金属硼化物上噻吩类型硫的原位还原深度脱硫研究

研究了噻吩类型硫在金属硼化物上的原位还原深度脱硫.实验对不同金属硼化物、镍源对硼化镍的活性影响以及还原剂用量进行了评价.结果表明,硼化镍原位脱硫活性高于其它金属硼化物;采用六水合氯化镍镍源,还原剂用量为0.64 g时,脱硫率可达99%以上.通过GC-MS、IR、XRD以及XPS分析,研究了可能的反应机理,噻吩类型硫主要通过硫原子"端链吸附"在催化剂表面,发生氢解脱硫反应;噻吩脱硫产物主要为C1、C3和C4烃类,以气体形式逸出;苯并噻吩氢解脱硫产物主要为乙基苯和C7烃类产物,二苯并噻吩脱硫产物为联苯.推测反应机理为,硫化物通过硫原子"端链吸附"在活性中心,富电子镍介入硫化物中C-S键形成加合物,高活性氢进攻α-C原子,C-S键断裂,脱除硫元素多以负二价形式保留在硼化镍中.     

硫化物在OTA催化剂上催化转化性能

考察了催化裂化(FCC)汽油中硫化物和模型硫化物在OTA(Olefin To Aromatics)催化剂上的催化转化性能.结果表明FCC汽油硫化物总脱硫率为86.3 %,其中,硫醚和四氢噻吩的转化率都达到100 %,硫醇硫转化率96.6 %,噻吩硫转化率78.8 %,烷基噻吩转化率85.8 %,苯并噻吩转化率81.4 %.3-甲基噻吩在OTA催化剂上的转化产物中含有小分子(噻吩),异构硫化物(2-甲基噻吩),以及大分子异构硫化物(如2,5-二甲基噻吩、2,4-二甲基噻吩和2,3-二甲基噻吩).烷基噻吩和苯并噻吩硫化物在OTA催化剂上脱硫反应网络一方面含有直接加氢脱硫反应,另一方面经历歧化、异构化和裂解等反应.     

二苯并噻吩结构和性质的理论研究

为了探究煤中噻吩类有机硫化合物降解规律,采用密度泛函理论来对煤的一种含硫模型化合物进行量子化学方面的计算与研究。采用Materials Studio中的Dmol~3程序分析了与煤有关的含硫模型化合物二苯并噻吩(DBT)的结构和相关性质(键角键长、电荷、振动频率、热力学性质、分子反应活性及稳定性)。计算结果显示处于噻吩环结构中的C—S键键能和C—C键键能相等,噻吩环中的C—S键键能大于非环中的C—S键键能;预测噻吩中C—S键更难断裂;模型化合物中的S原子处HOMO伸展较大,是给电子的位置,S原子易失去电子发生反应。     

吸附法脱除柴油中噻吩类含硫化合物的研究进展

综述了吸附法脱除柴油中噻吩类含硫化合物的常用吸附剂、吸附脱硫的机理及吸附脱硫过程动力学研究的最新进展。阐述了近来研究较多的吸附剂主要有分子筛、活性炭和金属有机骨架（MOFs）材料。目前传统的加氢脱硫（HDS）技术虽然可以满足当前柴油中硫含量的国家标准,但是其需要高温高压、成本高且对二苯并噻吩类硫化物脱硫率低,而吸附脱硫技术由于成本低、操作条件温和、易脱除加氢脱硫难以脱除的硫化物、对油品品质影响小等优点成为当前柴油脱硫的研究热点。吸附脱硫主要包括反应型吸附脱硫和非反应型吸附脱硫,反应吸附脱硫关键是有旧键的断裂与新键的生成,而非反应吸附脱硫则是通过分散力使硫化物上的硫原子与吸附剂之间相互作用,从而达到吸附脱硫的作用。本文对吸附脱硫机理和吸附脱硫过程的动力学加以讨论,为以后的研究提供一定的理论基础,并提出了脱硫吸附剂今后的研究方向。     

噻吩硫化物深度脱除中的反应吸附脱硫机理及吸附剂的研究进展

对反应吸附脱硫(RADS)机理及其所用吸附剂进行了归纳总结.结果表明,Ni/ZnO和Cu/ZnO是RADS应用最广泛的吸附剂,ZnO载体较小的晶粒尺寸、较大的比表面积、适宜的活性组分含量有利于吸附剂脱硫性能的提高;RADS过程中,噻吩类含硫化合物先吸附在镍、铜活性位上,生成中间产物镍、铜硫化物,随后被H2还原将S转化为...     

银基活性炭对废轮胎热解油的吸附脱硫机理研究

废轮胎经热解制备得到热解油和热解炭,热解炭活化制得活性炭,并利用Ag⁺对活性炭进行改性制得Ag⁺改性活性炭（Ag/AC）,将Ag/AC用于热解油的吸附脱硫实验,并利用GC/MS对热解油中的含硫化合物进行了分析。研究结果表明：活性炭吸附脱硫的合适温度和时间分别为20℃和12 h,此时未改性活性炭的脱硫率为15.33%;而Ag/AC的脱硫率提高到了38.6%。GC/MS分析发现热解油中有机硫的主要存在形式为噻吩、2-甲基噻吩、苯并噻吩、二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩,其中二苯并噻吩（DBT）的GC含量最高,为2.57%。利用原位红外、核磁共振氢谱、ICP-OES和元素分析等检测手段,进一步探究了Ag⁺与二苯并噻吩模型化合物在溶液中的反应机理,研究发现：二苯并噻吩分子上存在S原子和苯环2个反应位点,当Ag⁺加入二苯并噻吩溶液后,Ag⁺与二苯并噻吩分子上的S原子或者苯环发生配位数为1的配位反应生成2种配合物,分子式分别为Ag（D_S）NO₃和Ag（D_C6H6）NO₃。     

金属离子改性HY-KIT-1脱除柴油中硫化物

以介孔分子筛KIT-1与微孔分子筛HY机械混合作为载体,负载活性组分Ce、Ni、Co,对柴油中的含硫化合物进行吸附分离,采用气相色谱-硫化学发光检测分析柴油脱硫前后噻吩类硫化物的分布.结果表明,柴油中所含的硫化物主要为苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩,其中苯并噻吩占总含量的51.15％,二苯并噻吩占总含量的48.85％.Ce/HY-KIT-1吸附剂的吸附效果最好.     

烃及含硫模型化合物在ZSM-5催化剂上的催化转化性能

以正己烷、环己烷、1-己烯3种烃类和噻吩、3-甲基噻吩和苯并噻吩三种硫化物为模型化合物,考察了烃及含硫模型化合物在ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的催化转化性能。结果表明,在催化剂作用下,烃类模型化合物都具有芳构化和异构化转化性能,芳构化率高低顺序为：烯烃〉环烷烃〉正构烷烃,异构化率高低顺序反之;高温、低压有利于芳构化反应,低温、高压有利于异构化反应;模型硫化物都较易被脱硫,其加氢脱硫活性高低顺序为：噻吩〉烷基取代噻吩〉苯并噻吩,高温、高压有利于他们的脱硫。     

负载骨架镍吸附剂用于苯深度吸附脱硫的研究

以镍铝合金粉及拟薄水铝石为原料制备了用于苯深度脱硫的负载型骨架镍吸附剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氢程序升温还原(H_(2)-TPR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等对吸附剂的物化性质进行表征分析,并对吸附剂深度脱除苯中微量噻吩的性能进行评价。结果表明,负载型骨架镍吸附剂主要通过氧化铝负载的骨架活性金属镍与苯中噻吩硫通过化学吸附作用达到选择吸附脱硫的目的,在吸附温度150℃、吸附压力1.0 MPa、苯中噻吩浓度为100μg·g^(-1)、进料液时空速为2 h^(-1)的条件下,吸附剂对噻吩的穿透吸附容量31.09 mg·g^(-1),饱和吸附容量32.44 mg·g^(-1),吸附脱硫产物苯中噻吩含量检不出,表现出吸附剂具有对苯中噻吩硫化物良好的选择吸附脱硫性能。     

制备因素对CuCl/SiO_2吸附脱硫剂性能的影响

汽油脱硫一直是化工领域备受关注的热点,吸附脱硫是能够达到深度脱硫和能耗较少的脱硫方法,吸附剂性能决定吸附脱硫效果。以大孔二氧化硅为载体,氯化亚铜为活性组分,采用等体积浸渍-焙烧还原法制备CuCl/SiO_2吸附剂,考察焙烧温度、焙烧时间和活性组分负载量对吸附剂吸附脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,在焙烧温度400℃,焙烧时间4 h,氯化亚铜负载质量分数为9.4%的条件下,吸附剂对乙硫醇的吸附量最高达到26.76 mg·g~(-1)。吸附剂对于不同的硫化物(噻吩、苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩)均有一定的吸附,尺寸较小的硫化物,吸附呈现尺寸越小吸附量越多的趋势,此时起主要作用的是空间位阻效应;硫化物尺寸较大时,吸附的强弱主要来自于电子密度的强弱。     

Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of benzothiophene with hydrogen peroxide over Fe/AC in a biphasic model diesel-acetonitrile system

Catalytic oxidative desulfurization (Cat-ODS) of benzothiophene (BT) in n-octane has been investigated with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) over catalysts of activated carbon (AC) supported iron oxide under mild conditions. The catalyst was characterized by N₂ adsorption, XRD, SEM/EDS, TPR and XPS. Under the best operating condition for the catalytic oxidative desulfurization—temperature 60 °C, atmospheric pressure, 0.15 g Fe/AC, 18 molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to sulfur, using acetonitrile as extraction solvent for double extraction—the sulfur content in model diesel fuel (MDF) was reduced from 700 ppmw to 30 ppmw with 95.66% of total sulfur was removed.     

Low Temperature Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulfide into Hydrogen and Diatomic Gaseous Sulfur

A new catalytic reaction of hydrogen sulfide decomposition is discovered, the reaction occurs on metal catalysts in gas phase according to equation $$2{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{S}} \leftrightarrow 2{\text{H}}_{2} + {\text{S}}_{2}^{{({\text{gas}})}}$$ 2 H 2 S ? 2 H 2 + S 2 ( gas ) to produce hydrogen and gaseous diatomic sulfur, conversion of hydrogen sulfide at room temperature is close to 15 %. The thermodynamic driving force of the reaction is the formation of the chemical sulfur–sulfur bond between two hydrogen sulfide molecules adsorbed on two adjacent metal atoms in the key surface intermediate and elimination of hydrogen into gas phase. “Fingerprints” of diatomic sulfur adsorbed on the solid surfaces and dissolved in different solvents are studied. In closed vessels in adsorbed or dissolved states, this molecule is stable for a long period of time (weeks). A possible electronic structure of diatomic gaseous sulfur in the singlet state is considered. According to DFT/CASSCF calculations, energy of the singlet state of S₂ molecule is over the triplet ground state energy for 10.4/14.4 kcal/mol. Some properties of gaseous diatomic sulfur are also investigated. Catalytic solid systems, both bulk and supported on porous carriers, are developed. When hydrogen sulfide is passing through the solid catalyst immersed in liquid solvent which is capable of dissolving sulfur generated, conversion of hydrogen sulfide at room temperature achieves 100 %, producing hydrogen in gas phase. This gives grounds to consider hydrogen sulfide as inexhaustible potential source of hydrogen—a very valuable chemical reagent and environmentally friendly energy product.     

Oxidative desulfurization of simulated light fuel oil and untreated kerosene

An experimental investigation was conducted on the oxidative desulfurization of model sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophene and benzothiophene in toluene as a simulated light fuel oil with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and various acids as the catalyst. The influences of various parameters including reaction temperature (T), acid to sulfur molar ratio (Acid/S), oxidant to sulfur molar ratio (O/S), type of acid, and the presence of sodium tungstate and commercial activated carbon as a co-catalyst on the fractional conversion of the model sulfur compounds were investigated. The experimental data obtained were used to determine the reaction rate constant of the model sulfur compounds and the corresponding activation energy. Moreover, the adsorption of model sulfur compounds on the commercial activated carbons supplied by Jacobi Co. (Sweden, AquaSorb 101) was studied and the effects of different parameters such as temperature, and various chemical treatments on the adsorption of the sulfur compounds were investigated. Furthermore, the oxidative desulfurization of untreated kerosene with the total sulfur content of 1700 ppmw produced by an Iranian refining company (Isfahan refinery) was successfully investigated. These experiments were performed using formic acid as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant at the mild operating conditions of T = 50 °C, O/S = 5, and the Acid/S = 10. It was realized that about 87% of the total sulfur content of untreated kerosene could be removed after 30 min oxidation followed by liquid–liquid extraction.     

Ultra-deep desulfurization and denitrogenation of diesel fuel by selective adsorption over three different adsorbents: A study on adsorptive selectivity and mechanism

Adsorptive desulfurization and denitrogenation were studied using a model diesel fuel, which contains sulfur, nitrogen and aromatic compounds, over three typical adsorbents (activated carbon, activated alumina and nickel-based adsorbent) in a fixed-bed adsorption system. The adsorptive capacity and selectivity for the various compounds were examined and compared on the basis of the breakthrough curves. The electronic properties of the adsorbates were calculated by a semi-empirical quantum chemical method and compared with their adsorption selectivity. Different adsorptive selectivities in correlation with the electronic properties of the compounds provided new insight into the fundamental understanding of the adsorption mechanism over different adsorbents. For the supported nickel adsorbent, the direct interaction between the heteroatom in the adsorbates and the surface nickel plays an important role. The adsorption selectivity on the activated alumina depends dominantly on the molecular electrostatic potential and the acidic–basic interaction. The activated carbon shows higher adsorptive capacity and selectivity for both sulfur and nitrogen compounds, especially for the sulfur compounds with methyl substituents, such as 4,6-methyldibenzothiophene. Hydrogen bond interaction might play an important role in adsorptive desulfurization and denitrogenation over the activated carbon. Different adsorbents may be suitable for separating different sulfur compounds from different hydrocarbon streams.     

活性炭用于柴油深度脱硫研究进展

综述了活性炭作为吸附剂和催化剂在柴油深度脱硫方面应用的新进展。通过表面热氧化和负载金属离子对活性炭表面进行化学性能改性,有效提高对柴油中噻吩类硫化物的吸附性能。活性炭作为催化剂,能有效催化过氧化氢和氧化柴油中的噻吩类硫化物而达到催化氧化脱硫。活性炭在柴油深度脱硫方面具有广阔的应用前景,但要真正实现其在脱硫上的工业化应用,尚需加强其表面化学性能改性、再生、吸附和催化氧化机理等方面的研究。     

天然矿物共混活性焦联合低温脱硫脱硝

以P1/Ti2-15@AC天然矿物共混改性活性焦,模拟研究移动床反应器系统中活性焦联合脱硫脱硝反应过程。研究结果表明,采用新型天然矿物共混改性活性焦,结合加热再生设计,可以很好地将烟气脱硫和脱硝过程结合,从而实现高效率、低成本的一体化联合脱硫脱硝。研究表明,循环脱硫再生后P1/Ti2-15@AC-Rn的脱硝活性得到显著提升,P1/Ti2-15@AC-R1和P1/Ti2-15@AC-R2的脱硝NO转化率接近100.0%,第三次再生后降低至85.0%左右并保持基本稳定。这主要是因为脱硫再生后活性焦表面酸性C—O、C—S等酸性官能团增加,增强了脱硝时活性焦表面NH₃的吸附过程,从而提升脱硝反应效率。     

活性炭担载金属氧化物用于热煤气脱硫

以热煤气脱硫并回收单质硫为目的,考察了活性炭担载金属氧化物(M/AC)在中温范围150—250℃内,催化氧化硫化氢生成单质硫的研究。担载量1%(质量分数)的M/AC通过等体积浸渍法制得,在固定床上评价了其脱硫活性,并考察了温度、反应气氛等工艺条件对脱硫效果的影响。M/AC脱硫的活性顺序为:Mn/ACCu/ACCe/ACFe/ACCo/ACV/AC。通过DTG分析,硫化氢选择性氧化的主要产物是单质硫。M/AC上金属氧化物起主要的催化作用,催化硫化氢和氧气反应生成单质硫,生成的单质硫被吸附在活性炭的孔道中。     

W改性SiO2催化剂催化氧化脱除苯并噻吩的性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了W改性SiO2催化剂,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、N2吸附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对催化剂进行表征。以苯并噻吩(BT)/石油醚模拟油为原料、H2O2为氧化剂,研究了催化剂催化氧化脱硫性能,考察了溶剂及用量、反应温度、氧化剂用量、催化剂用量、反应时间对苯并噻吩脱硫率的影响。结果表明,催化剂中W以WO3晶相存在,引入W后催化剂的比表面积有所降低。在模拟油原料20 mL、催化剂用量0.04 g、H2O2/S摩尔比8、乙腈/模拟油体积比0.3∶1、65℃下反应60 min时,模拟油脱硫率可达99.6%。     

Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of diesel utilizing hydrogen peroxide and functionalized-activated carbon in a biphasic diesel-acetonitrile system

This paper presents the development of granular functionalized-activated carbon as catalysts in the catalytic oxidative desulfurization (Cat-ODS) of commercial Malaysian diesel using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. Granular functionalized-activated carbon was prepared from oil palm shell using phosphoric acid activation method and carbonized at 500 °C and 700 °C for 1 h. The activated carbons were characterized using various analytical techniques to study the chemistry underlying the preparation and calcination treatment. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms exhibited the characteristic of microporous structure with some contribution of mesopore property. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results showed that higher activation temperature leads to fewer surface functional groups due to thermal decomposition. Micrograph from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope showed that activation at 700 °C creates orderly and well developed pores. Furthermore, X-ray Diffraction patterns revealed that pyrolysis has converted crystalline cellulose structure of oil palm shell to amorphous carbon structure. The influence of the reaction temperature, the oxidation duration, the solvent, and the oxidant/sulfur molar ratio were examined. The rates of the catalytic oxidative desulfurization reaction were found to increase with the temperature, and H₂O₂/S molar ratio. Under the best operating condition for the catalytic oxidative desulfurization: temperature 50 °C, atmospheric pressure, 0.5 g activated carbon, 3 mol ratio of hydrogen peroxide to sulfur, 2 mol ratio of acetic acid to sulfur, 3 oxidation cycles with 1 h for each cycle using acetonitrile as extraction solvent, the sulfur content in diesel was reduced from 2189 ppm to 190 ppm with 91.3% of total sulfur removed.