岩石Kaiser效应若干问题探讨

论述了岩石Kaiser效应测定地应力的几个关键问题,划分了不同岩石声发射特征类型,讨论了不同加载路径下Kaiser点记忆的应力,分析了Kaiser效应记忆的衰退性和不同加载速率对kaiser效应的影响,为地应力测量的准确性提供了新的解决方法。     

加载速率对不同岩性岩石Kaiser效应影响

选取3种不同岩性的岩石,进行2次不同加载速率的单轴循环加载试验,结合声发射技术,分析加载速率对Kaiser效应的影响。结果表明:若前期所承受过的最高应力水平超过损伤应力时,Kaiser效应失效,Felicity效应成立。Felicity比的变化趋势也能充分反映岩石损伤的演化过程。基于应力和其他物理力学参数的Felicity比均随着加载速率的增加呈增大趋势。加载速率对脆性岩石的Kaiser效应影响较小,对塑性软岩的Kaiser效应的影响显著。岩石内部矿物成分、含量、胶结方式和结构等差异,导致了各种岩石力学特性和声发射特征的不同。加载速率越大,岩石的峰值强度越高,累计振铃计数越小。     

等幅循环加载与分级循环加载下砂岩声发射Felicity效应试验研究

利用MTS815材料试验机和12 CHs PCI-2声发射信号采集系统,对砂岩在等幅循环加载和分级循环加载条件下损伤破坏全过程的声发射规律进行了研究,探讨了Kaiser效应与Felicity效应,以及Felicity效应声发射中“明显增多”的尺度界定问题。试验结果显示：砂岩在试验中的Kaiser效应显著,但有一定的局限性;当加载达到或超过其峰值强度的70%后,砂岩应力记忆特性中Felicity效应表现显著,Felicity比的演化显示出3个阶段特征,且总体呈下降的趋势;只要声发射“明显增多”的尺度范围设定合理,则对Felicity比的演化趋势没有影响。     

三轴循环加卸载作用下煤样的声发射特征

利用RMT-150B岩石力学试验机对煤样进行常规三轴、三轴循环加卸载作用下声发射试验,对不同加载条件下煤样的声发射特征进行分析。分析结果表明：在常规三轴压缩过程中声发射能量、累计计数和累计能量随时间变化趋势基本一致,均能较好反映煤样内部的破坏过程;在煤样循环加卸载过程间隔出现声发射信息,其能量、计数和幅值变化趋势一致,与煤样所受应力相吻合;煤样在常规三轴和循环加卸载破坏过程中声发射突变点在峰值应力的85%左右,可以作为判定煤样破坏的前兆;在循环加卸载过程中Felicity效应较明显,Felicity比值FR远小于1,随着循环应力水平提高,FR值不断降低,表明循环加卸载过程中声发射记忆具有超前特征,Kaiser效应的记忆效果较差,Kaiser效应作为煤体稳定性指标需谨慎。     

循环载荷作用下煤的力学性质及声发射特征演化规律

声发射是煤等脆性材料破坏过程中经常伴随的现象,可以通过研究煤的声发射规律掌握其损伤和裂隙的演化规律。借助三轴液电伺服加载系统和声发射测试系统,针对原煤试样,进行了循环加载实验,揭示了循环载荷作用下的煤力学性质和声发射演化特征。研究结果表明:多级加载疲劳试验中,循环载荷幅度相同的条件下,随着加载频率的减小,弹性模量降低30%～40%、不可逆塑性变形增加,说明煤样损伤及裂纹发展有时间效应;循环加卸载频率对于煤样内部原有的或新生的微裂纹扩展规律具有较大的影响;验证了声发射试验中的Kaiser效应和Felicity效应,发现煤的应力记忆特征、应变记忆特征具有Felicity效应,而且相对于应变记忆特征,应力记忆特征变化更加明显,说明煤的物性参数(应变)记忆能力相对好于状态参数(应力),更能准确地描述损伤。     

混凝土声发射Felicity效应实验验证与理论分析

通过对混凝土试块的循环加载声发射实验,验证了混凝土材料声发射特征的Kaiser效应和Kaiser效应记忆应力能力的Felicity效应。基于统计损伤力学理论,对Felicity效应产生的原因进行了理论分析,建立了引入声发射参量的脆性材料循环加载条件下的本构模型,本构方程曲线与实验曲线有较好吻合。理论分析和实验结果表明：混凝土在循环加载中声发射特征有明显的Felicity效应,而且应力水平越高,Felicity效应越显著;应变FR值比应力FR值更接近于1。     

砂岩循环加卸载下损伤特性及声发射Kaiser效应研究

为了获得砂岩循环加卸载路径下损伤特性和声发射Kaiser效应特征,开展了不同围压下砂岩循环加卸载声发射试验;从轴向应力、加载应力水平、能量耗散损伤角度,研究了三轴循环加卸载下声发射的不可逆比变化规律;评价了三轴循环加卸载下岩石Kaiser效应判断方法。结果表明:循环加卸载下耗散能损伤参数能较好地反映岩石的渐进损伤破坏,基于耗散能损伤参数的计算,能较好地反映岩石不同阶段的损伤特性,避免了应变参数计算损伤时压密阶段损伤值异常增大的现象。从应力水平、能量损伤角度分析声发射FR,更真实地反映岩石声发射Kaiser效应,随着围压增大Kaiser效应失效的应力提前,同一应力水平、相同能量损伤下,围压越大FR越小,声发射不可逆性随围压增大逐渐变得模糊。     

不同应力路径下大理岩声发射特性试验研究

利用TAW-2000高温岩石三轴伺服试验机和德国VallenAMSY-6声发射信号采集系统,对大理岩在单轴压缩、等幅循环加卸载和分级循环加卸载条件下损伤破坏全过程的声发射特性进行研究,并用快速傅里叶转换(FFT)对单轴压缩试验全过程的声发射信号、循环加卸载过程中Kaiser点和Felicity点的声发射信号频谱特性进行了分析。试验结果表明:单轴压缩试验过程中,声发射主频带主要位于两个区域——低于200 kHz区间和300 kHz附近,并且随着加载应力的增加,主频由低频向高频转移,主频幅值总体呈下降趋势;提出一个新的反映声发射波形信息的指标——次主比α,并指出单轴压缩过程中次主比呈上升趋势。分级循环加卸载过程中Kaiser点和Felicity点的主频变化不明显,Felicity点的次主比总体大于Kaiser点;采用第2次循环中与首循环峰值应力等值应力点的AE数作为Kaiser效应中"明显增多"的尺度能够观察到明显的Felicity效应。     

岩石循环加载和分级加载损伤破坏声发射实验研究

对循环加载和分级加载条件下岩石损伤破坏全过程的声发射规律和频谱特性进行了研究。结果表明,声发射与载荷变化或岩体变形破裂密切相关。循环加载过程中当载荷超过前期最大值时声发射信号增强,卸载阶段声发射信号随卸载过程逐渐减少,岩石的应力记忆特性具有明显的Felicity效应。分级加载时,当应力增加时声发射信号明显增多,应力稳定在低水平时基本不产生声发射信号;在高水平时,由于岩石内部损伤程度高,有零星声发射信号产生。岩石加载初期声发射主频较低,卸载阶段主频先增高后降低,恒载阶段主频最低,破裂阶段主频增高且主频带变宽,并出现次主频现象。     

基于能量原理的岩石声发射伪Kaiser点修正

通过岩石声发射试验,得到试验Kaiser点,但此点可能并不是真实的Kaiser点。根据岩石声发射真实Kaiser点能量分布与非Kaiser点能量分布存在很大差别的特征,经过理论推导得到能量E与声发射振铃计数、应力状态的函数关系,证明能量E随着频带振幅、声发射振铃计数增大而增大;随着阈值电压增大而减小。以此为基础,将伪Kaiser点应力与地应力理论值对比,根据漂移应力比值计算电压阈值,压力曲线逆向寻点,重新获取Kaiser点等步骤对试验中的伪Kaiser点进行能量修正,找到真实Kaiser点,并通过能谱分析和RFPA仿真验证能量修正方法的有效性。     

Current situation and future trend of China rare earth luminescent material industry

<正>Rare earth luminescent material is one of the most important application sectors of rare earths.China enjoys the exceptional advantage to develop rare earth luminescent material for its abundant rare earth resources.After several decades'endeavor,China's rare earth luminescent material industry,headed by rare earth phosphor for lamp and LED and high efficient rare earth energy-saving light source,has been gradually developed into a scale industry.China has become a major production base of rare earth phosphor for lamps and rare earth     

China rare earth market review

正June 1~10,2014Rare earth market remained weak.Quoted price of rare earth products was similar to that in May.There was no sign of recovery in downstream market.The market of NdFeB magnetic materials and phosphor was depressed.Catalyst,polishing powder and ceramic industries remained inactive.Demand from downstream industry was soft.Consumers purchased on their needs.Suppliers had strong intention to sell.Prices of rare earth products     

Annual Report analysis of Chinese rare earth-related listed companies in 2013

<正>Chinese rare earth-related listed companies have published their 2013 annual reports.It can be understood from their reports that production and operation activities of Chinese rare earth-related companies were still heavily affected by macro economy and industrial policies.They basically followed the steps of national economy.In 2013,world economy recovered slowly but the economy     

Market opportunities and challenges for rare earth polishing powder

正1.Status of rare earth polishing powder Rare earth polishing powder with high content of cerium oxide began to replace iron oxide for glass polishing and became one of the key materials in glass polishing process since 1940.Compared with traditional iron oxide,rare earth polishing powder has many advantages,such as fast polishing rate,high polishing quality and long service life.It can achieve good surface quality and improve operation conditions.For example,in lens polishing,the polishing work that cerium     

Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths developed a new RE alloy preparation technology

正Pyrometallurgy Laboratory of Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths had independently developed a new preparation technology of rare earth alloy for NdFeB.The alloy can remarkably enhance the coercivity of NdFeB magnet but also evidently reduce the production cost of the magnet.The new master alloy was prepared in the kA pilot-scale electrolytic cell by the independent technology.The rare earth master alloy can be used as the raw material for NdFeB.Compared     

Market and recycling of NiMH battery

<正>Market status and future trend of NiMH battery1.Global market of small NiMH battery Global market size of small NiMH batteries declined year on year since 2011.The trend will continue to 2018,at the rate of 5%to 10%annually.Demand for small NiMH batteries will be stable gradually.Many electrical apparatuses are powered by the built-in lithium battery today,which is the main reason for the shrunk market of small NiMH batteries.But,for some products,small NiMH     

China rare earth market review

正September 1-10,2014 Affected by the National Day holiday,rare earth transaction was stagnant and the market showed a weak steady state.As there was no good news for downstream market,some products with flat demand would likely rally slightly for some time to     

2014 second batch of rare earth quota released

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矿用防爆轴流对旋主要通风机叶片ANSYS模态分析及应用

高效节能矿用防爆对旋主要通风机的叶片是主要通风机运行的关键部件,叶片在运行时不断受到气流的作用力,从而使叶片产生振动,当叶片振动的频率与叶片的固有频率接近时,容易产生共振从而导致叶片的断裂。一旦叶片断裂时,对主要通风机的安全运行产生致命的影响,从而导致矿山、化工等企业发生重大事故,将会产生不可估量的损失。基于有限元分析软件ANSYS,对高效节能矿用防爆轴流对旋主要通风机叶片进行模态分析及产生对应的六阶模态频率,对主要通风机叶片的运行频率、固有频率及产生的共振问题进行了原理分析,并且解决了叶片频率共振的问题,从而为主要通风机叶片结构设计提供理论依据,并对主要通风机叶片的安全运行提供保障。     

2013 NdFeB export analysis

<正>China totally exported nearly 24,000 tonsof NdFeB products during 201 3,including 18,825 tons of permanent magnet,valued USD 1.34 billion at an average price of 71.4 USD/kg;3,277 tons of NdFeB magnetic powder,valued USD 1 01 million at an average price of 30.9 USD/kg;1,334 tons of strip casting ribbon,with total export value of USD 74million at an average price of 55.3 USD/kg;and 586