Industry views on water resources planning methods – prospects for change in England and Wales

This paper describes a qualitative study of practitioner perspectives on regulated water resources planning practice in England and Wales. The study focuses on strengths and weaknesses of existing practice and the case for change towards a risk‐based approach informed by stochastic modelling assessments. In‐depth, structured interviews were conducted to capture the views of planners, regulators and consultants closely involved in the planning process. We found broad agreement that the existing water availability assessment methods are fallible; they lack transparency, are often highly subjective and may fail to adequately expose problems of resilience. While most practitioners believe these issues warrant a more detailed examination of risk in the planning process, few believe there is a strong case for a fundamental shift towards risk‐based planning informed by stochastic modelling assessments. The study identifies perceived business risks associated with change and exposes widespread scepticism of stochastic methods.     

Risk‐based water resources planning in practice: a blueprint for the water industry in England

Resilient water supplies in England need to be secured in the face of challenges of population growth, climate change and environmental sustainability. We propose a blueprint for water resources planning that uses system simulation modelling to estimate the frequency, duration and severity of water shortages at present and in the context of future plans and scenarios. We use multiobjective optimisation tools to explore trade‐offs between these risk metrics and cost of alternative plans, and we use sensitivity analysis to identify plans that robustly achieve targets for tolerable risk, alongside other performance objectives. The results of a case study in the Thames basin demonstrate that the proposed methodology is feasible given commonly available data sets and models. The proposed method provides evidence with which to develop water resource management plans that demonstrably balance the risks of water shortages, costs to water users and environmental constraints in an uncertain future.     

Towards risk‐based water resources planning in England and Wales under a changing climate

The publication of the UKCP09 climate change projections for the United Kingdom provides the opportunity for more rigorous inclusion of climate change uncertainty in water resources planning. We set out how the current approach to incorporating climate change and other uncertainties in water resources planning may be updated to incorporate the UKCP09 projections. In an uncertain future, the frequency with which customers will experience water shortages cannot be predicted for sure, so a water company cannot predict definitely whether it will or will not fulfil its Level of Service commitments. We therefore go on to propose that the probability of failing to meet Level of Service (for given populations of customers) provides an appropriate metric of risk, which conveniently summarises the uncertainties associated with supply and demand, including climate change uncertainties. We sketch out how this risk metric can be calculated based upon simulation modelling of the water resource system.     

洛惠渠灌区水量供需平衡分析

介绍了洛惠渠灌区的历年供需情况,结合该灌区的供需现状进行了供需平衡分析,研究了2015年的供需平衡,并针对性地提出了相应的对策建议,以缓解水资源供求矛盾,确保灌区社会经济的可持续发展。     

Effective efficiency in water resources management using efficiency elasticity index

Effective efficiency (EE) is a water use performance indicator of a system, integrating net evapotranspiration, volumes of water in and out of the system (including reused water) and their qualities. In order to analyse the nature of management and its options in promoting efficiencies, an efficiency elasticity index (EEI) is developed using EE. The maximum value of EEI for a given net evapotranspiration sets a threshold value for EE under which the management of the system should be improved. This makes it possible to evaluate how good the management of a system is and allows the decision makers to analyse efficiency targets using a graphical approach (assuming that interventions have the same costs). Hypothetical examples and real irrigation cases from United States and Egypt show the practical utility of EE and the methodology developed through the use of EEI. It is also shown that classical efficiency should be used with caution.     

Sustainable water use and the nexus of behavioural intentions: the case of four South African communities

South Africa continues to ramp up public campaigns to rein in escalating water demand against the backdrop of dwindling and erratic supply. While the water conservation campaign appears to resonate with commercial and urban water users, it does not seem to have gained traction with rural and periurban residents. Using the sequential mixed methods, this paper explores the water conservation attitudes, behaviour and intentions of rural and periurban respondents in four South African communities. Results reveal respondents consider water conservation important and are favourably disposed to conserving water. Attitude, subjective norm and behavioural control emerged as significant factors influencing respondents’ water conservation intentions. The study concludes that rural and periurban residents are yet to develop a social ethic of water conservation essential in creating sustainability of resource use.     

Water resources management in the Jordan River Basin

The Jordan River Basin is under great hydric stress. Increases in population and agricultural demand are contributing to the closure of the basin. This paper analyses the results of integrated water resources planning model (WEAP) by studying the vulnerability of water resources in the lower Jordan River under a changing climate pattern and growing water demands. Water balance models show that all aquifers supplying the city of Amman will be depleted within the next few decades. Mitigation measures should include the introduction of additional water into the basin through the Red Sea–Dead Sea canal, in addition to demand management measures such as water conservation and increase in irrigation efficiency. The findings of this study would provide a useful guide to the co‐riparians for policy formulation, decision making and dispute resolution. Cooperation among the five riparian countries may be improved by building a Geographic Information System (GIS) database that provides access to accurate data for hydrological analysis.     

成都市中心城区水资源现状及问题与对策

简要介绍了成都市中心城区水资源现状,分析了目前供水、污水处理、利用率三方面存在的问题,探讨了应对措施,提出了优化配置保障供水,节约用水,加强管理等对策,以期实现水资源的可持续开发和利用。     

山西省城镇供水现状及用水需求发展趋势

针对山西省城镇供水现状进行了分析,分别阐述了全社会供水、公共供水及自建供水设施三方面的数据统计结果,探讨了山西省用水、用水需求及今后发展趋势,提出今后城镇供水工作重点,为山西省合理开发利用水资源提供了科学建议。     

Implications of excessive water withdrawals to the environment of Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus (NC) is at the cutting edge of complete salinization of freshwater resources. In spite of some precautions taken to reduce seawater intrusion of the groundwater resources, the contamination had increased up to brackish water attribute in the coastal aquifers. The Integrated Water Resources Planning and Management (IWRM) system was introduced as a powerful tool in order to identify water consumption in the country. To perform the future forecast, it is necessary to determine the water needs at the present time; thus, this research analysed the present and historical water budget of the country under normal and drought conditions. The calculations were extended to future forecasting of water needs considering different scenarios for the country. The results obtained were grouped into monthly, sector wise and regional consumptions. The water extractions are linked to the available water amounts, and the water deficiencies in the aquifers were revealed. A rough economical analysis of new water resources was also performed. Conclusions and recommendations are provided to guide scientists, engineers and stakeholders for the future studies and evaluations.     

Financial sustainability of rural water supply: An analysis of cost recovery,revenue collection,and efficiency

Maintaining a financial sustainable pipe water supply (PWS) is one of the serious challenges in sustainable provision of water supply in rural areas. Poor revenue collection and willingness to pay for the service is adding severity to the problem. This study analyses the factors affecting revenue collection in rural water utilities and measures its efficiency in maximizing revenue and average hour of water supply per day. The findings convey that cost recovery is a failure in rural water supply even they are not able to generate revenue. Inactive community participation, the notion of free water supply, unaccountable payment is main reason for poor revenue collection. Therefore, active community participations, educating the household on water supply, adoption of accountable payment mode will be a step towards revenue generation. To attain efficiency, the utilities can expand their output revenue and hours of water supply by 22% without altering their input. This study is an empirical contribution in the field of sustainable provision of water supplies, which address the problem of poor revenue generation in rural water supply and find out the reason for it.     

浅谈建筑给排水中的节水技术

主要结合当前水资源缺乏的严峻形势,立足建筑给排水,从热水循环方式的选择、中水处理、推广新型节水设备等方面提出一些给排水设计的想法和建议,从而缓解城市用水供需矛盾,减少水资源的隐形浪费。     

城市化进程中水资源供需趋势分析

在阐述我国城市化发展特点及现状的基础上，从总用水量、用水结构及用水设施的变化几个方面，探讨了我国总体水资源供需变化趋势及城市用水量总体变化趋势，为进一步制定城市水资源规划及管理政策提供借鉴。     

建筑给排水设计的经济性和可操作性

对住宅立管与支管的接口方面、高层建筑中减压阀的设置、卫生洁具中水龙头的选择、自动喷洒系统中管道的连接方式进行了探讨，达到了经济、易操作管理的效果，从而完善建筑物的给排水设计。     

福州市水资源供需平衡的对策

水资源规划的核心是水资源平衡,水资源平衡是需求和供给的平衡,需水量预测包括工业、农业、城镇生活和河道生态需水量四个部分。通过分析用水统计数据,研究用水结构特点,进行需水量预测,提出水资源供需平衡规划及对策。     

Exploration of domestic water demand attitudes using qualitative and quantitative social research methods

The sustainable evolution of the urban water system requires the recognition of uncertainty embedded in both climate and human behaviour. A challenge that water managers and policy makers need to tackle, is to understand the way the society’s water demand behaviour is affected. The inaccuracy between attitudes and behaviours and the cognitive association of water use to living standards, hinders the projection of society’s response to management’s measures. Thus, it is necessary to identify leverage points, where water demand management policies should aim their efforts. This work presents two parts of a social research held in Athens: quantitative questionnaire gathering information regarding the domestic water demand attitudes and behaviours; and a series of qualitative interviews aimed at exploring in-depth, the domestic water use attitudes, and behaviours. This work presents the design and results of both methods and the combination of the quantitative results with insights from the qualitative work.     

住院楼建筑设计中给排水的设计

以某医院住院楼为例,详细介绍了住院楼建筑给排水设计重点,包括生活用水量的计算,生活给水系统、卫生热水系统、生活污水系统的设计方法等内容,以指导实践。     

Domestic per Capita Water Consumption in South West England

WHEN THE Component Method is applied to produce a forecast of future water demand, particular attention must be paid to the unmeasured consumption. This component consists largely of domestic water demand and takes into account the major water uses within the home. A knowledge is therefore required of the ownership of water-using appliances, the volumes of water involved and the frequency of use. These data are best obtained by the metering of individual households, supplemented by questionnaire surveys and the completion of diaries for each major element of water use.
Such a survey was carried out by South West Water over a 13-month period during 1977-78. Subsequent updating, which has included further surveys of appliance ownership in the original sample of households and of the capacities of individual appliances, has shown that domestic per capita consumption has increased from 113.4 1/hd/d in 1977 to 131.6 1/hd/d in 1985.     

Public engagement with water conservation in London

Understanding water demand and consumers' capacity for change is essential in underpinning water demand management and water efficiency programmes. This paper presents the outcomes of a qualitative study, which used discussion groups relating to water infrastructure with environmentally aware citizens in five London boroughs in the Lower Lea River Basin. The results showed a subtle interaction between users, water and technology. Users are generally unaware of their own water consumption. Individual perceptions of changes in water behaviour are constrained by habit and lack of knowledge about what changes can be made and how. Knowledge of environmental information was described as the inspiration behind making any changes. The paper concludes that access to information about water resources, infrastructure and conservation measures should be enhanced because although information sources are abundant, participants claimed they were inaccessible without considerable effort. Finally, an emphasis should also be put on helping the public form a more substantial part in environmental decisions.     

Community and Household Perceptions in Urban Services Demand

The narrow conception of rationality embodied in transportation planning is poorly suited to resolving goal conflicts. This article explores a broader view of what is rational, drawing on the ideas of communicative rationality. It offers a report from practice based on a case study of an access planning process at the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART). We consider propositions that the planning process enhanced deliberation about ends, improved issue framing through simultaneous engagement of means and ends, and enlarged the deliberative capacity of the organization. The article provides insights into these propositions and suggests ways that communicative rationality theory can improve transportation planning and policy.