线路板印刷含铜废水浓缩方案研究

印刷线路板生产含铜废水由于水量大、水质复杂导致在实际工程中出现处理难度大,处理成本高的困难,是限制电子工业元器件发展的主要因素之一。生物法工艺的应用对于提高线路板印刷含铜废水浓缩处理效率、降低成本和促进水的循环利用等等方面具有广阔的应用价值和前景。针对传统的方法无法彻底除去线路板印刷中含铜废水的特点,在经过一列的研究和分析采用生物法工艺对其进行深度处理,在试验研究分析中,我们通过污水在反应中的停留时间、pH等参数来优化反应器的运行效果。结果试验表明,在厌氧阶段pH为=7±0.5,温度在30~35度、水力停留的时间为12H;在好痒阶段水力的停留时间为10H,DO的质量浓度为2~4 mg/L,这个处理系统对COD的除去率在85%以上,总铜的除去率持平在80%左右,氨氮的除去率都达到了90%,处理出来的水稳定达到了综合污水的排放标准(GB8978-1996)中的规定的一级排放标准。     

UBF-BAF处理羧甲基纤维素冷凝液特性

采用UBF-BAF组合工艺对多效蒸发食品添加剂羧甲基纤维素(CMC)产生的酸性冷凝液进行生物降解,考察了UBF-BAF组合工艺参数,构建了基于化学需氧量(COD)去除的UBF反应动力学模型,并对UBF和BAF反应器生物膜中的生物学特征进行了解析,初步揭示出UBF-BAF处理CMC冷凝液的特性. 其适宜的运行参数为：UBF的水力停留时间24 h,BAF的水力停留时间5 h,温度20~40℃,pH=6.5~7.5,BAF反冲洗周期5~7 d. 当进水COD浓度为2388~4000 mg/L时,UBF反应器对COD的去除率高于84.26%,BAF反应器对COD的去除率高于80.53%,最终出水达到《污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-2002)》一级排放要求.     

加压生物反应器结合气浮处理医院污水应用研究

加压曝气生物反应装置利用加压的方式,提高了反应器内溶解氧浓度,从而提高污染物去除率。对于医院污水处理,将加压反应器内的压力控制在0.18～0.24 MPa,水力停留时间为2 h,气水体积比为3:1时,反应装置出水中COD、NH3-N和SS去除率分别可达到92.5%、92.0%、82.5%,处理出水COD、NH3-N、SS等指标达到甚至优于国家一级B排放标准。与常压下相比,COD去除率提高11.5%,NH3-N去除率提高49.7%,SS去除率提高44%;系统水力停留时间仅为常规污水生物处理法的约1/3;具有处理效率高、处理时间短、占地面积小等优点。     

生物和物化组合法深度处理草甘膦废水工艺

为了深度处理草甘膦含磷废水使其达到排放标准,采用了固定化微生物厌氧和好氧生物处理以及聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)絮凝物化处理相结合的方法,对化学氧化再用循环活性污泥法(CASS)处理后的草甘膦含磷废水进行了一系列的实验研究。考察了组合工艺各个阶段的停留时间、投加量、反应温度等复合工艺运行参数对结果的影响,优化确定了厌氧-好氧结合的生物法最佳操作参数和物化法的最佳投加量。结果表明,在厌氧停留时间为2h,好氧停留时间为6 h,PAFC投加量为20 mg/L的条件下,经过30 d的连续运行实验,新工艺对废水中化学需氧量(COD)的去除率达到95%,总磷去除率达到90%,氨氮去除率达到98%,且运行效果稳定。     

膜生物反应器处理城市生活污水

采用膜生物反应器(MBR)处理城市污水,在水力停留时间8h,操作压力6kPa条件下,MBR可长期运行.对COD,SS和浊度的去除率分别为92%,99%、100%.出水水质达到国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB8978-1996).     

摇动床A/O法处理石化废水的试验研究

生物膜反应器近年来广泛应用于高浓度生活污水和工业废水的处理.采用日本新型Biofringe(BF)填料与A/O工艺相结合,并利用生物膜反应器的优点,处理石油化工废水.结果表明:水力停留时间为30 h,回流比为2.5的条件下,石油化工废水中COD、NH3-N、TN的平均去除率分别为88%、99%、70%,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放一级标准.     

升流式厌氧污泥床+2级缺氧-好氧工艺处理制膜废水

利用升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)结合2级缺氧-好氧(A/O)处理工艺,对杭州某膜工业公司的制膜废水进行处理。运行结果表明,原水COD为7.1~7.7g/L,UASB的COD容积负荷可达到4 kg/(m3·d),水力停留时间48 h,厌氧反应器COD去除率达到64%以上,A/O系统的COD去除率达到80%左右,整个系统最终出水COD控制在0.5g/L以下,总COD去除率达到92%以上,达到GB 8978-1996废水三级排放标准。     

好氧和厌氧条件下污水中多环麝香去除效果研究

为了比较好氧、厌氧MBR工艺对污水中多环麝香的处理效果,通过改变不同的水力停留时间来考察生活污水中污染物COD、吐纳麝香(AHTN)和佳乐麝香(HHCB)的去除效果以及每个停留时间内水样中和泥样中两种麝香的浓度分布。结果表明,在好氧和厌氧条件下,污水中COD的去除率分别为82.49%和72.10%,HHCB的去除率分别为71.23%和68.97%,AHTN的去除率分别为53.89%和70.55%。随着水力停留时间的增加,好氧条件下水样中两种麝香去除速率在逐渐增加,而厌氧条件下水样中两种麝香的去除率在逐渐降低,说明厌氧条件下HRT的增大对两种麝香的去除作用在降低,得出好氧水解-MBR反应器比厌氧-MBR反应器对HHCB和AHTN的去除率更有效,说明好氧水解-MBR工艺在各方面均强于厌氧-MBR工艺。     

ABR-MAP-MBR组合工艺处理高浓度养殖废水研究

针对养殖废水高悬浮物、高有机物及高氨氮的特点,采用厌氧折流板反应器/磷酸铵镁沉淀/兼氧-好氧膜生物反应器(ABR-MAP-MBR)组合新工艺对其进行中试处理研究,考察生物反应器的启动运行条件;考察水力停留时间(HRT)、水温和溶解氧(DO)等运行参数对养殖场废水各阶段处理效果的影响;考察MAP沉淀法对ABR厌氧出水的NH_4~+去除效果。结果表明:采用阶梯负荷启动策略,60 d完成ABR反应器的启动,厌氧环节在HRT为24 h、水温25~35℃时COD去除率达73.5%;磷酸铵镁沉淀过程中选择氯化镁、磷酸三钠作为沉淀剂,控制Mg~(2+)∶NH_4~+∶PO_4~(3-)摩尔比为1.2∶1∶0.95,pH为8.5~9.0条件下处理ABR厌氧出水,COD、NH_4~+和PO_4~(3-)-P去除率分别为28.2%、85.4%和89.7%;通过对A/O-MBR反应器HRT和DO的条件优化,该单元的COD、SS、NH_4~+和TN等指标的去除率分别为82.0%、95.2%、72.4%和67.7%(HRT=16 h,O区DO≥3.0 mg·L~(-1))。经过组合工艺的综合处理,系统出水各项主要指标(SS、COD、TN和TP等)达到《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596—2001)一级排放标准,表明该新工艺在规模化养殖场废水处理中具有良好的应用前景。     

厌氧-好氧-臭氧-流化床组合工艺处理煤气废水试验研究

采用"厌氧-好氧-臭氧-流化床"组合工艺处理煤气废水,在进水COD<1 500 mg/L、ρ(NH4+-N)<100 mg/L、ρ(总酚)<320 mg/L、ρ(挥发酚)<180 mg/L的条件下,该工艺处理效果明显,对COD、酚和NH4+-N的去除率分别在95%、100%、96%左右。厌氧最佳酸化时间为48 h;好氧最佳水力停留时间为30 h;臭氧预氧化好氧出水,选取1L/min臭氧流量,反应30 min,流化床最佳水力停留时间为20 h。结果表明,"厌氧-好氧-臭氧-流化床"组合工艺不仅简洁、经济而且出水指标可达污水综合排放标准(GB 8978-1996)一级污水排放要求。     

废杂铜的回收与利用

介绍了我禺铜的需求及资源状况,提出了我国废杂铜回收利用的必要性。总结了国惠废杂铜的分类方法和废杂铜回收利用的现状以及废杂铜的回收处理方法,并针对国内废杂铜的回收利用情况提出了意见与建议,希望能够为我国废杂铜的回收利用提供参考。     

熔融铜渣回收铜及铜铁合金工艺研究

本文根据某炼铜熔融炉渣的矿物特性和选矿工艺特点,提出了一种"两步法"新工艺分别回收铜和铜铁合金,即低温阶段回收铜,高温阶段回收铜铁合金。该工艺对铜和铜铁合金提取比较充分,回收率均在90%以上。回收铜的品位可达99%,可直接送去火法精炼;产出的铜铁合金有害杂质少,可作为耐候钢的理想原料,其价值比纯铁高。此工艺用粉状或粒状非焦煤代替焦炭作还原剂,不用烧结,可以充分利用铜厂现有的设备,节省投资成本。该工艺简单易行,操作方便,有效实现了铜渣的资源化利用,具有良好的经济、社会和环境效益,是一种应用前景广阔的铜渣再利用工艺。     

Copper removal during formation of corrosion resistant alkaline oxide coatings on Al–Cu–Mg alloys

The performance of corrosion resistant inorganic oxide coatings formed on Al–Cu–Mg alloys is often degraded by Cu enrichment that occurs during oxide formation. This is particularly true of coating processes conducted in basic solutions. A modification to an alkaline oxide coating process has been made that simultaneously eliminates Cu enrichment and forms a corrosion resistant coating. In this paper, the modified process is described and the resulting coating morphology, structure and composition are reported. Results from electrochemical and exposure corrosion tests show that useful gains in corrosion resistance are achieved. Cu removal during the modified process is rationalized using an argument based on the increase in Cu solubility that occurs in solutions with a pHgreater than the solubility minimum for Cu (9.8), and the effect of Cu complexing by carbonate.     

Copper nucleation on titanium for thin film applications

Copper nucleation and growth on titanium substrates from concentrated acidic copper sulfate solutions was studied at 45 and 65C and high cathodic potentials. Electrochemical experiments allied to SEM examination were performed to characterize the mechanism of nucleation and its evolution with time. Particular emphasis was given to the influence of potential and agitation on the initial stages of nucleation and growth. Results indicated that most of copper nucleation on titanium from a 83g dm^–3 Cu²⁺ solution, at 65 C, is achieved in a matter of milliseconds. As expected, the initial stages of the copper nucleation and growth is strongly dependent of potential and temperature, and the influence of agitation is only evident at very high potentials. The calculated diffusion coefficients for Cu²⁺ at 45 and 65 C, under the experimental conditions, were found to be 9.16 × 10^–6 and 1.62 × 10^–5cm² s^–1, respectively.     

An Analysis of Contemporary Copper Recycling in China

Copper consumption increased very quickly in China in recent years, which could not be met by inland copper industry. In order to achieve a sustainable development of copper industry, an analysis of copper recycling in China was necessary. For the life cycle of copper products a copper-flow diagram with time factor was worked out and the contemporary copper recycling in China was analyzed, from which the following data were obtained. The average life cycle of copper products was 30 years. From 1998 to 2002, the use ratio of copper scraps in copper production, the use ratio of copper scraps in copper manufacture, the materials self-support ratio in copper production, and the materials self-support ratio in copper manufacture were 26.50%, 15.49%, 48.05% and 59.41%, respectively. The materials self-support ratios in copper production and manufacture declined year by year in recent years on the whole, and the latter dropped more quickly. The average index of copper ore and copper scrap from 1998 to 2002 were 0.8475 t/t and 0.0736 t/t, respectively; and copper resource efficiency was 1.1855 t/t. Some efforts should be paid to reduce copper ores consumption and promote copper scraps regeneration. Copper scraps were mostly imported from foreign countries because of shortage in recent years in China. Here the reasons related to copper scraps deficiency were also demonstrated. But we can forecast: when copper production was in a slow rise or in a steady state in China, the deficiency of copper scraps may be mitigated; when copper production was in a steady state for a very long time, copper scraps may become relatively abundant. According to the status of copper industry in China, the raw materials of copper production and manufacture have to depend on oversea markets heavily in recent years, and at the same time, the copper scraps using proportion and efficiency in copper industry should be improved.     

铜及铜合金着色

简述了铜及铜合金着色的原理.总结了铜及铜合金着黑色、褐色、绿色、蓝色的工艺配方及操作条件,介绍了手工点涂铜绿(铜锈)、双色点蚀(先着黑色再点蚀铜绿)、套色、着土黄铜绿色等多种特殊的着色工艺.     

液相空气氧化法制取硫酸铜工艺的研究

对液相空气氧化法制取硫酸铜的生产条件进行了研究。在实验基础上，提出了中酸度高温空气氧化法生产硫酸铜的新工艺。     

Comments on “The effect of ZnO in methanol synthesis catalysts on Cu dispersion and the specific activity” [by T. Fujitani and J. Nakamura]

Fujitani and Nakamura recently reported on the effect of ZnO on Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalysts (Catal. Lett. 56 (1998) 119). Having measured the methanol synthesis activity of a series of Cu/ZnO catalysts of different Cu/ZnO ratios, they reported a linear relationship between the copper metal area and the methanol yield (implying a fixed value of the copper specific activity) and paradoxically they also reported a volcano-type relationship between the copper specific activity in methanol synthesis and the ZnO content. This paradox is resolved by showing that their Cu/ZnO catalysts fall into two groups: (i) the low-surface-area copper catalysts which have a specific activity of 10 mg CH₃OH/m²-Cu h and (ii) the high-surface-area copper catalysts which have specific activity of 14.8 mg CH₃OH/m²-Cu h. These different specific activities derive from different surface morphologies of the copper in these catalysts. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

某铜矿选矿实验研究

为了开发某铜矿资源,对其进行了可行性实验研究.根据矿石物相分析结果,采用硫化铜与氧化铜混合浮选工艺,并选用新型高效浮选药剂,可获得铜精品位20.29%,收率70.68%的铜精矿.