金属塑性成形三维有限元模拟软件3D - PFS的开发

金属塑性成形过程的三维有限元模拟仿真是否有效的关键在于快速适用的算法和有效的模拟系统.介绍了自主开发的三维刚塑性/刚粘塑性有限元模拟分析软件3D-PFs的组成及关键技术问题的处理,并给出了计算实例.结果表明:利用该系统可实现对体积和板料成形过程的模拟分析,获得成形过程中材料在模腔中的流动情况及成形规律,该系统是研究金属塑性成形的有效工具.     

磁头与离散磁道式磁盘瞬态接触行为研究

 离散磁道式磁盘在与磁头瞬态接触过程中极易损坏.为改善离散磁道式磁盘的瞬态接触状况,采用有限元仿真方法,建立了平整化前后离散磁道式磁盘与磁头的瞬态接触模型,分析了平整化前后离散磁道式磁盘接触应力分布特点,研究了磁头冲击速度、径向速度、磁盘表面摩擦系数等接触条件及平整化对离散磁道式磁盘最大等效塑性应变、塑性应变总体积的影响.结果表明：磁头冲击速度、寻道速度增大均可导致磁盘最大等效塑性应变、塑性应变总体积增大;摩擦系数增大可增大磁道最大等效塑性应变、减小塑性应变总体积;在接触初期,平整化离散磁道式磁盘可以减小磁道最大接触应力,缓解应力集中现象;在接触全过程中,平整化离散磁道式磁盘可以减小磁道最大等效塑性应变及塑性应变总体积;平整化所用2种弹性模量等力学特性不同的填充材料,即磁道材料与类金刚石碳,对于磁道接触状况的改善作用区别较小.以上结论可为降低离散磁道式磁盘的破坏程度提供理论指导．     

采用吊垂式拉伸试验机探讨超塑性变形速度的提高方式

在吊锤式拉伸试验机上研究了2024铝合金在自由延伸过程中每个时期的应变速度与显微组织的变化,发现经过恒速应变后,金属的超塑性变形会出现应变速度不断加快,实际应变速度比恒速应变速度可提高1.25个数量级.并提出:材料在低温、高应变速度下难以获得理想的超塑性效果;在提高超塑性成形速度的同时,适当升高变形温度,可使工件超塑性恒温锻造的应变速度提高8～10倍.     

超声振动辅助塑性成形及形性预测研究进展

随着微机电系统等领域的快速发展,对零件成形精度与性能的要求日益增加。超声振动辅助塑性成形是一种典型的能场辅助塑性成形工艺,相比于传统塑性成形工艺,具有流动应力低、材料成形能力高、界面摩擦少、成形质量较好等优势,被广泛应用于难成形材料加工、微成形、复杂构件成形等塑性成形过程。然而,由于不同塑性成形工艺中金属的变形行为特性存在较大差异,对塑性成形质量与成形性能进行预测有利于实现成形过程的形性协同控制。介绍了超声振动辅助塑性成形在体积成形工艺（镦粗、挤压、拉拔等）与板料成形工艺（拉伸、拉深、渐进成形、冲压等）中的应用及发展概况,讨论了超声振动对材料塑性变形过程中宏观表现与微观演化的影响。在已有研究基础上,重点分析了超声振动辅助塑性成形过程中成形能力预测（流动应力、成形极限等方面）和成形性能预测（表面性能、力学性能、微观组织等方面）的研究进展,为金属零部件成形高质量形性调控提供理论参考,并展望了超声辅助塑性成形工艺的发展趋势。     

板材超塑性拉延过程的数值模拟

板料超塑性成形是一种全新的成形方法.用刚塑性有限元法对Zn-22Al合金U形拉延过程进行了数值模拟,分析了变形过程中工件的应力、应变、摩擦和厚度分布,揭示了成形过程中金属的塑性变形规律,为成形工艺设计提供了有效的分析工具.     

TiAl基合金的超塑性力学性能

超塑性力学性能是合理制定超塑性成形工艺和正确选用模具材料的理论依据。总结了国内外在TiAl基合金超塑性研究中所获得的各种条件下的超塑性力学性能。内容包括应变速率敏感性因子、超塑性延伸率和典型的真应力-真应变关系。最后，对TiAl其合金超塑性成形的应用前景进行了展望。     

泊松比与体积应变和轴向应变的关系

通过对等直杆微元体的变形进行分析,得到了泊松比与体积应变和轴向应变之间的函数关系式。依据该关系式分析得出结论:对于变形过程中体积变化较小的材料,泊松比接近上限0.5;对于变形过程中体积变化较大的材料,泊松比接近下限0;弹塑性泊松比介于弹性泊松比和塑性泊松比之间。     

n.m.r值与金属板的成形性

确定金属板成形性可以应用如下材料参数:应变硬化指数n,应变速度敏感性指数m和塑性应变比r。因为它们影响应变的分布及缩颈扩展的阻力,对金属板成形至关重要。基于成形性和应变硬化行为(n、m、r)以及材料冶金学性能之间的关系,金属板的成形性可以通过工艺参数的控制得到改善。文中阐述了n、m值对单轴塑性流动的影响,以及平面应变状态塑性失稳判据。并提出了通过常规拉力试验获得失稳应力的作图方法.应用n,m、r值将铝、黄铜、软钢的成形性作了比较;指出体心立方晶型(如钢)更多地受到择优取向的影响。在面心立方晶型中(如铝、黄铜)晶粒尺寸的影响则不可忽视。     

热塑性成形唯象应力-应变本构方程

在高温实验基础上,提出一种建立材料高温塑性成形全过程的唯象本构关系的方法,获得42CrMo及T3两种典型材料的热塑性加工过程应力-应变本构方程.为材料成形工艺及数值模拟提供不可缺少的基本保障条件.     

光塑性模型材料聚碳酸酯的光学力学性能

本文较详细地叙述了国产双酚A型聚碳酸酯材料的塑性应变“固结”性能及其力学、光学和热性能。对聚碳酸酯用作光塑性模型材料的可信性进行了研究,认为该材料可有效地用于模拟黑色金属(低碳钢或低碳合金钢)在塑性成形加工过程中变形体内部的塑性(残余)应变场和塑性流变场,经特殊处理后该材料还可用于模拟铝、铜及其合金的塑性变形过程。就实验程序的简化和按比例模型过渡到原型的结果获得明显的成功来说,这种材料亦是十分理想的。     

核主泵转子屏蔽套真空热胀形原理及技术

目的 为保证真空热胀形工艺对屏蔽套的成形精度,进而保证后续的套装质量,研究真空热胀形工艺的矫形能力及成形原理.方法 利用有限元软件MSC.Marc,建立了核主泵转子屏蔽套热胀形过程的二维轴对称热力耦合有限元模型,通过对焊接后屏蔽套测量得到模型中屏蔽套尺寸,通过此模型计算了屏蔽套在热胀形过程中的温度场、应力场、应变场及径向位移场,预测了屏蔽套胀形后的形状,分析了热胀形对屏蔽套的矫形原理,并对屏蔽套进行了真空热胀形实验,从而对有限元模型的可靠性进行验证.结果 计算结果表明,热胀形过程中,屏蔽套上发生了较大的塑性应变和蠕变应变,热胀形后,屏蔽套的内径在276.879～276.883 mm之间.实验结果表明,热胀形实验后屏蔽套的半径分布与有限元模型计算结果符合良好.结论 热胀形工艺通过使屏蔽套发生塑性变形和蠕变变形,实现了对屏蔽套尺寸及形状的精确控制,其中,塑性变形是热胀形工艺可以对屏蔽套上的形状缺陷进行治理的原因.     

2D adaptive mesh methodology for the simulation of metal forming processes with damage

In this work, a fully adaptive 2D numerical methodology is proposed in order to simulate with accuracy various metal forming processes. The methodology is based on fully coupled advanced finite strain constitutive equations accounting for the main physical phenomena such as large plastic deformation, non-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening, ductile isotropic damage and contact with friction. The adaptivity concerns the space discretization using FEM as well as the applied loading sequences. Mesh size distribution is based on various error indicators making use of the hessian of the plastic strain rate combined with a specific damage error function and a specific local curvature error function evaluated at contact boundaries. 2D mesh size can be refined or coarsened when necessary according to these error indicators. Particularely, the smallest size is found to be inside the zones where the damage is highly active. The applied loading paths are also adaptively decomposed into various sequences depending on both number and size of the fully damaged elements. The adaptive procedure is validated through various sheet and bulk metal forming examples. In this paper, a plane stress tensile test, an axisymmetric blanking process of two materials with different ductilities and a cold extrusion process are presented.     

盘类锻件成形过程变形模式的模块化分析

针对塑性体积成形过程复杂且金属流动行为难于分析的现状,从塑性加工力学角度,首次将复杂盘类锻件模锻成形过程的不同阶段和区域抽象分解为圆柱压缩、圆环压缩和类挤压3个基本变形模式,使盘类锻件模锻问题的分析模块化.抽象构造出三维复杂构件模型,针对模锻成形过程的不同阶段和区域,利用基本变形模式的成形规律对其进行深入分析,给出了耦合成形过程中金属变形及流动的规律,及不同模腔内金属流动分界面的形状和塑性区的分布特征.通过深入分析不同变形模式及互相耦合流动行为,揭示了盘类构件模锻成形过程中金属的变形流动规律,为盘类锻件精确塑性成形的变形流动控制提供理论据.     

Effect of constitutive laws on plane strain ideal flow design: an analytical example

Summary. The major objective of this paper is to clarify the effect of constitutive laws on bulk forming design based on the ideal flow theory. The latter theory is in general applicable for perfectly/plastic materials. However, its kinematics equations constitute a closed-form system, which are valid for any incompressible materials, therefore enabling us to extend design solutions based on the perfectly/plastic constitutive law to more realistic laws with rate sensitive hardening behavior. In the present paper, several constitutive laws commonly accepted for the modeling of cold and hot metal forming processes are considered and the effect of these laws on one particular plane strain design is demonstrated. The closed form solution obtained describes a nontrivial nonsteady ideal process. The design solutions based on the ideal flow theory are not unique. To achieve the uniqueness, the criterion that the plastic work required to deform the initial shape of a given class of shapes into a prescribed final shape attains its minimum is adopted. Comparison with a non-ideal process is also made.     

Deformation behaviour of bulk materials during repetitive upsetting-extrusion (RUE)

Repetitive upsetting-extrusion (RUE) that was originally invented to process powder materials for bulk mechanical alloying is currently being used to process bulk materials. Bulk materials are subjected to severe plastic deformation using the same die design that was used to process powder materials. As the deformation behaviour of powder and bulk materials are quite different, it has to be evaluated whether a single die design is suitable to process both these materials. Further, information on the deformation behaviour and strain homogeneity that can be achieved by subjecting bulk materials to RUE process are also currently not available. To address these issues, both numerical analysis and actual experiments on commercial pure copper has been carried out. The results obtained are presented and discussed here     

多点复合渐进成形与单点渐进成形的对比分析

为提高金属板材渐进成形的成形质量、成形精度、成形效率和成形极限,了解不同渐进成形工艺对制件成形性能的影响,本文以典型方锥台制件为研究对象,利用有限元软件MSC.Marc对2种渐进成形工艺进行了三维建模,对比分析了单点渐进成形和多点复合渐进成形对制件等效塑性应变、厚度分布和成形精度的影响.数值模拟结果表明:单点渐进成形的等效塑性应变和厚度减薄主要集中在制件相邻侧壁间的拐角处,而多点复合渐进成形的等效塑性应变和厚度减薄均匀地分布在制件成形区;相同成形工艺参数下,相比单点渐进成形,多点复合渐进成形更有利于制件的成形效率、成形质量、成形精度和成形极限的提高,更有利于抑制破裂等失稳现象的产生.2种渐进成形工艺的成形试验表明,数值模拟结果与试验相符.     

铝合金双曲率薄壁件电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺方案设计与开发

目的 针对铝合金双曲率薄壁件传统拉伸成形工艺成形均匀性差的问题,提出一种采用电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形的高精度成形工艺。方法 设计电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺方案,基于有限元仿真软件LS-DYNA R13.0,建立拉伸成形和电磁成形有限元模型。通过数值仿真研究线圈移动路径和放电电压组合对成形质量的影响以及薄壁件的整体贴模成形过程和等效塑性应变。结果 与单程放电相比,双程放电能够大幅度提高板材变形均匀性。与以中间值电压连续放电以及先大电压后小电压的放电电压组合相比,在先小电压后大电压的放电电压组合下,板材的成形质量更高。选择线圈双程顺序移动路径和7 kV-10 kV放电电压组合,通过10次拉伸和9层54次放电,得到了减薄率仅为3%的贴模性良好的双曲率薄壁件。变形量基本呈现随着放电层数的增加而不断降低的趋势。电磁放电仅扩展更大的塑性应变区域,不改变已贴模区板材的塑性应变值。结论 与拉伸成形相比,电磁渐进辅助拉伸成形工艺有效提高了板材的塑性变形程度并极大控制了回弹的发生。     

The effect of cyclic prestraining on the fatigue life and the microstructural evolution of fatigued copper polycrystals

Almost all engineering materials undergo a mechanical pre-treatment during forming process. For this reason, the effect of prestraining on fatigue life and microstructure evolution was investigated at different stages of cycling up to failure. In this context, several specimens were tested under various plastic strain amplitudes in air and vacuum environments. The obtained results showed that the fatigue life is not affected by prestraining. In addition, microscopic analysis revealed that the characteristic dislocation microstructure of a virgin specimen fatigued at constant plastic strain amplitude is never observed after prestraining. Furthermore, the equiaxed dislocation cell structure tended to form very quickly with cumulative plastic deformation.     

身管径向精密锻造的塑性应变分析与锻造比研究

目的研究身管径向精密锻造中,不同变形阶段的锻造比与塑性应变的关系,以及内膛成形的条件。方法提出了局部锻造比的概念,推导了整体锻造比和局部锻造比的关系。基于局部锻造比,给出了单次锻打所产生的塑性应变增量,求出了径向锻造过程的全场塑性应变的解析解。将弹线膛同时锻造成形的过程分为下沉段和锻造段,探讨了下沉段和锻造段的锻造比对各自塑性变形的影响,提出了内膛成形的必要条件,并用实际身管锻打进行了试验验证。结果每个截面沿轴向的变形都是均匀的拉应变,其值和锻造比成正比;径向和周向应变随着径向位置而变化,且和半径的平方成反比。结论下沉段的锻造比过大对内膛成形不利,增大锻造段的锻造比有利于内膛的成形。     

Analysis of the formability magnesium alloys using a new ductile fracture criterion

An innovative methodology for the determination of forming limits is proposed, based on the strain energy density criterion. In the first section of this paper a modification of the strain energy density criterion, that has mainly been applied for crack propagation in fracture mechanics, is performed, in order to become applicable in metal forming processes. In the second section, experimental methods and Finite Element (FE) analysis for the case of deep drawing forming process are used for the verification of the methodology. Based on the simulation methodology, the forming limits and some process parameters namely, forming temperature, punch radius, punch profile radius and strain rate sensitivity of magnesium alloys AZ31 and WE43 are determined. The optimization results for the studied case show that magnesium alloys have limited formability especially at room temperature; however the formability can be improved by forming at higher temperatures. Finally, formability is improved as the punch and punch profile radii increase up to an optimum value.