Optimization of the Composition of Binary Alternative Diesel Fuel

Alternative products — rapeseed, sunflower, soy, and other vegetable oils and derivatives — are increasingly being used as diesel fuel. Biodiesel fuel — vegetable oil fatty acid methyl esters — have 8–10% higher density and two times higher kinematic viscosity than petroleum diesel fuel. This is reflected in operation in the diesel cylinder and the integral environmental and economic characteristics. The composition of the alternative fuel can be optimized by mixing biodiesel with light crude oil cuts. The fractional distillation curves are given for Biodiesel, gas condensate, diesel fuel (summer and winter), and the proposed binary alternative fuel.     

Optimization of the Heat Supply and Recovery Scheme in Delayed Coking Chemical Engineering Systems

The reasons for using a furnace for heating the primary feedstock and excess number of condensers on existing type 2110/300 delayed coking plants (DCP) are revealed. A variant of operation of the type 2110/600 DCP using a heatexchange system is proposed. It was shown that if heatexchange equipment of the optimum typesizes is used, it is no longer necessary to use a furnace for heating the primary feedstock and the number of terminal condensers can be reduced. All of this allows reducing fuel consumption, stack gas emissions, and consumption of coolant in the condensers.     

Removal of Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Reforming Naphtha. Combined Extraction — Extractive–Azeotropic Distillation Process

Separation of C6–C9 aromatic hydrocarbons from naphtha cut reformate by extraction with sulfolane followed by extractive/azeotropic distillation of the extract phase with sulfolane and ethanol. For mass ratios of sulfolane to feedstock of 1.6:1 and 0.28:1 in the stages of extraction and extractive–azeotropic distillation and a ratio of ethanol to feedstock of 0.032:1, raffinate was obtained with a yield of 65 wt. %, which satisfies the long–term environmental requirements for gasoline and benzene, toluene, and C8 and C9 aromatic hydrocarbons with a yield of 89, 77, 69, and 24 wt. %.     

Effect of Asphaltenes on the Thermal Properties of Petroleum and Bitumen Emulsions

The thermal properties and characteristics of the molecular structure of petroleum and bitumen emulsions were investigated by viscometer and Rayleigh light scattering. The viscosity, structural properties, and character of the intermolecular interactions in the emulsions are determined by the temperature of formation of these media. Formation at critical temperatures close to 36 – 38°C initiates a structural phase transition that alters the size and activity of molecular aggregates of asphaltenes. These aggregates serve as binder material in three—dimensional supramolecular structures containing wax microcrystals. The long (up to several months) memory of the emulsions concerning the conditions of formation is due to the strength of the three—dimensional structures that contain not only hydrogen but also covalent bonds.     

Sulfuric Acid Alkylation of Isobutane with Butylenes in a Continuous–Flow Tubular Contactor

The results of pilot–industrial tests of sulfuric acid alkylation of isobutene from butane–butylene fractions in a tubular continuous–flow contactor operating in the turbulent regime with internal cooling are reported. After the time of contact (30 sec) of the reagents, an alkylate that satisfies the requirements for specifications is formed. Data from the chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis of the alkylate are reported.     

Paving Asphalt Production Technologies. Analysis of Effectiveness

The possibilities of using previously approved new process solutions in production of oxidized paving asphalts are examined based on the proceedings of the interindustry conference Problems in Production and Use of Petroleum Asphalts and Asphalt-based Composites (Saratov-2000) and recent publications.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 29 – 34, March – April, 2005.     

Mathematical model for describing the process in the regenerator of a catalytic cracking unit 43–102

Conclusions Utilizing the mathematical model proposed, we have studied the effects which the initial coke content of the catalyst, the circulation rate, and the temperature at the regenerator top have on the regeneration in a 43–102 unit.A rise of the initial coke content (at unaltered values of the other parameters) considerably accelerates the warming-up process of the catalyst in the regenerator and shifts the hot spot into the lower sections of the regenerator. The removal of coke by burning may be incomplete both at high and at too low values of the initial coke content.Acceleration of the circulation rate (at unaltered values of the other parameter) has only a slight effect on the temperature of the hot spot in the regenerator. The hot spot is shifted in the direction of circulation of the current, and the regeneration does not attain the specified depth at high circulation rates.The temperature at the regenerator top has a strong effect on the temperature profile. A lowering of the temperature at the regenerator top results in a drop of the temperature in the hot spot of the reactor and in incomplete burning of the coke.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 37–40, June, 1969.     

The Tube Furnace in the Crude—Oil Stabilization Plant

Kedr—89 Co. developed and delivered a turnkey tube furnace for the USN—4—2 crude oil stabilization plant at Nizhnevartovsk Petroleum Refining Association.     

Stability of Aqueous Microemulsions In Motor Fuels

The effect of additives — surfactants (SF) — on the water–separating properties of jet fuels. These additives significantly worsen thefuel–water reaction index. Methods of fuel flooding simulating the conditions of formation of water–fuel microemulsions during storage, shipment, and use are developed. Data on the effect of the nature of the fuel on the settling rate of microemulsions are reported. Water–fuel microemulsions form when temperature fluctuations are stable for more than 100 h, which favors formation of aqueous sludges in aircraft tanks.     

Refining of Straight‐Run Naphtha Cuts on Modified Zeolites

Straightrun crude oil of gas condensate naphtha cuts for use as components of motor fuels must be refined: to transform their lowoctane components – nparaffins – into highoctane compounds, while not decomposing isoparaffins if possible. A catalyst with high molecularsieve selectivity with respect to conversion of nparaffinic hydrocarbons and high catalytic stability is required for this. These requirements are satisfied by highsilica zeolites form the pentasil family [1 – 5].     

Modernization of a Reformer Unit with a Lower Operating Pressure

Modernization of the first-stage of the L–35–11/1000 plant of the OAO Angarskaya neftekhimicheskaya kompaniya [Angarskaya Petrochemical Company (Open Joint Stock Company)] reduced the pressure in the reformer unit from 2.3 to 1.7 MPa and the hydrogenous gas circulation ratio, from 1550 to 1100 m³/m³. The catalyzate yield increased by 2.1 wt.% while the motor octane number (MON) increased by 1.6. After the second stage of the highly efficient domestic catalysts KR–108U and RB–22U fed into the reformer unit will increase the reformate yield with MON=87 to 89 wt. %. Catalyzate from the L–35–11/100 plant is the main component of high-octane gasolines in the Angarskaya Petrochemical Company. This typical plant was built during the development of the country's catalytic reformer technology [1] according to a design by Lengiproneftekhim (Leningrad State Institute for the Design of Oil Refining and Petrochemical Plants). Initially, the intention was to use the aluminoplatinum catalyst AP–64 in the reforming of hydrofined feedstock in the following mode: reactor pressure in the last stage 3.5 MPa, feedstock volumetric flow rate 1.2 h^–1, and hydrogenous gas (HG) circulation ratio 1800m³/m³. The process flow diagram, however, made no provision for booster compressors for the excess HG. As a result substantial lowering of the pressure in the reformer unit was not possible when the plant was switched to more stable polymetal catalysts [2].     

Activation of Carbon Adsorbents Based on Oil Binders

Carbon adsorbents fabricated from coal and oil binders acquire ionexchange properties (exchange capacity: up to 2.42 meq/g) under the effect of irradiation (dose: 5×10⁵ Gy) in 0.01 – 0.1 N propanol (isopropanol) solutions of NaOH. They are characterized by elevated adsorption power in extraction of arsenic from wastewaters.     

Naphtha Cut Hydrotreating Units at Yaroslavnefteorgsintez Company

A naphtha cut hydrotreating unit with output of 750,000 tons/year was started up in October 2003 at Slavneft'—Yaroslavnefteorgsintez OJSC. The unit was turnkey designed and built by Kedr–89 SIC on order of YaRVAZ CJSC — a subsidiary of Slavneft' OGC.     

Production of low-pour diesel fuels by hydroisomerization of middle distillates from eastern medium-sulfur crudes

Summary Processes have been developed for catalytic hydrotreating and isomerization of n-paraffins to produce wintergrade diesel fuels from middle distillates.In the single-stage process on sulfur-resistant hydrotreating catalysts promoted with halogens, thorough drying of the feedstock and the hydrogen-rich recycle gas is required, along with promotion of the catalyst with the halogen and protection of the equipment against hydrogen halide corrosion.The yield of winter-grade diesel fuel conforming to specification GOST 305-62 (solid point –35C, cloud point –25C) is 85% by weight.In the two-stage process, the first stage is a thorough hydrotreating operation, the second stage hydroisomerization of the n-paraffins. The yield of winter-grade diesel fuel conforming to the requirements of GOST 4749-49 (solid point –45C, cloud point –35C) is 70% by weight. Also formed in the process is some 21–24% naphtha cut with a clear octane number of 76 by the motor method.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 9, pp. 22–25, September, 1973.     

Possibilities of improving ejector pump characteristics

We describe a method of choosing an ejector pump for given operating conditions. Generalized dimensionless characteristics of ejector pumps are given for averaged loss coefficients and top-notch designs. We explore the possibility of decreasing the coefficient of head loss by improving the profile for the delivery of passive fluid to an ejector pump (use of stepped diffusers).__________Translated from Khimicheskoe i Neftegazovoe Mashinostroenie, No. 2, pp. 26–28, February, 2005.     

High-temperature deposits on pistons of high-performance diesel engines

Summary As a result of the studies recorded here, it has been established that the limiting temperatures of the pistons in high-performance diesels, i.e., the highest temperature at which no high-temperature deposits (varnish and carbon deposits) are formed, are as follows: 180C for D-11 and M-12 oils without additives, 200C for M-12V and M-14V oils with VNII NP-360 additive, and 256C for M-14VI and M-14Vts oils with effective additive packages.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 11, pp. 42–46, November, 1973.     

Modification of Feedstock for Productino of Oxidized Asphalts

Production of oxidized asphalts with improved quality characteristics an be increased by modifying the initial feedstock, for example, with cationic surfactants (CSF). The use of a quaternary ammonium compound with a C₁₇ – C₁₉; hydrocarbon radical in the optimum concentration of 0.06 wt. % increases the proportion of heavier components in the asphalt, that is, causes a greater degree of oxidation of the feedstock. A decrease in consumption rates in production of asphalt is possible as a result. The quality of the asphalt obtained either with a 30% decrease in air consumption or a 10–15°C decrease in the temperature or with a 30% reduction in the oxidation time is as good as the baseline sample.     

The “Iodine Number” of TS–1 Fuel. On Elimination of the Index from GOST 10227–86

It was shown that unsaturated hydrocarbons in concentrations characteristic of TS–1 fuel weakly affect sludging in this fuel but significantly increase the existent gum content, and the rejected standard based on this limits the concentration of unsaturated hydrocarbons in fuel to a much greater degree than the iodine number index. Scientifically substantiated recommendations are given for eliminating the iodine number index from GOST 10227–86 for TS–1 fuel.     

Gas chromatographic method of identifying components of complex mixtures

Conclusions The new functions and _t are proposed which enable the components of complex mixtures separated chromatographically to be identified with great accuracy.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 59–62, January, 1967.     

Effect of Temperature on Hydrogen–Free Atmospheric Reforming

Hydrogen–free reforming of naphtha cuts under pressure of 1.5–3 MPa, called zeoforming, was studied in detail in [1, 2]. We created a process for hydrogen–free catalytic reforming at atmospheric pressure, called KATRIFAT, as a result of selecting a mixture of dehydrocyclization, cracking, and isomerization catalysts [3, 4].