关于编制市域总体规划和市区建设规划的设想

在当前的规划体系下,尝试建立市域总体规划、市区建设规划、详细规划三个层次的规划体系,对现有的由各部门分别编制的各类规划进行梳理整合,使规划内容与部门事权相对应。市域总体规划,市区建设规划这两种规划类型具有各自的意义和特点,也有其相应的主要内容和规划成果要求。     

《城乡规划法》实施背景下的武汉控制性详细规划编制方法探讨

<城乡规划法>明确了控制性详细规划的法律地位和实施效力,对控制性详细规划编制方法及管理体系提出了新的要求.为了更好地完成控制性详细规划的编制工作,实现技术编制与管理实施有机衔接,武汉市从编制目标着手,提出了控制性详细规划编制的新思路和新方法,包括组建"分区规划-控规导则-控规"三段式的规划编制框架,采取"法定文件、指导文件、基础图件"三合一的成果编制形式,运用实线控制、虚线控制、虚位控制、点位控制和指标控制五种方式进行用地控制等.     

Adaptive Planning for Disaster Recovery and Resiliency: An Evaluation of 87 Local Recovery Plans in Eight States

Problem, research strategy and findings: A pre-disaster recovery plan that considers how a community should be redeveloped is a logical first step to support resiliency during high uncertainty and rapid change, yet limited attention has been given to recovery plans. In this study, we evaluate local disaster recovery planning in eight southeastern states and find that such planning receives limited public support: Less than one-third of vulnerable local jurisdictions had a recovery plan, and those plans received low plan quality scores. Unfunded state mandates produce weaker plans than plans in other states without mandates. We find that a collaborative network of stakeholders initially intent on reordering priorities results in stronger plans.

Takeaway for practice: Local recovery planning should be designed to operate under conditions of high uncertainty. Local jurisdictions can choose plan design options that reflect how they build capability for recovery planning: 1) standalone community-wide recovery plan; 2) comprehensive land use plan; 3) emergency management plan; and 4) small area recovery plan. Because recovery planning lacks a public constituency, and is new to most local jurisdictions, the stand-alone community-wide recovery plan design option is the most effective at building local commitment. This option involves a plan-making process that concentrates time, effort, and resources focused on a building a network of stakeholders who likely have the greatest responsibility in rebuilding efforts because they care most about the impacts of a disaster.     

Thoughts on the Planning and Design of Environmental Education Sites From the Perspective of Pro-Environmental Behavior Intervention

Pro-environmental behavior (PEB) can help facilitate sustainable development, and PEB intervention strategies are developed to guarantee PEB effects. However, in most cases PEB intervention is attached less importance than environmental education. There is no specific programming for PEB intervention, and a full-cycle framework for planning and design that includes site operation and maintenance stages is still absent. Based on literature review and the authors’ experience on environment education activities, this article summarizes the PEB intervention strategies applicable to landscape planning and design, and comes up with a planning and design framework for environmental education sites, which consists of stages of site investigation, PEB intervention planning, development of design briefs, facility planning and design, maintenance and management programming, post-occupancy evaluation, and adjustment. The framework would provide guidance for the landscape planners and designers to improve PEB intervention effects, and offer new insights and tools for site operators and researchers.     

视觉秩序法在规划设计中的运用——以杭州千岛湖望湖山庄规划设计为例

视觉秩序法是现代城市设计中的重要方法,但当前该方法在规划设计中存在着运用思路不清晰,运用前提不充分等问题。基于此,研究以杭州千岛湖望湖山庄规划设计为例,理清视觉秩序法运用的前提和运用过程的主要阶段,构建了该方法的运用框架,包括设定视觉秩序标准、选择视点或视面、比较规划多方案的视觉秩序分析、确定并优化方案四个阶段。总结四个阶段的控制要点,即达到"四性"要求,包括环境景观标准设定的量化性、视点或视面选择的典型性、多方案比较的穷尽性和方案优化的综合性,以有益于相关规划实践。     

集合世界智慧的上海世博会园区规划

上海世博会园区规划从策划到实施经历了四个阶段:概念性城市设计研究、申博国际方案征集与综合、办博国际方案征集与综合、日本爱知世博会考察与方案调整.在全球化背景下,像世博会园区规划这样的大型城市规划项目是一种循环的、信息集成的过程,是应对国际竞争的规划.     

Understanding the Hobrecht Plan. Origin,composition, and implementation of urban design elements in the Berlin expansion plan from 1862

ABSTRACT

The nineteenth-century master plans for European cities influence their development beyond their intended lifespans and provide a variety of robust urban fabrics to this day. The Hobrecht Plan for Berlin's urban expansion (1862) was intentionally conceived to adapt to an uncertain future, remaining influential even today. For a considerable time, the Hobrecht Plan was disregarded and considered irrelevant across the spectrum of development plans in Europe. This article presents a comprehensive re-assessment of the Hobrecht Plan with an emphasis on its intrinsic value. The plan defined a new set of urban patterns, forms and spaces in 15 section plans and a range of public space typologies defining Berlin's cityscape. The plan developed a spatial and structural framework using three different urban design elements: the ring boulevard, the harbour square, and the neighbourhood square. These key organizing elements have helped public spaces remain the effective planning units of Berlin's neighbourhoods. This analysis provides insight on how contemporary master plans can better formulate long-term strategies to address complexity, adaptability, and flexibility. The article presents novel outlooks on Berlin's city structure and new knowledge of Hobrecht's contribution to the planning discipline.     

The emerging addition of resilience as a component of sustainability in urban policy

The concept of resilience is progressively capturing the interest of scholars and practitioners in the field of urban policy. This increase in interest is directed towards the need for a better understanding of the conditions for effective and legitimate governance in a complex, interconnected, and volatile world fraught with a new class of poorly understood systematic risk. We are progressively observing resilience as a component of sustainability as the dominant organising frame in the field of urban planning. The application of the adapted Wilkinson (2011) framework, which we situate within a broader framework for evaluating metropolitan plans (Nguyen, Davidson & Gleeson, 2018), reveals the extent to which newly released metropolitan plans are incorporating strategies for social-ecological resilience. Our point is to offer an early assessment of the framing of social-ecological resilience within the embedded understanding of metropolitan planning practice. Our research has revealed that social-ecological resilience thinking has been incorporated only to a limited extent into metropolitan planning strategies worldwide, as demonstrated through the evaluation of our two sites—OneNYC and Plan Melbourne. We have argued that OneNYC incorporates the strategies of social-ecological resilience to a greater extent than Plan Melbourne, possibly pointing to a strengthening governing system by incorporating processes of social learning and adaptation. We conclude by acknowledging the critical insights into the limitations of the reality of implementing these ideas of social-ecological resilience within policy settings (see Duit, 2016), and which requires urgent consideration within a fuller institutional study that must in any case await the fuller roll-out of social-ecological resilience in sustainability agendas within city strategic planning.     

土地使用情景：一种城市总体规划方案生成与评价的方法

将情景规划和目标达成矩阵法引入城市总体规划,提出了一种生成和比较用地布局方案的通用方法,这一方法的总体框架由用地评价、情景归纳、情景模拟、情景评价四个步骤组成.首先进行用地适宜性评价:然后分析影响未来土地使用的关键不确定因素及其驱动力,根据驱动力的状态归纳成若干情景;随后进行情景模拟,在GIS支持下得到不同土地使用情景:最后采用结合GIS的目标达成矩阵法进行多个土地使用情景评价.论文结合实例讨论了这一方法的工作流程以及相应的支持技术.     

A Model Framework for Transportation and Community Plan Analysis

A major weakness of present planning models is their neglect of the distributional consequences that result from alternative transportation and urban development plans. This shortcoming has serious implications for the evaluation and plan selection process because the costs and benefits considered can, by definition, be no more than partial. The model framework presented here makes explicit certain of these consequences; in particular, changes in the level of transportation service available to specific groups in the community, However, the approach described in this article does not represent a comprehensive framework for plan analysis and evaluation. For example, it does not consider the externalities generated by transportation plans, such as the social and environmental impacts resulting from the physical presence of transportation facilities. The model does, however, have the advantage of analyzing certain of the service characteristics of the transportation system at the micro scale, where they are more compatible with the treatment of externalities. Both service characteristics and externalities can then be incorporated in a comprehensive evaluation framework, such as those suggested by Hill (1968), Lichfield (1969), and, more recently Turner (1972).     

Eco-City Projects: Incorporating Sustainability Requirements during Pre-Project Planning

International standards exist for evaluating building or neighborhood sustainability. Nonetheless, they are still not available for large-scale developments. Of special interest to practitioners is how to ensure that sustainability requirements of large-scale projects are well integrated in a master plan. This paper provides design managers of new eco-cities with a framework to integrate sustainability in the pre-project planning phase. A case study of a planned eco-city is investigated to delineate its pre-project planning practices, compare them to the proposed framework, and infer lessons learned. The case study highlights the importance of regular interactions between business planners and master planners to incorporate sustainability requirements at early planning phases.     

城市规划实施评价的理论与方法

本文通过对有关城市规划实施评价的理论研究进行综述,揭示了城市规划实施评价研究的重要性及面临的困难,并依据不同的规划阶段、内容和方法对评价类型进行了划分。以规划实施结果和实施过程作为评价的主要内容,结合规划评价理论及其价值观演进的脉络,介绍了开展规划评价的基本思路及具体方法。     

国际视野下的详细规划与地方治理

以规划许可的法定规划依据为标准,本文比较了世界各国的"类"详细规划在历史发展、制度传统、社会需求与地方治理模式之间的趋同与分异,尤其以英国地方规划、德国B-Plan和美国区划为重点,说明在相似的技术工具之下,其治理逻辑与制度范式所存在的多样性和复合性,以及顺应需求和认识而变化的必然。在国际比较基础上,文章进一步提出了详细规划作为地方治理的技术工具和社会政策,其中的国家与地方分工、适合的精细化管理尺度选择、分类管控需求,以及在制度设计上寻求刚性与弹性兼容、保持动态平衡的普遍要求。     

Object–Oriented Enterprise Modeling and Simulation of AEC Projects

In this paper we describe an object–oriented framework for developing enterprise models of Architecture, Engineering, Construction projects, and a methodology for formalizing these models such that they can be used for discrete event simulation of information processing and coordination in project execution. The simulation results can be used to predict the probable effects of carrying out proposed changes in planning and managing projects.
In our enterprise modeling framework we represent engineering design projects in terms of deliverables (requirements and solutions), plans (activities and process relations), and organization (participants and organizational relations). The resulting project model is the starting point for identifying coordination requirements between project team participants. Our methodology uses matrix techniques derived from qualtiy function deployment (QFD) to identify interactions between project requirements and solutions and calculate measures of product complexity . We then describe information flow between project activities in a similar matrix and calculate measures of process uncertainty . Finally, we identify the responsibilities of project team members and use a matrix to point out organizational interdependencies .
We apply our framework and methodology to model and simulate engineering design for a major extension of an electrical power substation. Our simulation results demonstrate how project performance is contingent on the fit between the project policies and the objectives and preferences of the project team.     

广州城市总体规划的演变与思考

广州是我国总规较早实践的超大城市之一,是探索总规的代表性缩影.站在历史的维度,梳理了广州从民国至今总规的发展脉络,研究了在各时期不同的社会制度及发展背景影响下总规的探索与实践,认为总规的发展演变是时代特色与城市自身特点的结合.结合广州实践,将当前总规在实施中遇到的问题总结为总规管什么、总规怎么管、总规怎么调这三个方面的困惑,并进一步提出未来总规的创新应以明确各级事权划分、加强层级传递效力、建立动态维护机制等方面为突破口,有效发挥总规的战略引领作用.     

An assessment technique for the evaluation and promotion of sustainable Olympic design and urban development

A response is presented to the dilemma of hosting resource-intensive large-scale sporting events at a time when requirements for sustainability and sustainable development must also be met. A framework was devised for judging development and design issues for future planning, one which is based upon extant historic evidence from host city experiences as well as previous event outcomes. It offers potential to compare plans against best/optimal practice. The technique for appraisal arises from a detailed analysis of Olympic Games held since 1896. Data associated with venue design, construction and usage, athletes' accommodation, and the facilities for officials, the media and visitors/spectators, were amassed and reviewed. An evaluation technique was produced which demonstrates how the organizers of a modern Olympic Games can assess and reflect upon planning, design and development decisions associated with their own city from an early outline stage. This should permit less wasteful, more appropriate and more sustainable Games' infrastructures to be considered before complex detailed development occurs.     

Do Practicing Planners Value Plan Quality? Insights From a Survey of Planning Professionals in Ontario,Canada

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Researchers have developed conceptualconsensus on core plan characteristics that contribute to plan quality, but rarely assess how practitioners view plan quality. I explore how Canadian planners view the characteristics thought to create quality plans. I asked planners in 290 municipalities across southern Ontario (Canada) their view of the importance of plan quality and asked that they identify additional plan quality characteristics, rate the infl uence of various plan characteristics, and explain why they omitted certain characteristics in their offi cial plans. I find that practitioners valued quality plans because they facilitate implementation and help inspire the community while adding credibility and legitimacy to planning processes and the planning profession. Planners did not value all plan elements equally; they felt that clear and enforceable polices were crucial, but that it was less important to report participation in plan preparation or discuss monitoring or interorganizational cooperation in the offi cial plan. Planners did not always include important plan quality elements in their offi cial plans because they lacked suffi cient resources to prepare comprehensive plans and rarely signifi – cantly updated older plans. These case study findings may not be generalizable to other jurisdictions in Canada or internationally, but still offer useful insights.

Takeaway for practice: Scholars should ensure that planning practitioners have a key role in shaping understanding of plan quality. Academics and practitioners should work together to create refl ective practitioners who use plan quality characteristics to guide them as they create or update plans. The profession needs to better train current and future planners on how to prepare and evaluate quality plans through improvements in planning curricula and professional development courses offered by the American Planning Association and the Canadian Institute of Planners.     

和谐城市与和谐规划——试论城乡规划从技术支撑向制度设计的角色转换

建设和谐城市除要求目标和谐之外,还要求过程和谐。随着城乡规划工作理念和工作手段的转变,传统城乡规划无法满足过程和谐的要求,城乡规划的重心将由技术支撑逐渐转向制度设计。在现行城乡规划基本制度框架下,应明确各部门职责,实现城乡规划制定、实施、监督三个主体的相互独立,建立规划委员会决策、人大监督、多头实施的机制,增加与上位规划相对接的年度计划环节。     

The Effect of Mandated Planning on Plan Quality

Problem: What is a “good plan”? Among their key goals, plans aim to communicate, influence and engage. Persuasiveness (the ability to engage and motivate) is, therefore, an essential plan quality. Unfortunately, all too many comprehensive plans lack this important quality. In addition, state planning mandates intended to strengthen planning can instead worsen this shortcoming.

Purpose: To develop a methodology to measure and compare the communicative and persuasive qualities of plans in states with and without planning mandates.

Methods: A specially designed protocol was developed to measure the communicative and persuasive qualities of comprehensive plans. Plans of 20 municipalities in states with planning mandates were compared with those of 20 municipalities in states without planning mandates. Statistical analyses of the results were conducted using the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (U) test and simple t tests.

Results and conclusions: Requiring local governments to prepare plans did not result in better plans—at least as measured by a protocol tailored specifically to assess the persuasiveness and communicative quality of plans. Plans prepared in mandate states were much more rigid and standardized than those prepared in nonmandate states. Nonmandated plans also scored much higher in terms of their narrative and storytelling qualities than mandated plans. Private consultant involvement in plan making significantly increased the communicative and persuasive qualities of plans.

Takeaway for practice: Plans in all 40 municipalities fell far short of the ideal communicative and persuasive qualities set forth in the protocol. The deficiency was greatest in states with planning mandates. The involvement of private consultants had a positive impact on plan quality, while the provision of state funding for planning did not.

Research support: None.     

Exeter and the question of Thomas Sharp’s physical legacy

Whilst Thomas Sharp’s intellectual role as a pioneer in the history of town planning thought is difficult to dispute, the physical legacy of Sharp’s work as a planner is more problematic. This is partly because Sharp’s plans for specific plans were only partially implemented in the febrile context of British reconstruction planning in the 1940s, but it also reflects the fact that although aspects of design were set out, the physical implementation of Sharp’s plans was largely left to others. Nevertheless, the issue of Sharp’s physical legacy opens up questions about what might be expected from Sharp’s planning practice, as well as judgements about the durability of those aspects of Sharp’s plans that were implemented. In this paper, we explore issues relating to Sharp’s physical legacy through a case study of the past, present and future of post‐war development in Exeter, focusing especially on the Princesshay area, often cited as one of the most coherent expressions of Sharp’s plan.