美国低压接地技术介绍

《建筑照明设计标准》作出Ⅰ类灯具应可靠接地的规定,由于对此条规定认识有别。导致实施各色各味。分析了其实施要点和实施后深藏的疑虑,阐述了对此条规定的不同理解和观点,认为：防电击重在加强用电安全教育、思想重视和采取辅助安全措施;要全面评估该条规定的必要性,权衡其投入与产出,供商榷。     

议电子信息系统设备的配电系统接地形式

《民用建筑电气设计规范》和《建筑物电子信息系统防雷技术规范》都规定:电子信息系统设备由TN系统供电时,其配电线路必须采用TN-S接地形式,而采用220/380V电源进线、规模较小的建筑物均无法满足规范的此条规定。对此问题进行了分析、探讨。     

试论违约责任的替代

我国《合同法》第 110条规定了承担违约责任的主要方式 ,以及用赔偿方式来替代实际履行方式的条件。为了正确理解立法精神和适用《合同法》此条规定 ,拟就违约责任能否替代 ,违约责任替代的本质 2大法系的有关规定以及违约责任替代的条件作一些较为深入的探讨。     

基于水泥工厂中压变频节能改造的研究与实践

由建设部和国家质量监督检验检疫总局颁布的国家标准《水泥工厂节能设计规范》（GB50443—2007）已于2008年5月1日起正式实施。该《规范》4.3．5条规定窑尾高温风机应采用变频调速装置（此条为强制性条文）：4．6．1条规定主要生产工艺风机应采用变频调速装置：5．2-3条有调速要求的电动机应采用变频调速装置。     

论亲子关系推定制度

亲子关系的推定制度在婚姻家庭中举足轻重,尽管我国在《婚姻法》司法解释中,对亲子关系推定进行了一些规定。但是,司法解释终究不能等同于立法。因此,此条司法解释的出台并不能改变我国现在立法中有关亲子关系推定制度缺失的现状。所以,我们要加快立法,完善亲子关系的推定制度。本文对亲子关系推定制度的规定进行了初步的探讨。     

建设工程优先受偿权的多元视角论析

建设工程优先受偿权是法律赋予建筑企业对抗发包人拖欠工程款的有效手段，但实践中对此条规定的理解与适用仍存在较多问题。从立法的法理依据对其进行辨析，进而界定建设工程优化受偿权的多元性质，并提出该项权利适用应注意的两大问题，以促使建设工程优先受偿权有章可循。     

轿顶护栏设计的一点体会

轿顶护栏是为了保护电梯维护和检查人员的安全而设置的轿顶附件。GB7588-2003中第8．13．3．5条规定：“护栏应装设在距轿顶边缘最大为0．15m之内”。针对此条，笔者谈一谈在设计轿顶护栏时，如何遵守此规定，以使护栏真正起到保护相关人员的作用。     

加强建筑施工机械封存管理

原本国务院和财政部已有规定:“施工机械由于季节性施工生产而停用应作为在用的固定资产”,即不得短期封存。可是有种看法认为东北地区建筑企业也不是季节性施工,所以此条不适用,应继续实行半年封存的规定(我省建筑行业原设备管理制度规定,施工机械是以半年时间做为封存期的)。所以本文首先提出“建筑施工机械是否季节性施工生产”的问题,以此作为确定在北方地区建筑施工机械实行半年封存期是否合理的前提和依据。     

住宅建筑的隔声与材质选择

当前住宅设计质量的投诉中，分户墙的隔声问题是诸多投诉内容之一。也是一个热点。在住宅设计规范GB50096-1999第5：3．1条规定中：“……分户墙计权隔声量应大于或等40dB……”。中华人民共和国工程建设标准强制性条中也列入了此条。按北京市“九五”住宅建设标准中规定：“分户墙空气隔声量应大于45dB”。     

小议单排脚手架的弊端

一般住宅楼工程均为七层以下，其总设计高度一般不超过２４m，故单排脚手架在住宅楼工程中应用较为普遍。但笔者通过对扣件式钢管脚手架规范学习及对施工现场脚手架实际情况的分析来看，其单排脚手架难以达到规范搭设要求，并存在一定弊端。扣件式钢管脚手架安全技术规范中对单排脚手架的搭设列出若干条规定，从而规范了单排脚手架的搭设。在规范６．２．２中第（１）条规定：“主节点必须设置一根横向水平杆，用直角扣件扣接且严禁拆除。主节点处两个直角扣件的中心距不应大于１５０mm”。此条含义为，立杆与大横杆交叉十字点处必须设置一…     

Efficiency benchmarking and remuneration of Spanish electricity distribution companies

In Spain, the average remuneration of large electric distribution companies is much lower than that of smaller ones, which leads us to wonder if the smaller ones are managed efficiently. A meta-frontier DEA model is calculated in order to benchmark, in terms of remuneration and quality, different clusters of distributors that present different technologies. The sample is composed of 236 distributors (including the five largest units). The savings for the system would be approximately 174 million Euros per year. Moreover, compensation regulation should aim to guide distributors towards their respective intra-cluster frontiers.     

Exploring the management of sustainable construction at the programme level: a Chinese case study

Sustainable construction is achieved by the implementation of sustainable development principles in the construction industry. The complexity and higher level of inter-project conflicts that occur in large-scale projects mean that the implementation of sustainable construction in those projects is substantially different from that in smaller scale projects. A case study approach has been adopted to analyse the planning and implementation of sustainable construction in the Shanghai World Expo 2010 across the entire programme lifecycle. As one of the largest programmes in China, the Shanghai World Expo 2010 has the potential to serve as a showcase for the application of sustainable development principles in construction. The key factors that need to be considered in order to promote sustainable construction at the programme level are identified. These include the establishment of a dedicated department to coordinate various stakeholders’ efforts and the release of conceptual guidelines and management regulations. In addition, a framework is proposed to implement sustainable construction at the programme management level.     

Between the state and market: Electricity sector reform in developing countries

Developing countries have had to reform technically and financially less efficient electricity sectors than developed countries with less resources and weaker institutions. This paper examines the reform experience and lessons in these countries. The paper reviews private participation and key reform steps such as restructuring, competition, and regulation. The role of contextual factors such as system size, institutional endowment, and international organizations are then discussed. It then argues that there is a need for redefining the role of the state rather than a full withdrawal from the sector and that many countries should adopt simpler reform models and gradual implementation.     

Field investigation on consumer behavior and hydraulic performance of a district heating system in Tianjin,China

With the implementation of heat reforms in China, the application of thermostatic radiator valves (TRVs) has been gaining popularity in the new-style district heating systems (DHSs). The objective of this study was to investigate consumer behavior (including regulation of TRVs and opening of windows) and its influences on the hydraulic performance and energy consumption of individuals and the whole system. The concurrence rate of individual behaviors and hydraulic interactions between individuals were analyzed. This study should be helpful to gain a comprehensive understanding of the new DHSs in China and consider a proper design/control strategy for these systems.     

Regulation of district-heating systems

District heating plays a major role in many countries' heating markets. Unlike natural gas and electric power utilities, district-heating systems are commonly not subject to direct economic regulation, particularly with regard to prices. This article examines the possibility of regulating district-heating systems and the difficulties associated with practical implementation using the example of the German district-heating market. It considers, from an economic perspective, regulation of access to district-heating systems as well as regulation of pricing by district-heating systems. Ex-ante and ex-post regulation of retail prices are considered. Finally, some ideas for the further development of district-heating regulation are suggested.     

Power transmission regulation in a liberalised context: An analysis of innovative solutions in South American markets

After decades of reduced need for investment, transmission regulation is increasingly gaining relevance and complexity in liberalised power sectors, mainly due to the need to integrate sometimes distant and large-scale renewable energy sources. We identify the key principles that should be considered at three levels: transmission expansion, remuneration, and cost allocation.The proposals we develop are built upon a review of the noteworthy experiences matured in South America, a region which, besides leading restructuring in the 1980s and 1990s, has with different levels of success always relied on innovative solutions to deal with this crucial regulatory challenge.     

Engineering development and environmental law

The legal regulation of processes that affect the environment has been influenced by engineering development and vice versa. Three specific aspects of environmental law are identified where engineering development, primarily in the field of nuclear energy, has led to the implementation of formal regulation through environmental law. Firstly, the author deals with the decision making process to determine whether a project should proceed and how it should be developed, i.e. the feasibility study. Secondly, the author discusses the licensing of processes that are potential environmental polluters. The third discussed area is the concept of optimisation-achieving the lowest reasonably practicable release or exposure to a hazardous substance     

钢结构滑移施工技术研究及工程应用

滑移施工技术是解决大跨度空间钢结构施工的有效方法。滑移施工技术是一个较大的范畴,按照不同的分类标准,可分为多种方法。详细介绍了滑移施工技术的分类、特点、基本原理及应用中应注意的事项。最后介绍了四个工程应用实例,来增强对滑移施工技术的理解。     

梦——我的建筑梦想与实践

我作为一个电气专业工程师．要为所建筑专业出专辑写一篇文章．思前想后不知该如何开头。恰巧我家正在装修．先从实际的家装经验开始．谈谈我对建筑的理解。     

Harnessing inclusive urban knowledge for the implementation of the New Urban Agenda

City-level data are needed to inform local strategies as well as to monitor progress towards the implementation of the New Urban Agenda (NUA). Not only do cities need more data, they also need information that is context sensitive and relevant to local policy needs. This paper reviews over 23 global urban data initiatives, concluding that the global urban data landscape in its current form is unable to support the implementation and monitoring of the NUA. Engaging a broader range of stakeholders in knowledge production is necessary as existing data offer a narrow understanding of the processes at play in cities.