed values determined for the geogenic regional background. Here, the pollution is characterised by the atmospheric deposition of industrial lead and petrol lead. Lead derived from the combustion of coal, although present, is masked by the other two sources. Recent sediments from the main channel of the River Wear are isotopically indistinguishable from older, low order stream sediments of the North Pennine Orefield, indicating that contamination of the river by lead mining waste (up to several 1000 mg/kg Pb at some locations) continues to pose an environmental problem; a pattern that can be traced all the way to the tidal reach. Using within-catchment isotope variation and sediment lead concentrations, estimates can be made of the discharges from discrete mines or groups of mines to the overall level of lead pollution in the River Wear. As well as providing information pertinent to source apportionment and on-going catchment remediation measures, the database is a valuable resource for epidemiologists concerned with the health risks posed by environmental lead.     

Plant-available lead and other metals in British garden soils

An account is given of an investigation of the fertility status and heavy metal content of garden soils in England and Wales and the availability to and uptake of lead by radish generally, and by potatoes in two villages of contrasting epidemiological history. Intentional interference (i.e., cultivation) of gardens by man has resulted in a generally high level of fertility, but inadvertent additions of lead and other metals have resulted in many garden soils being contaminated. There are regional differences in fertility but not in heavy metal content. In rural areas, uncontaminated soils were associated with allotments and new gardens, and lead contamination was identified in urban and industrial areas as a result of pollution from vehicle exhausts, industry, mining and miscellaneous sources. Mature gardens in rural areas were also contaminated by lead and evidence is presented to support a hypothesis of increasing pollution with time, perhaps due to coal ash from chimneys. Radish absorbed soil lead and certain gardens produced plants the lead content of which was close to or above the legal limit of 2 mg/kg Pb. Potato was a weaker absorber of lead but plant contents still reflected lead contamination of soil. Consumption of vegetables from contaminated gardens could account for an appreciable proportion of the maximum safe daily intake of lead.     

Characterization of PM(2.5) in the ambient air of Shanghai City by analyzing individual particles

PM(2.5) samples were collected simultaneously at three representative areas (central city, industrial area and clean air suburban) of Shanghai City. Their morphologies and elemental compositions were determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy analysis (SEM-EDX). The particles were classified into four groups based on morphology and elemental composition. Soot aggregates and spherical fly ash particles were the two dominant types and they were identified as originating from automobile exhaust, metallurgical industry and coal combustion. The size distribution of the particles showed that most had diameters in the range of 0.2-1.4 microm. Individual particles were measured by synchrotron radiation micro-beam X-ray fluorescence (micro-SXRF) and the micro-SXRF spectra were obtained. Pattern recognition techniques, which took the micro-SXRF spectrum of a single aerosol particle as its fingerprint, were used to identify the origins of the particles. Seven source types were identified. They were: metallurgical industry, vehicle exhaust, soil dust, coal combustion, diesel exhaust, oil combustion and motorcycle exhaust. Metallurgical industry, automobile exhaust, and coal combustion were recognized to be the main pollution sources of PM(2.5) in the air of Shanghai City.     

Preliminary estimates of the primary source contributions to winter aerosols in Bombay, India

Knowledge of the source contributions to urban atmospheric aerosols is essential for the planning of air pollution control strategy. Contributions from major sources such as soil, coal fly ash, sea salt, iron and steel aerosols, fuel oil and automobile debris to winter aerosols in Bombay are calculated. Composition of air particulates, soil and fly ash has been estimated by instrumental neutron activation (I.N.R.A.). For other sources, compositions provided in the literature have been used.The results show that soil and sea salt contributions to winter aerosols in Bombay amount to 53 and 3.8%, respectively, making a total contribution from natural sources of about 57%. Automobile and fuel oil contributions of 0.4% each are very much smaller compared to those in cities of the U.S.A.     

Mercury in the River Nura and its floodplain, Central Kazakhstan: II. Floodplain soils and riverbank silt deposits

A unique and serious case of mercury pollution has occurred in the River Nura and its floodplain in Central Kazakhstan, where mercury-rich wastewater from an acetaldehyde plant was discharged largely without treatment for several decades. In the river, the mercury became associated with millions of tonnes of power station fly ash, forming a new type of deposit known as 'technogenic silt'. During spring floods these highly contaminated silts are transported downstream and are dispersed over the floodplain, leading to widespread contamination of the land. A detailed survey of the floodplain was carried out to investigate the extent of pollution and to assess the need for remediation. Total mercury concentrations in the topsoils of the floodplain ranged from near background levels to over 100 mg/kg. Mercury concentrations in river bank deposits were found to range from a mean of 73.3 mg/kg Hg in the most contaminated section of the river to a mean of 13.4 mg/kg Hg at a distance of 70 km downstream. Concentrations were lower than corresponding concentrations in the riverbed within the first 25 km from the source of the pollution, but thereafter they were significantly higher. The results show that over the past 30-40 years a large proportion of the contaminated sediments from the river was deposited on the 70 km of banks and in the floodplain below the pollution source. Topsoils of the floodplain and silt deposits located on or close to the river banks contain an estimated 53 t and 65 t of mercury respectively, with an additional 62 t in a small natural swamp which was formerly used as a waste disposal area. The contamination is serious but relatively localized, with > 70% of the total amount of mercury in topsoils and > 90% of mercury in river bank deposits located within 25 km from the source.     

燃煤锅炉碱性废物及其脱硫能力的研究

通过对燃煤锅炉排放碱性废物及其可利用形式的分析，指出其含量受煤种、水质、燃烧方式、灰渣处理方式等多因素影响。实测了一台4t／h链条炉的排污水、离子树脂反洗水，设计了飞灰碱性溶出率的条件试验，并从理论上计算了碱性废物烟气脱硫的可能性。为便于比较，采用了将脱硫能力折合为单位蒸吨脱除率的表示方法。研究结果表明，在试验条件下单位蒸吨锅炉碱性废物可脱除0．415kg的SO2，占总排放量1．275kg的32．56％。其中排污水、反洗水和飞灰分别占8．63％、23．06％和0．87％。反洗水虽有脱硫能力，但成分复杂，可对水循环系统产生腐蚀，实际中尚未利用。飞灰脱硫能力低，因试验煤种钙镁氧化物含量仅为6．5％，在PH值为2．61时达到13．23％平衡溶出率：试验结果表明：飞灰碱性物质溶出率与PH值，搅拌时间有关。PH值低，溶出率大，搅拌时间长，溶出率高。飞灰的脱硫能力主要取决于煤灰的碱性氧化物含量。对碱性含量不高的飞灰，碱性溶出率少，利用其进行烟气脱硫的能力非常有限。这一点不同于钙镁含量高的褐煤和某些低硫煤。     

The concentrations and particle size relationships of selected trace elements in fly ashes from U.K. coal-fired power plants and a refuse incinerator

Fly ash samples from 11 coal-fired power plants and a refuse incinerator in the U.K. were analyzed for total arsenic, cadmium, lead and selenium. Enrichment factor (EF) values calculated with respect to crustal abundance (EF_crust) were highest for cadmium and lead in refuse fly ash, with EFs of 2500 and 740, respectively. Enrichment factors for selenium were similar in both fly ash types; only arsenic was more enriched in coal fly ash compared with refuse fly ash. Despite the high EF_crust values of certain elements in the two fly ash types, the same elements showed EF values of about unity when expressed with respect to the starting material. Both materials displayed an inverse relationship between particle size and extent of enrichment for all the elements studied, but the degree of enrichment on the finest particles was lower than reported for coal fly ash by other workers. The EF_crust values estimated for arsenic, lead and selenium in suspended particulates from a refuse incinerator were similar to those calculated for the urban atmospheric aerosol, whereas cadmium was 10 times more enriched in the suspended particulates.Scanning electron microscopy revealed a marked contrast in the morphological features of the two fly ash types. Coal fly ash was almost entirely composed of cenospheres of < 20 μm diameter, whereas refuse fly ash consisted mostly of amorphous particles of < 50 μm diameter; some cenospheres were, however, noted in the refuse fly ash.     

Evaluation of the historical records of lead pollution in the annual growth rings and bark pockets of a 250-year-old Quercus crispula in Nikko,Japan

The annual growth rings and bark pockets of a 250-year-old Japanese oak (Quercus crispula), collected from the Nikko National Park, Japan in 2000 AD, were analysed by ICP mass spectrometry. The annual rings, sampled in 5-year increments, recorded Pb concentrations from 0.01 to 0.1 mg kg(-1) and there was no significant change in concentration with time. In contrast, bark pocket samples dating from 1875 to the present showed a progressive increase in Pb concentration with time, from approximately 0.1 to 10 mg kg(-1). Shoots of epiphytic moss growing on the tree trunk contained 17 mg kg(-1) Pb. The bark pockets recorded historical increases in airborne Pb pollution accompanying the industrialisation of Japan, which was initiated by the opening of Japan's borders from 1854. This increase was not reflected by the annual rings. The 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratio of the bark pockets decreased from approximately 1.18 to 1.16 from 1964 to the present, indicating changes in the sources of Pb pollution. The 206Pb/207Pb isotope ratio of the moss shoots was similar to the current bark (1.16). The data showed bark pockets to be more effective than annual rings for recording historical change in airborne lead pollution.     

粉煤灰深度处理二级出水中磷的实验研究

为了探索除磷的优良吸附材料和新方法,本实验对粉煤灰与PFS联用、碱改性粉煤灰处理二级出水中的磷进行了实验研究,结果表明：粉煤灰与PFS联用处理3 mg/L的含磷模拟废水去除率可达72%,两者联用可使吸附与混凝发挥协同作用,强化处理效果;而用2 mol/L的氢氧化钠碱改性粉煤灰后,当投加改性粉煤灰8 g,以30 r/min的转速搅拌5 min时,对含磷模拟废水的去除率可达90%,碱改性后,粉煤灰在发挥其吸附作用的同时,与磷酸根离子产生羟磷灰石化学沉淀,强化了除磷效果,且可实现泥水分离。比较分析上述2种方法,碱改性粉煤灰既能有效除磷又能实现泥水分离,且药剂成本较低,工艺简单,值得推广应用。