Optimization of tribological and mechanical properties of nanocomposites of polyurethane/poly(vinyl acetate)/CaCO3

Properties of samples containing polyurethane (PU), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and nanosize particles of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) are correlated with concentrations of these components. Interphase phenomena in PU/PVAc/CaCO3 nanohybrids have been studied before, we focus here on wear and scratch resistance. In addition to polymer blends containing CaCO3, the effects of adding CaCO3 with grafted PVAc, and CaCO3 with grafted silane and PVAc in varying ratios are also evaluated. For blends that do not contain the filler, a hypothesis explaining the concentration dependence of friction called the Bump Model is advanced and supported by the experimental results. In particular, we explain how creating a blend containing only 10% of a second polymer results in a dramatic drop of friction of the majority polymer. In single scratch testing, above 3% the filler displays 'its own' resistance to scratching. Chemical modification of the filler results in shallower residual depths--a consequence of improved interaction of the filler with the polymeric matrix. In sliding wear determination, strain hardening is seen for blends as well as for filler-containing composites. In tensile testing, addition of an unmodified filler increases the elongation at break and thus lowers the brittleness; the effect is even larger for chemically modified fillers.     

Fracture and Tribological Evaluation of Dental Composite Resins Containing Pre-polymerized Particle Fillers

The fracture and tribological evaluation of dental composite resin containing pre-polymerized particle fillers were investigated. Composite resins, e.g. metafil, silux plus, heliomolar and palfique estelite were selected as specimens in order to evaluate the effects of pre-polymerized particle filler on the fracture and wear characteristics of composite resins. In the wear tests, a ball-on-flat wear test method was used. The friction coefficient of metafil was quite high.The wear resistance of silux plus and palfique estelite was better than that of metafil and heliomolar under the same experimental condition. The main wear mechanism of composite resins containing pre-polymerized particle fillers was an abrasive wear by brittle fracture of pre-polymerized particles and by debonding of fillers and matrix.     

纳米TiO2填充聚醚砜酮复合材料的摩擦学性能

采用热压成型的方法制备了纳米TiO2填充聚醚砜酮(PPESK)复合材料，在MM—2000摩擦磨损试验机上考察了干摩擦条件下纳米TiO2含量以及试验载荷对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响，并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察分析PPESK及纳米TiO2／PPESK复合材料磨损表面形貌及磨损机理。结果表明，添加少量纳米TiO2即可以明显提高PPESK的耐磨性，当纳米TiO2含量超过2．5％(体积)时，其耐磨性随填料含量变化不明显，载荷对纳米TiO2填充PPESK复合材料磨损率的影响不大。在低含量时(＜2．5％)，纳米TiO2具有减摩效果，高含量时反而比未填充时大；随量载荷的增加，填充PPESK的摩擦系数显著降低。     

The tribological behavior of nanometer and micrometer TiO2 particle-filled polytetrafluoroethylene/polyimide

The friction and wear properties of micrometer and nanometer TiO₂ particle-filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/polyimide (PI) composites were studied in this paper. The effect of filler contents (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 5% and 7 vol.%) on the tribological properties was examined. The transfer films and the worn surfaces of the PTFE/PI composites filled with micrometer and nanometer TiO₂ particles were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Experimental results show that anti-wear properties of the PTFE/PI composites can be improved greatly by filling nanometer TiO₂ particles. The wear rate of 1.5% nanometer TiO₂ filled composite is the lowest, which is about 52% lower than that of PTFE/PI. In the case of micrometer TiO₂ filler, the friction coefficient and wear rates increase with increasing filler volume fractions under identical test conditions. It was also found that the wear mechanism of micrometer TiO₂ particle-filled PTFE/PI is mainly severe adhesion and abrasive wear, while that of nanometer TiO₂ particle-filled PTFE/PI is mainly slight abrasive wear.     

改性纳米Si_3N_4/环氧树脂复合材料的摩擦磨损特性

研究纳米氮化硅粒子(Si3N4)填充环氧树脂复合材料的滑动干摩擦磨损特性,着重探讨纳米粒子表面接枝共聚改性、粒子含量对复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。通过对复合材料磨损表面的粗糙度及形貌分析探讨复合材料的磨损机理。结果表明,纳米氮化硅粒子能在很低的含量下(0.18%(体积分数,下同))显著提高环氧树脂的耐磨性、并降低其摩擦系数,而经过接枝共聚改性的纳米Si3N4粒子填充的复合材料的上述性能改善更为明显,耐磨性比Si3N4/EP提高3倍,摩擦系数降低20%。这说明,在Si3N4纳米粒子表面进行接枝共聚后,有利于加强粒子与基体的界面结合,从而改善复合材料的摩擦学性能。     

Comparative study of wear performance of particulate and fiber-reinforced nano-ZnO/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene hybrid composites using response surface methodology

The effects of two types of filler reinforcements i.e. particulate (talc particles) and fiber (Glass Fiber (GF)) as secondary reinforcements in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-based composites on the wear and friction properties were discussed in this paper. These UHMWPE hybrid composites were fabricated by the addition of 10 wt% of talc and glass fiber at a fixed nano-ZnO loading of 10 wt% using a hot compression moulding technique. The wear and friction properties of these hybrid composites were investigated using a pin-on-disc tester with different operating conditions of applied loads, sliding speeds and sliding distances based on response surface Box–Behnken design. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to model the effects of various variables of applied load, sliding speed and distance on the wear volume loss and average coefficient of friction (COF) of UHMWPE hybrid composites. The mathematical regression models of the wear volume and average COF were derived from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Optimization of the independent variables to minimize the wear and friction responses of both UHMWPE composites was estimated using RSM. The mathematical models showed that applied load, sliding speed and distance have significant effects on the wear and friction properties of both UHMWPE composites in the tested range of variables. The most significant, in order of the variables that affect the volume loss and friction of UHMWPE composites is load, followed by sliding distance and speed. In addition, the combined effects of load and distance indicate the highest significance on volume loss and average COF for both UHMWPE hybrid composites as compared to other variable interactions. GF/ZnO/UHMWPE exhibited better wear performance compared to talc/ZnO/UHMWPE hybrid composites. The severity of worn surfaces of the GF/ZnO/UHMWPE was less than that of talc/ZnO/UHMWPE. The GF/ZnO/UHMWPE produced transfer films that were more uniform and had better coverage compared to talc/ZnO/UHMWPE.     

Particulate dental composites under sliding wear conditions

The wear of behaviour of dental composites, consisting of glass particles in a PMMA-matrix, is investigated under dry sliding conditions against a smooth hardened steel surface. Wear mechanisms were identified, such as plowing and patch formation; their individual contribution to the total wear of the composite is a function of particle size, filler content and filler/matrix adhesion. In addition, the inter-particle-distance determines the transition from one dominating mechanism to the other.     

微米和纳米SiO2改性聚四氟乙烯的摩擦磨损性能

使用超细及纳米SiO₂颗粒填充改性聚四氟乙烯塑料。测量其摩擦系数、磨损系数、结晶度,得到了填加量与复合材料摩擦系数、磨损系数和结晶度的关系曲线,并使用扫描电镜(SEM)对其表面形貌进行了分析。结果表明,无论微米或纳米SiO₂、表面处理后的纳米SiO₂,均使PTFE的摩擦系数有所提高,而耐磨损性能也有大幅度的提高。填充量小于6%时,填加未经偶联剂处理的纳米SiO₂的SiO₂/PTFE复合材料的磨损率降低98.5%;填充量大于6%以后,磨损率趋于稳定;填充量为6%时,摩擦系数仅从未加填料时的0.1提高为0.12。而偶联剂表面处理的纳米SiO₂复合材料的摩擦系数提高幅度最小。      

Polymere Hochtemperatur-Verbundwerkstoffe für Anwendungen als Gleitelemente

High temperature polymer composites for applications as sliding elements Polymeric composites are nowadays frequently used for applications in which friction and wear are critical issues. Quite often, they also have to operate at elevated temperatures, so that the use of high temperature polymers is needed. This overview decribes on the example of sliding elements that can be used e.g in textile drying machines, how matrix, fiber and filler components of the composites can affect their friction and wear properties under sliding conditions against steel counterparts. As a good solution for a composite operating as a sliding element under extrem conditions, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with 10 weight% of each, short carbon fibers, graphite filler, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) particles is suggested.     

The sliding wear behavior of TiCp/AZ91 magnesium matrix composites

The AZ91 metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with 5, 10 and 15 wt.% TiC particulates are fabricated by TiC_p–Al master alloy process combined with mechanical stirring. The effects of TiC particulate content, applied load and wearing time on the sliding wear behaviors of the composites were investigated using MM-200 wear testing apparatus. The results show that the wear resistance and friction coefficient of the composites increased and decreased with increase of the TiC particulate content, respectively. The wear volume loss and friction coefficient of the reinforced composites as well as the unreinforced AZ91 matrix alloy increased with increase of applied load or wearing time, but the increase rates of the reinforced composites in two performance is lower than those of the unreinforced AZ91 matrix alloy. Furthermore, the sliding wear behavior of the composites and the unreinforced AZ91 matrix alloy is characterized by ploughing, adhesion and oxidation abrasion.     

Effect of the SiC particle size on the dry sliding wear behavior of SiC and SiC–Gr-reinforced Al6061 composites

The effect of size of silicon carbide particles on the dry sliding wear properties of composites with three different sized SiC particles (19, 93, and 146 μm) has been studied. Wear behavior of Al6061/10 vol% SiC and Al6061/10 vol% SiC/5 vol% graphite composites processed by in situ powder metallurgy technique has been investigated using a pin-on-disk wear tester. The debris and wear surfaces of samples were identified using SEM. It was found that the porosity content and hardness of Al/10SiC composites decreased by 5 vol% graphite addition. The increased SiC particle size reduced the porosity, hardness, volume loss, and coefficient of friction of both types of composites. Moreover, the hybrid composites exhibited lower coefficient of friction and wear rates. The wear mechanism changed from mostly adhesive and micro-cutting in the Al/10SiC composite containing fine SiC particles to the prominently abrasive and delamination wear by increasing of SiC particle size. While the main wear mechanism for the unreinforced alloy was adhesive wear, all the hybrid composites were worn mainly by abrasion and delamination mechanisms.     

多粒径TiB2颗粒增强铜基复合材料的制备与载流摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金工艺分别制备了单一粒径TiB₂颗粒和多粒径TiB₂颗粒增强铜基复合材料,对比研究了非载流和载流条件下多粒径（2 μm+50 μm）TiB₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦磨损行为。微观组织观察表明:不同粒径的TiB₂颗粒在Cu基体中分布均匀。与单一粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料相比,多粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料具有更高的相对密度、硬度和导电率。摩擦磨损实验结果表明:多粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料抗摩擦磨损性能明显高于单一粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料,当2 μm与50 μmTiB₂颗粒配比为1:2时,多粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料的抗摩擦磨损性能最佳。相对于2 μm单一粒径TiB₂/Cu复合材料,电流为0 A时,（2 μm+50 μm）TiB₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率分别降低了17.3%和62.5%;电流为25 A时,（2 μm+50 μm）TiB₂/Cu复合材料的摩擦系数和磨损率分别降低了6%和45.8%,同时载流效率和载流稳定性得到明显提高,磨损表面更加平整。磨损机制分析表明:多粒径TiB₂颗粒合理配比有利于提高复合材料载流质量,同时摩擦过程中大粒径的TiB₂颗粒起到支撑作用,小粒径的TiB₂颗粒弥散强化Cu基体,二者的协同作用使TiB₂/Cu复合材料具有更好的抗载流摩擦磨损性能。      

CPR/NR和高性能填料对复合摩擦材料力学性能的影响

通过干法热压成型工艺制备性能优异的复合摩擦材料,研究了高性能填料以及改性酚醛树脂与丁腈橡胶质量比(CPR/NR)对复合摩擦材料性能的影响规律。对材料的摩擦磨损性能与力学性能进行了测试,借助热分析仪测试其耐热性能,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜对表面形貌进行了观察和分析。结果表明,复合摩擦材料的密度、压缩强度、压缩模量、硬度随橡胶含量的减少而增加,冲击强度则呈相反的趋势。橡胶含量的减少,树脂比例的增加,使复合摩擦材料的耐热性得到提高,促进了第二接触面的形成,使摩擦系数与磨损率降低。高性能填料含量较低时,材料表面形成大且连续的第二接触面,第二接触面使摩擦系数、比磨损率降低,复合摩擦材料的主要磨损形式为粘着磨损与磨粒磨损;填料含量的增加会阻碍第二接触面的形成,使材料摩擦系数和比磨损率逐渐增大,材料的磨损形式由粘着磨损、磨粒磨损转变为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

新型填料对高摩复合材料摩擦磨损性能影响及机制

采用干法热压成型工艺制备高摩复合材料,研究了基体材料腰果壳油改性酚醛树脂(CPR)与丁晴橡胶(NR)的质量比和新型高性能填料(主要成分为石墨粉Al2O3、MoS2、Fe粉)含量对高摩复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。在摩擦磨损试验机上测试了高摩复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,利用激光共聚焦显微镜、扫描电镜对摩擦表面形貌、磨屑进行观察和分析,借助EDS测定摩擦表面成分的变化。结果表明,随着CPR与NR质量比的增加,高摩复合材料的耐热性能、结合性能大幅提高,且具有较好的摩擦磨损性能。当高性能填料含量较低时,磨损表面出现大量连续的真实接触面,磨损机制为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损;当高性能填料含量较高时,真实接触面积减少,磨损表面剥落严重,并出现较多的裂纹,其主要磨损形式转变为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。随着高性能填料含量的增加,摩擦表面的元素从均匀分布逐渐转变为局部富集,磨粒的尺寸逐渐变大。     

数值模拟填料含量对Cu/PTFE复合材料摩擦性能的影响

为了探讨填料含量对Cu/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)复合材料摩擦磨损的影响,运用二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D)对PTFE基复合材料在不同含量的Cu颗粒填充条件下与45#钢的摩擦磨损过程进行数值模拟分析,主要研究了Cu/PTFE复合材料的摩擦转移及磨损问题。模拟结果表明:Cu/PTFE复合材料与45#钢组成摩擦副时,会在45#钢表面形成一层转移颗粒层,转移颗粒层的形成能够有效地降低PTFE基复合材料的磨损。Cu颗粒的添加一方面可以通过自身转移的"钉扎"作用促进转移颗粒层的形成,另一方面由于提高了复合材料的整体强度,又对转移颗粒层的形成产生了一定的抑制作用。所以添加适量的Cu有利于转移颗粒层的形成,但Cu含量过高时其作用又会降低。Cu颗粒的加入降低了PTFE基复合材料的磨损量,且随着Cu含量的增加减磨效果增强。在Cu颗粒的质量分数为50%时,PTFE基复合材料的磨损颗粒数较纯PTFE的减少了近一半。     

常用的牙科用复合光敏树脂的摩擦学性能研究

采用Charisma、Elitefil、TPH、Veridonfil4种常用的牙科用复合光敏树脂材料，对其颗粒含量、断裂韧性、以及表面硬度进行了测量，并在球-面往复摩擦磨损试验机上考察了4种牙科用复合光敏树脂材料的摩擦磨损特性。结果表明：TPH具有最低的摩擦系数，Charisma、Elitefil、Veridonfil的摩擦系数均较低；在相同条件下，TPH具有较高的断裂韧性和耐磨性。摩损机理主要表现为由树脂机体摩损和塑性变形引起的颗粒脱落和磨粒磨损。     

Effect of sliding distance on the wear and friction behavior of as cast and heat-treated Al–SiCp composites

The present investigation aims to evaluate the effect of sliding distance on the wear and friction behavior of as cast and heat-treated Al–SiCp composites using pin-on-disc wear testing machine, giving emphasis on the parameters such as wear rate and coefficient of friction as a function of sliding distance (0–5000 m) at different applied pressures of 0.2, 0.6, 1.0 and 1.4 MPa, and at a fixed sliding speed of 3.35 m/s. Characterizing the alloy and composites in terms of microstructure, X-ray diffraction analysis, microhardness and wear surface analysis. The results revealed that the heat-treated composite exhibited superior wear properties than the base alloy, while the coefficient of friction followed an opposite trend. Moreover, the wear rate of the composite is noted to be invariant to the sliding distance and increased with applied pressures. Microstructure of composite shows fairly uniform distribution of SiC particles in the metallic matrix. The hardness value of heat-treated composite increased 20–30% by addition of SiC particles to the alloy, intermetallic phases like Al₂Mg₃ and Al₂CuMg, etc., were obtained from X-ray analysis. The wear mechanism of the investigated materials was studied through worn surfaces examination of the developed wear tracks.     

复合材料在传动过程中的摩擦磨损行为

采用化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备了二维碳纤维增强碳化硅(C/SiC)陶瓷基复合材料. 基于耦合应力等效模拟系统的开发, 采用摩擦扭矩的变化表征传动过程的摩擦磨损性能. 研究了以传动为背景的高载荷、低转速摩擦磨损行为及机理. C/SiC复合材料以其较低的摩擦扭矩、低的磨损率特别是在高载荷下的较小变形验证了良好的耐磨特性以及承载能力. 相同条件下其磨损率只有Ti合金的1/10～1/20. 低转速下磨损机理以磨粒磨损为主, 高载荷没有引起表面热裂纹.     

甲基硅油微胶囊/聚苯乙烯复合材料及其摩擦学性能

以甲基硅油为芯材,三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂为壁材,采用原位聚合法合成了具有自润滑功能的微胶囊(MCLMs);以苯乙烯(St)为单体、偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂、MCLMs为功能填料通过本体浇注法制备了MCLMs/聚苯乙烯(PS)复合材料。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、纳米压痕仪表征了MCLMs的表观形貌和壳层硬度,通过高速环块摩擦磨损试验机、热重分析和万能试验机评价了复合材料的摩擦磨损性能、热稳定性能和力学性能,对复合材料的磨损形貌进行了观察。结果表明,添加质量分数为15%的MCLMs复合材料在100 N,50 r/min下的摩擦系数为0.22,磨损率降低92%;MCLMs对聚苯乙烯基体增韧效果显著。