低碳环境下双渠道供应链线上线下广告策略的微分博弈分析

以一个由绿色制造商与零售商组成的双渠道供应链为研究对象,基于微分博弈分别比较分析集中式决策、采用竞争型广告策略的分散式决策与采用支持型广告策略的分散式决策模型下,双渠道供应链的最优均衡决策与最优利润.研究发现:集中式决策下的最优低碳水平、最优线上与线下广告水平均高于分散式决策,而产品最优销售价格可能高于、等于或低于分散式决策;分散式决策下,采用支持型广告策略的双渠道供应链的产品最优低碳水平、最优销售价格和最优线上广告投入水平与采用竞争型广告策略的双渠道供应链均衡策略一致;一定条件下,支持型广告策略使得分散式双渠道供应链得到Pareto改进,此时的最优线下广告投入水平优于竞争型广告策略下的最优线下广告投入水平.     

再制造率随机的闭环供应链产品差别定价策略

考虑闭环供应链的差别定价问题, 制造商回收废旧产品, 并生产新产品和再制造产品, 再制造率随机. 采用Stackelberg 博弈方法, 研究集中决策和分散决策下相应产品的最优定价, 给出供应链各成员的最优利润. 结果表明:若制造商对产品延迟定价, 则集中决策下回收价格高于分散决策, 而销售价格均低于分散决策; 当零售商的保守利润不低于一定值时, 集中决策下总利润不低于分散决策, 制造商可以采用改进的两部定价契约协调供应链.

     

需求信息不对称下的双渠道供应链合作广告投资决策分析

研究制造商主导的Stackelberg 博弈下双渠道供应链的合作广告策略, 分析信息不对称及双渠道对供应链合作广告投资决策的影响. 研究表明, 零售商在具有需求信息优势时会谎报需求信息, 并且在一定条件下其谎报决策会降低制造商的利润, 但能提高供应链的利润, 这种情况下制造商无法通过激励合同促使零售商共享信息. 另外, 在最优合作广告策略下, 当直销渠道与分销渠道所占市场份额的分配比例小于一定值时, 制造商采取双渠道会使供应链参与者均受益.

     

相对公平关切下考虑产品设计的再制造合作模式与供应链协调

将相对公平关切和产品可再制造性设计同时纳入由一个制造商和一个再制造商构成的供应链中,构建外包和授权两种再制造合作模式下供应链的决策模型,研究制造商的再制造合作模式选择问题,分析最优再制造合作模式下再制造商相对公平关切和产品可再制造性设计对供应链生产定价决策及利润的影响,并设计相应的协调策略.研究结果表明:外包再制造是制造商的最优再制造合作模式;在外包再制造供应链中,再制造商的相对公平关切虽会降低制造商利润,但能提高供应链系统利润;产品可再制造性设计对再制造商总是有利的;外包价格契约能够实现外包再制造供应链的协调.     

考虑风险规避的闭环供应链差别定价协调模型

针对再制造成本不确定条件下考虑制造商风险规避特性的新产品与再制造产品差别定价协调问题, 采用均值—方差方法衡量该问题的最优定价决策。在分散化决策下, 采用Stackelberg博弈理论研究价格差敏感系数和制造商风险规避度对闭环供应链定价策略的影响, 然后以集中化决策作为研究基准, 指出分散化决策存在双重边际效应。为消除利益损失, 提出一种收益共享一风险共担契约来协调闭环供应链, 研究表明, 该协调契约能有效实现风险规避下闭环供应链的协调。最后运用数值分析方法对无协调和有协调时的闭环供应链定价策略进行比较研究, 并进一步探讨价格差敏感系数和制造商风险规避度对闭环供应链定价策略以及协调性能的影响。     

基于零售商创新投入的双渠道供应链协调策略

针对制造商在传统实体渠道的基础上积极开辟网络渠道的双渠道供应链,从消费者效用理论角度构建单一渠道和双渠道供应链Stackelberg博弈模型,在零售商创新投入和消费者渠道偏好扰动因素下,探讨制造商开辟网络渠道形成的渠道竞争效应,寻求供应链系统的组合优化策略,通过一个双重协调机制改善供应链运作效率.研究表明:批发价格、零售价格及创新投入水平的最优组合策略可实现供应链优化;制造商和零售商利润均与创新投入水平呈特定函数关系;网络渠道的引进可降低零售商定价和利润,减少实体渠道市场份额,但总需求增加;双重协调机制可缓解渠道冲突.最后通过数值仿真结果验证了协调机制的可行性.     

供应链动态合作广告策略

研究产品信誉受广告投入水平影响的供应链合作广告问题,建立具有广告投入水平抑制作用的产品信誉动态模型.通过哈密顿-雅可比-贝尔曼方程分别得到制造商和零售商在分散决策和集中决策下的最优广告策略以及在分散决策下制造商的最优合作广告参与率,比较发现,集中决策下制造商和零售商的最优广告投入水平高于分散决策下的相应值.设计了双边补贴策略来协调供应链.数值仿真实验验证了所得结论的正确性.     

低碳供应链纵向合作减排的动态优化

基于微分博弈, 研究由一个供应商与一个制造商组成的低碳供应链中纵向合作减排的动态优化问题. 构建了以制造商占主导、供应商跟随的Stackelberg 微分博弈模型, 分别得到了制造商和供应商的最优反馈均衡策略及各自的利润最优值函数, 推导出产品碳排放量随时间变化的最优轨迹. 通过数值算例分析了制造商和供应商的长期合作减排策略对产品碳排放量的影响, 为供应链上下游企业开展长期减排合作提供了理论依据.

     

政府补贴下考虑持股合作战略的供应链减排动态协调方法

在政府补贴政策下,将持股合作战略引入供应链减排决策中,运用微分博弈理论研究供应链的最优决策和动态协调问题.构建集中式决策模型和持股合作前后的分散式决策模型,并分析持股比例和消费者低碳偏好对供应链最优决策、利润和政府补贴政策的影响.研究结果表明:持股合作战略会替代一部分政府补贴政策的作用,且供应链成员合作越密切,政府补贴效果越好.随着持股比例的增加,供应链总利润呈现“U”型变化,只有当持股比例满足一定条件时,供应链成员才愿意选择持股合作,且持股合作战略的实施能够实现供应链协调.消费者低碳偏好的提高会对企业减排产生激励作用,而政府作为政策的制定者不受消费者低碳偏好的影响.     

闭环供应链下两个制造商与零售商联盟策略研究

针对闭环供应链联盟策略问题,本文建立了两周期模型,采用了Stackelberg博弈、Kuhn-Tucker条件等方法研究了四种策略：分散决策、单个制造商分别与零售商联盟、两个制造商联盟以及三方联盟,并得出各联盟下供应链成员的最优定价及生产决策。通过Shapley值法确定利益协调机制,并利用数值仿真对四种联盟策略进行求解和分析。研究结果表明：从制造商角度看,最优策略为三方联盟;从零售商角度看,最优策略为与单个制造商联盟;博弈均衡为三方联盟策略。     

Vertical cooperative advertising in a retailer duopoly

This paper focuses on optimal pricing and advertising decisions within a two-echelon distribution channel, which consists of one manufacturer and two competing retailers. Assuming an inter-echelon Stackelberg equilibrium, where the manufacturer obtains channel leadership, we compare two different forms of retailer behavior: non-cooperative (Horizontal Nash) and cooperative (Cooperation). While the consumer demand depends both on retail price and advertising, the manufacturer can offer a vertical cooperative advertising program to increase the advertising efforts of his retailers. In order to derive a logically consistent price demand function, we deduce our demand function from the consumers’ utility function. Numerical examples lead to the following main findings: (i) consumers can benefit from retailer-competition, as it reduces retail price; (ii) the manufacturer’s participation in retailers’ advertising will be the highest when there is strong competition and no Cooperation; (iii) a Cooperation does not always yield higher profits for the retailers, but can also produce better results for the manufacturer.     

Investigating remanufacturing competition with yield uncertainty on market share,profit, and consumer surplus

Remanufacturing has been recognized both in literature and practice because of its greenness and cost saving. Since the reproduction processes could be affected by uncertain factors, remanufacturing is much more complex than producing new products. To investigate how yield uncertainty and market competition affect remanufacturing decisions, we compare the results under three classical market scenarios with random yield, that is, (a) Nash–Cournot, (b) monopoly, and (c) Stackelberg–Cournot. On comparing the expected remanufacturing scale, expected profit, and consumer surplus, it shows that as the number of remanufacturers increases, the planned collection quantity of a single remanufacturer decreases, while the total expected market output increases. Furthermore, we find that the largest expected profit and expected consumer surplus brought by market scenarios depend on a threshold remanufacturer number. We also relax the assumptions and extend our model to consider the scenario of m leaders and followers in a Stackelberg game. It is interesting to find that the first‐mover advantage in profit and market share of the leader remanufacturer would be challenged when the number of leader remanufacturers is no less than 2. The results can be potentially useful for managerial decisions and environmental administrations.     

Co-op advertising and pricing models in manufacturer–retailer supply chains

Cooperative (co-op) advertising plays a significant role in marketing programs in conventional supply chains and makes up the majority of promotional budgets in many product lines for both manufacturers and retailers. Nevertheless, most studies to date on co-op advertising have only assumed that the market demand is only influenced by the advertising level but not in any way by the retail price. That is why our work is concerned with co-op advertising and pricing strategies in distribution channels consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer. Four different models are discussed which are based on three non-cooperative games (i.e., Nash, Stackelberg retailer and Stackelberg manufacturer) and one cooperative game. We identify optimal co-op advertising and pricing strategies for both firms mostly analytically but we have to resort to numerical simulations in one case. Comparisons are then made about various outcomes, especially the profits, for all cases. This leads to consider more specifically the cooperation case in which profits are the highest for both the retailer and the manufacturer, and how they should share the extra joint profit achieved by moving to cooperation. We solve this bargain problem using the Nash bargaining model.     

考虑交叉销售的O2O供应链合作广告策略研究

基于网络零售平台与制造商的合作广告实践，运用Stackelberg博弈理论研究了平台交叉销售效应及合作广告引导作用对O2O供应链合作广告决策的影响，并通过数值算例对参与合作广告计划前后渠道成员的决策变量均衡结果和利润进行对比分析，研究发现平台交叉销售效应是影响网络零售平台合作广告计划制定和实施的关键因素，只有当其达到一定水平时，制造商才拥有参与网络零售平台合作广告计划的资格；在一定条件时，合作广告计划能够实现制造商和网络零售平台利润的提升；当平台交叉销售效应较大时，网络零售平台获得的利润大于制造商。     

基于博弈论的再制造逆向物流定价决策

针对再制造逆向物流定价决策问题,探讨在垄断回收模式和竞争回收模式下,受多因素(行业竞争、规模经济、政府补贴、废旧品再制造等)影响的由两个制造商和两个回收商组成的逆向物流系统;建立基于Stackelberg博弈的再制造逆向物流定价决策模型;求解关于决策变量和目标函数的子博弈精炼Nash均衡解,并进行模型参数约束分析、影响因素灵敏度分析、两种回收模式的比较分析以及数值分析.研究结果表明,竞争回收模式比垄断回收模式对各方参与者更为有利,提高废旧品的回收率、再制造率以及政府补贴有利于逆向物流系统的发展.     

第三方再制造外包模式选择与协调研究

研究第三方再制造外包选择与协调问题,将制造商外包和零售商外包两种模式进行对比分析.研究结果表明:制造商外包模式下新产品的数量、原始设备制造商的利润以及系统总利润更高,新产品的价格更低;零售商外包模式下再制品的数量、外包价格以及再制造商的利润更高.制造商外包模式具有较高的消费者剩余和较差的环境绩效.当再制造优势明显时,零售商外包模式的社会福利水平高于制造商外包模式.采用合作博弈方法对零售商外包模式下多主体闭环供应链进行协调,可为供应链管理决策提供理论依据与决策方法.     

Dynamic co-opetitive approach of a closed loop system with remanufacturing for deteriorating items in e-markets

This study examines the dynamic economics of closed loop supply chains (CLSCs) that incorporate remanufacturing by developing analytical models under both cooperative and competitive policies in electronic markets. Specifically, this investigation presents the multi-variable profit-maximization problem and performs equilibrium analysis using a co-opetitive approach. Additionally, this study undertakes dynamic joint decisions for both brand-new and like-new versions of deteriorating items in a remanufacturing CLSC. The analytical results demonstrate that the dynamic co-opetitive decision depends on the potential size of the market for brand-new products, manufacturing and remanufacturing costs of the original equipment manufacturer, remanufacturing cost of the third-party independent operator, and intensity of competition between different products in the market.     

基于模糊回收价格的逆向供应链定价策略研究

在由单一制造商和单一零售商构成的逆向供应链系统中，回收产品质量的不确定性导致回收价格的不确定性．针对这种不确定性，将回收价格看作三角模糊数，应用模糊理论和博弈理论对回收价格浮动的基准点进行决策，分别得出了两个非合作博弈的均衡解（斯坦克尔伯格均衡和纳什均衡）和一个合作博弈的均衡解（联合定价），并给出了各均衡条件下制造商和零售商各自回收价格的浮动范围．     

基于Stackbelberg博弈的认知无线网络速率控制模型

提出了基于Stackelberg博弈的认知无线单跳网络流量速率控制模型。应用反向归纳法对提出的流量速率Stackelberg博弈模型纳什均衡进行了分析,证明了提出的模型纳什均衡存在性及唯一性,并给出了Stackelberg博弈模型纳什均衡解的具体形式。仿真验证了提出的模型正确性,仿真结果表明在模型的纳什均衡处网络总体效用是最优的,且网络效用最大时认知结点可获得最优数据传输速率。     

Optimal advertising decisions for promoting retail and online channels in a dynamic framework

Advertising plays an important role in sales promotion in supply chains. In this paper, advertising decisions for retail and online channels respectively, by retailer and manufacturer will be analyzed. The competition between retailer and manufacturer will be modeled by differential game theory, and feedback Nash equilibrium of the game will be obtained. Some insights are provided by using comparative statics. The obtained results show that compatibility factor of a product with online marketing, difference between manufacturer's online price and wholesale price, effectiveness of advertising, marginal profits, and cost of advertising all have significant effects on the advertising decisions in the equilibrium.