Quadrature Overlapped Raised-Cosine Modulation

A variation of an old but neglected pulse shaping technique, raised-cosine, is investigated. By overlapping raised-cosine pulses in each of two data streams and then by quadrature combining them, a simple QPSK/MSK type modulation results. This quadrature overlapped raised-cosine (QORC) modulation exhibits a hybrid structure of QPSK and MSK modulations. The power spectral density of QORC is shown to take on the form of the product of the power spectral densities of MSK and QPSK. The obvious consequences are that the power spectral density main lobe retains the width of the spectral density main lobe of QPSK, but the sidelobes drop off much faster(1/f^{6}). A simple QORC modulator can be implemented similar to an MSK modulator. Several correlation type receivers are investigated and their performances calculated. Computer simulation results are used to compare end-to-end system performance of QORC and staggered QORC (SQORC) with MSK, QPSK, and staggered QPSK (SQPSK) for both linear and nonlinear satellite channels. The performance of QORC and SQORC compares very favorably with QPSK, SQPSK, and MSK. QORC performs particularly well in the presence of a nonlinear channel. The effect of phase equalization of the channel filter was investigated with outstanding performance improvement. The simulation results show that sidelobe regeneration caused by the channel nonlinearity is much less for SQORC than it is for the other modulation formats considered.     

SQAM: A New Superposed QAM Modem Technique

A spectral and power efficient modulation techniquesuperposed quadrature amplitude modulation (SQAM-is introduced. In SQAM, the premodulation baseband signal is a double-interval (2T_{s}) raised-cosine pulse superposed with weighted single-interval (Ts) raisedcosine pulses. Our results indicate that SQAM has spectral advantages over OQPSK, QBL, and MSK, and betterP(e)performance than MSK, IJF-OQPSK (or SQORC), and TFM.     

采用MSK调制的物理层网络编码信号检测

针对双向中继信道,提出一种采用最小频移键控（MSK）调制的物理层网络编码（PNC）方案,即MSK-PNC。与采用BPSK、QPSK等线性调制技术的物理层网络编码方案相比,MSK-PNC具有更高的频谱效率和功率效率。本文对MSK-PNC方案中的物理层网络编码信号检测进行研究,提出了两种检测方法。第1种方法采用正交解调映射,第2种方法采用最大似然序列检测。分析和仿真结果表明,正交解调映射方案使得MSK-PNC误比特率性能等于QPSK-PNC,最大似然序列检测算法在实现复杂度上相对较高,但是其误比特率性能更优,并且同样适用于检测采用CPFSK调制方式的物理层网络编码信号。      

Four novel quadrature overlapping modulations and their spectral efficiency analysis over band-limited non-linear channels

The power spectral density (PSD) analysis considering non-linearity is important in studying spectral efficiency of a digital modem for satellite systems. A general closed formula for numerical PSD calculation of quadrature overlapping modulations is derived in this paper. Four new quadrature overlapping modulation schemes are proposed because they have better spectral characteristics than those of conventional modulations, such as offset QPSK, MSK and staggered QORC, in both linear and nonlinear channels. The four new schemes are; overlapped minimum shift keying (OMSK), minimum shift keying triangular cosine (MSKTC), raised cosine triangular cosine (RCTC) and sinusoidal quadrature overlapped triangular cosine (SQOTC). The results show that for these new modulations, PSD side lobe regeneration caused by the channel non-linearity, is much less than that for the OQPSK, MSK and staggered QORC, a desirable feature enabling even tighter frequency band allocation in satellite communication systems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Look at Crosstalk in Quadrature-Carrier Modulation Systems

A method is presented for comparing the performance of different quadrature-carrier modulation techniques. It is based on the calculation of the mean-square crosstalk between adjacent digital communications channels. This method was used to determine the crosstalk of a number of constant envelope modulation schemes, including Staggered Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (SQPSK) and Minimum Shift Keying (MSK). The results, as have previous results, show the improved performance of MSK over SQPSK. By utilizing the general equation for mean-square crosstalk as a measure of performance, a search was made for constant envelope modulation methods with reduced crosstalk. A number of methods were found which have better mean-square crosstalk performance than MSK. Finally this paper presents a method for reducing degradation due to crosstalk by using mismatched windows in the standard correlation detector. An example of this technique for detection of MSK signals is analyzed.     

Correlative Phase Shift Keying--A Class of Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques

Correlative phase shift keying (CORPSK) is described. CORPSK is a constant envelope modulation technique with smooth transitions between fixed phase positions with successive transitions correlated. A number of CORPSK members for 2 and 4 input levels are analyzed, including tamed frequency modulation (TFM). Main lobe bandwidth is the same or less than in other constant envelope modulation techniques such as MSK, QPSK, and CPFSK, but the out-of-band radiation is much lower. Carrier extraction can be realized with simple techniques, so that coherent detection with optimum receiver performance is practically feasible. Simulation results are presented for coherent as well as noncoherent detection. A power efficiency 2 dB better than four MSK and DQPSK can be obtained for CORPSK with no more than for phase positions. A wide variety of modulations exists within the CORPSK class, with ample opportunity for tradeoffs between power, bandwidth, and complexity. Practical results for TFM are reported.     

A New Two-Branch Amplification Architecture and its Application with Various Modulated Signals

This paper proposes a new two-branch amplification architecture that combines baseband signal decomposition with RF front-end optimization. In the proposed architecture, the filtered modulated signals are separated into two components that are then amplified independently and combined to regenerate an amplified version of the original signal. A branch with an efficient amplifier transmits a low-varying envelope signal that contains the main part of the information. Another branch amplifies the residual portion of the signal. The baseband decomposition and parameters of the RF part are optimized to find the configuration that gives the best power efficiency and linearity. For M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation （M-QAM） signals, this technique is limited in terms of power efficiency. However, for filtered continuous phase modulation （CPM） signals, especially for minimum shift keying （MSK） and Gaussian MSK （GMSK） signals, high power efficiency can be achieved with no significant impact on the overall linearity. The results show that this technique gives better performance than the single-ended ctass-B amplifier.     

Space-time coding using MSK

Recent papers have shown that space-time (ST) coding using continuous phase modulation has a number of advantages relative to linear modulation, among which is its constant envelope, which allows transmission with inexpensive and power-efficient Class C amplifiers. The present paper presents a particularly simple variant, ST coding based on minimum shift keying (MSK), an offset format. ST codes with offset modulation give much better performance than quadrature phase shift-keying (QPSK), for the same number of states, and the MSK ST decoding computational load is smaller than that of QPSK by a ratio that improves exponentially with the number of transmitter antennas. The relationship between offset and nonoffset modulation formats is explored and the effect of pulse shape is shown explicitly.     

Multifrequency minimum shift keying

A new modulation scheme that produces a constant envelope continuous phase signal set with a compact power spectrum and power efficiency better than that of MSK is proposed. The scheme can be implemented by quadrature-carrier multiplexing of two frequency/phase modulated signals of the type NFSK/2PSK, both with the same frequency in each transmission interval, and with sinusoidal symbol shapes. The generated signal can be viewed in each transmission interval as an MSK signal at one of the N frequencies and is referred to as multifrequency minimum shift keying (MF MSK). Modulation, demodulation, and synchronization circuits are described, and the spectral properties and power efficiency on the AWGN channel are analyzed. Combining a number of attractive attributes such as constant envelope, excellent spectral properties, high power efficiency, and self-synchronization capability, the proposed modulation format lends itself to a variety of applications, one of them being the digital satellite link     

Error rate performance of noncoherent detection of duobinary coded MSK and TFM in mobile radio communication systems

Two continuous phase constant envelope modulation schemes are considered for use in digital mobile radio communication systems. These two schemes, duobinary coded minimum shift keying (MSK) and tamed frequency modulation (TFM), use partial response signaling to achieve efficient power spectrum. Therefore, they are suitable candidates for the application of digital data transmission via mobile radio where spectrum efficiency is an important consideration. The mobile communication channel is characterized by fast Rayleigh fading and cochannel interference resulting from the reuse of the channels. The error rate performance of duobinary coded MSK and TFM has been studied under these environments with noncoherent detection. A closed form expression for the probability of error of duobinary coded MSK with discriminator detection has been derived and evaluated for different cases of fast and slow fading and cochannel interference. The probability of error of duobinary coded MSK and TFM with differential detection has been calculated by numerical integrations for different cases of slow and fast fading and cochannel interference.     

Linewidth requirements for optical synchronous detection systemswith nonnegligible loop delay time

The spectral spreads of quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) modulation and minimum shift keying (MSK) modulation are narrower than those of other kinds of modulation with the same bit rate. Therefore, they are attractive for systems limited by electrical bandwidth and available optical frequency. The synchronous demodulation offers better sensitivity than differential demodulation. However, the propagation delay time of the phase locked loop affects the performance of synchronous detection systems. Therefore, linewidth requirements while considering the loop delay time must be considered in designing these systems. The linewidth requirements for BPSK, QPSK, and MSK homodyne/heterodyne detection systems are obtained by applying the Pade approximation in evaluating the receivers' performance. A change in the power penalty with respect to the change in these values is also obtained     

Minimization of Wireless Sensor Network Energy Consumption Through Optimal Modulation Scheme and Channel Coding Strategy

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of sensor nodes generally powered by batteries, for which recharging or replacement is difficult. Since battery technology has not progressed as rapidly as semiconductor technology, energy efficiency has become increasingly important in WSN. On the other hand, data exchanged between nodes are vulnerable to corruption by errors induced by random noise, signal fading and other factors. Therefore, improving link reliability and reducing energy consumption are prime concerns in the design of wireless sensor networks. In this context, performing optimal modulation schemes with suitable channel coding process is a crucial task at the physical layer of this class of networks. This paper investigates the best modulation strategy to minimize the total energy consumption required to send a given number of bits. Energy consumption with both uncoded and coded modulation techniques including M-ary QAM (MQAM), M-ary PSK (MPSK), M-ary FSK (MFSK) and MSK is analytically analyzed and simulated over transmission time, modulation rate and transmission distance. A comparative analysis in terms of energy consumption and probability of Bit Error Rate (BER) referring to MSK modulation with proper Error Control Codes (ECC) approach is presented in this paper. We show that the gain achieved with coded MSK scheme is very promising for obtaining optimal energy network consumption.     

Weighted-Quadrature-Amplitude Modulation

A family of weighted-quadrature-amplitude-modulation (WQAM) schemes is introduced and analyzed. One of the staggered WQAM (SWQAM) schemes has low spectral sidelobes, even after hardlimiting, and its performance in an adjacent-channel interference (ACI) environment is superior to that of the QPSK; SQPSK, MSK, and SQORC. The subscriber networks and the highest data-rate systems operating in a nonlinear channel are preferable applications.     

SPECTRAL EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF NEW QUADRATURE OVERLAPPED MODULATIONS OVER BAND-LIMITED NON-LINEAR CHANNELS

In this paper, two new quadrature overlapped modulations, the overlapped minimum shift keying (OMSK) and minimum shift keying triangular cosine (MSKTC), are introduced for their promising spectral efficiency over band-limited non-linear channels. They possess fast power spectral density (PSD) side lobe reduction rates over either a linear or a (band-limited) non-linear channel and their PSD side lobe regeneration caused by channel non-linearity is under much better control than that of the offset QPSK, minimum shift keying (MSK) and staggered quadrature overlapped raised cosine (QORC) modulations (a reported quadrature overlapped modulation). An effective algorithm is introduced to study spectral efficiency for various (both overlapped or non-overlapped) modulations over band-limited non-linear channels. Third-order Butterworth and Chebyshev filters with various cut-off frequencies are considered as band-limiting transmitter filters. It is concluded that the impairment (to signal spectral efficiency) caused by channel non-linearity can be minimized by using the proposed modulations. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on hybrid pattern recognition algorithm for modulated signals

A combined feature extraction and recognition method is proposed based on higher-order spectrum, cyclic spectrum and time-frequency characteristics. In the application of this method, α-dimensional features, quadratic spectral characteristics and Fourier transform spectral characteristics of the signal are used to extract three characteristic values including the envelope means (EM) of α plane, the recursive normalized frequency component detection value (RNFCDV) and the quadratic spectrum normalized frequency component detection value (QSNFCDV), which have the merits of less identification parameters, insensitive to noise, less computation, high recognition rate, and multi-species identification. With this method, simulation results show that the recognition rate is more the 98% with the signal to noise rate (SNR) not less than 6 dB. And the performance of this method is better than the common recognition algorithms. There are eight types of signal, such as amplitude modulation (AM), phase modulation (PM), amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), minimum shift keying (MSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), have been used to validate the feasibility of the method.     

基于深度学习的抗窄带干扰MSK非相干接收机

窄带干扰(Narrowband Interference,NBI),作为一种敌意的频域干扰,会严重地恶化最小频移键控(Min-imum Shift Keying,MSK)非相干检测的误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)性能.为降低窄带干扰对BER性能的影响,MSK非相干接收机一般首先对接收信号进行干扰抑制.然...     

Trellis-coded CPFSK and soft-decision feedback equalization for micro-cellular wireless applications

In this paper, trellis-codedM-ary CPFSK with noncoherent envelope detection and adaptive channel equalization are investigated to improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of microcellular digital wireless communications systems. For the same spectral efficiency, the trellis-coded modulation (TCM) schemes studied outperform minimum shift keying (MSK) with noncoherent or differentially coherent detection in Rayleigh fading channels. For the case of frequency-selective fading channels, adaptive channel equalization is applied to mitigate the time-variant intersymbol interference (ISI). A new equalizer structure is proposed which, in its feedback path, makes use of fractionally spaced signal samples instead of symbol-spaced hard decisions on transmitted symbols. Computer simulation results indicate that the soft-decision feedback equalizer (SDFE) can significantly improve the system's performance.     

Noncoherent coded modulation

Trellis coded modulation with two or multidimensional signal constellations, together with coherent maximum-likelihood detection, is considered an attractive solution for communications over the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In this paper a new noncoherent communication system is introduced called noncoherent coded modulation (NCM) as an alternative to coherent coded modulation. NCM achieves almost the same power efficiency, without bandwidth expansion or an extensive increase in complexity. As a noncoherent system, the method does not need carrier phase estimation. Nonetheless, differential encoding is not required. High performance noncoherent detection is achieved by using multiple symbol observations. Unlike previous approaches, a sliding window for the observations is used, with each observation covering several branches of the trellis, such that the observations are time-overlapped. We define a new type of noncoherent maximum-likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE), and analyze its performance over the AWGN channel by numerical calculation of the union bound. We perform a computerized search and present new codes for noncoherent detection with their performance. The new codes cover many useful rates and complexities and achieve higher performance than existing codes for noncoherent detection. The method can also be used for multiple symbol demodulation of MDPSK with better results than existing methods     

一种新的酉空时调制

为了更有效地提高系统的频带利用率,该文提出一种多调制方式联合的设计思想,并推导出其实现的必要条件和几种可能途径。由理论结果导出一种新的调制方式差分相位酉空时调制(DPUSTM),并设计了相应的非相干解调算法。DPUSTM将酉空时调制(USTM)和差分相移键控(DPSK)调制有机地融合,在提高系统频带利用率方面比目前已有的USTM系统更简单易行。可以较低的复杂度分别解调出酉空时(UST)信号和DPSK信号,不仅保持了UST信号低误比特率的优点,并可适用于多种速率并行传输的无线数据通信。仿真结果证明理论分析和给出的设计是有效的,而且表明了DPUSTM的性能可比USTM和DSTM更优越。     

MSK信号的最大似然非相干检测算法研究

针对最小频移键控(MSK)信号,本文研究了一种性能优异的低复杂度最大似然非相干检测(MLNCD)接收模型,通过利用有限的几个符号构成的观测序列检测中间符号解调信息。本文给出了MLNCD模型的判决表达式,并推导了基于MLNCD算法的MSK信号软解调简化表达式,降低了实现复杂度。本文还仿真分析了采用MLNCD算法的无编码MSK系统和有编码MSK系统的误码率(BER)性能,结果表明MLNCD算法比传统MSK非相干解调算法具有显著的BER性能优势,与MSK相干解调性能接近,而且软信息的简化几乎没有造成系统性能损失。