NEPE推进剂低温力学性能研究

为分析硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂低温力学性能,通过低温和低温恢复常温单轴拉伸试验,考察了低温条件下NEPE推进剂力学性能的变化情况。采用原位拉伸扫描电镜和环境扫描电镜分别观察了推进剂拉伸过程中和拉断后的微观表面形貌,对比分析了推进剂的动态力学性能。结果表明:在低温拉伸条件下,NEPE推进剂主要表现为基体撕裂;而在低温恢复常温拉伸条件下,主要以颗粒与基体的"脱湿"破坏为主。在低温和低温恢复常温条件下的推进剂力学性能变化不大,结合定应变实验结果,表明NEPE推进剂低温下具有较强的抵抗损伤能力。     

Ⅰ类AP初始缺陷对丁羟推进剂力学性能的影响

分别以两种Ⅰ类高氯酸铵(AP)为氧化剂,采用立式混合及真空喷淋浇注工艺制备了两种丁羟推进剂(HTPB);采用扫描电镜(SEM)研究了AP的微观形貌及HTPB推进剂的拉伸断面;探讨了推进剂在拉伸过程中的破坏机理;考察了不同形貌的AP在常温(20℃)和低温(-40℃)下对HTPB推进剂单向拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明,有初始微观形貌缺陷的Ⅰ类AP局部有微裂纹或明显的突出点,且该类AP所制备的推进剂"脱湿"现象严重;拉伸断面出现AP的穿晶断裂现象,使得推进剂在常温(20℃)下的抗拉强度由0.99MPa降至0.88MPa,延伸率由48.2%降至36.6%;低温(-40℃)下的抗拉强度由2.86MPa降至2.32MPa,延伸率由62.5%降至23.5%。     

组分对高能HTPB推进剂燃烧性能和力学性能的影响

通过调整氧化剂AP粒径与含量、键合剂及R值,研究了固体质量分数为90%的HTPB推进剂的燃烧性能和力学性能.结果表明,在HTPB推进剂能量性能得到提高的同时,推进剂的燃烧性能和力学性能也得到了较好的保证.高固体含量下HTPB推进剂的燃烧和力学性能随配方调节呈现出较为明显的规律.推进剂的燃烧性能稳定,燃速和压力指数可调,压力指数控制在0.30～0.40;分别测定了高温(60 ℃)、常温(20 ℃)和低温(-40 ℃)力学性能,高温、低温和常温下的拉伸强度一般均大于1.0 MPa,低温延伸率最高可达74.7%.     

组分对高能HTPB推进剂燃烧性能和力学性能的影响

通过调整氧化剂AP粒径与含量、键合剂及R值，研究了固体质量分数为90％的HTPB推进剂的燃烧性能和力学性能。结果表明，在HTPB推进剂能量性能得到提高的同时，推进剂的燃烧性能和力学性能也得到了较好的保证。高固体含量下HTPB推进剂的燃烧和力学性能随配方调节呈现出较为明显的规律。推进剂的燃烧性能稳定，燃速和压力指数可调，压力指数控制在0．30～0．40；分别测定了高温（60℃）、常温（20℃）和低温（-40℃）力学性能，高温、低温和常温下的拉伸强度一般均大于1．0MPa，低温延伸率最高可达74．7％。     

NEPE推进剂拉伸断裂行为研究

通过单向拉伸力学性能实验,考察了不同测试温度和不同拉伸速率条件下NEPE推进剂力学性能的变化情况。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和原位拉伸SEM观察了推进剂拉伸断面形貌。结果表明,在低温测试条件下,NEPE推进剂最大伸长率较常温条件下显著降低,最大抗拉强度较常温和高温条件下显著升高,NEPE推进剂的破坏主要表现在黏合剂的撕裂和固体颗粒的断裂;在高温、慢拉伸速率的测试条件下,推进剂断裂时结构被破坏的程度较大,NEPE推进剂的破坏首先发生在固体颗粒堆积处,再到黏合剂网络结构。推进剂断裂的过程是推进剂拉伸取向与裂纹扩展之间的竞争过程。     

不同温度条件下HTPB推进剂干燥恢复研究

以在30℃、RH为100%条件下湿老化5 d的丁羟(HTPB)推进剂试样为研究对象,分别进行了在10、30、50℃3种温度下的干燥恢复试验,测试了干燥恢复过程中推进剂试样的失水率和力学性能。综合分析了试验数据,得到了不同温度下干燥时初始阶段推进剂试样的失水率、抗拉强度恢复速率,以及各力学性能参量恢复度90%且伸长率比值1.2的恢复时间。对抗拉强度测试中得到的断面照片进行了对比和分析,将样品30℃干燥恢复1、4、9 d后的单向拉伸曲线绘制在一张图上进行比较寻找规律,在对试验数据和试验现象分析总结的基础上探讨了HTPB推进剂干燥恢复过程中氢键的作用规律。     

湿度对HTPB复合推进剂力学性能的影响

通过常温湿度试验,研究了HTPB复合推进剂力学性能随试验时间的变化规律.试验证明,湿度使HTPB推进剂的力学性能大幅度下降;经干燥后,其力学性能能够得到部分恢复.用扫描电镜对常温湿度试验前后推进剂的表面状态和拉伸断口进行了对比分析,结果表明,试验后推进剂表面的AP粒子形状有明显改变,拉伸断口上的AP粒子裸露面增大,粒子脱落坑表面光滑、规整.由此得出HTPB推进剂吸湿后,通过干燥方法不能使其力学性能恢复到原始状态.     

HTPB推进剂湿热加速老化实验研究

对HTPB推进剂进行了不同湿热条件下的加速老化实验,并测量了不同老化时间推进剂的失重百分数、力学性能以及恢复吸湿后力学性能的恢复情况,描述了湿热老化实验过程中的实验现象,结合温度和湿度对推进剂作用机理,对实验现象、力学性能的变化和恢复情况进行了分析。结果表明：HTPB推进剂在湿热老化过程中发生了组分分解、降解和迁移,同时产生“晶析”现象;湿热老化过程可以分为三个阶段,其中第一阶段为吸湿占主导的阶段,第三阶段为氧化交联占主导的阶段,第二阶段与湿热老化的应力水平有关,温度≥60℃、湿度≥75%RH条件下为高聚物断链稍占优势的阶段,60℃/65%RH条件下为氧化交联稍占优势的阶段;不同湿热老化条件对HTPB推进剂失重的影响机理不同,85%RH湿度条件下以吸湿占主导作用,≤75%RH湿度条件下吸湿、组分的分解和迁移随老化时间分阶段起作用,温度对化学变化起加速作用;物理老化引起的力学性能几乎可以完全恢复,由化学老化引起的性能退化无法恢复。     

湿热环境下HTPB推进剂的吸湿性能

在60℃/75%RH、60℃/85%RH、70℃/75%RH和70℃/85%RH环境下对HTPB推进剂进行了吸湿试验,测定了吸湿率和力学性能参数,分析了吸湿规律、吸湿影响因素和力学性能恢复能力。结果表明,HTPB推进剂在湿热环境下的吸湿不同于常温吸湿;不同湿度下的吸湿率变化规律具有明显差异,75%RH环境下吸湿率呈现出先上升后下降的变化规律,而85%RH环境下吸湿率只呈现出上升规律。高温和高湿环境对推进剂吸湿性能影响显著,去湿处理后推进剂力学性能不能完全恢复。     

键合剂对HTPE推进剂力学性能的影响

采用单向拉伸试验研究了小分子键合剂(JX01、JX02)、大分子键合剂(ZX01、ZX02)对端羟基共聚醚(HTPE)推进剂力学性能的影响。结果表明:采用JX01时,HTPE推进剂的高温(70℃)、常温抗拉强度偏低,高温最大伸长率30%,低温(–45℃)出现"脱湿"现象;采用JX02时,HTPE推进剂可获得较佳的常温、低温力学性能,但高温伸长率偏低;采用ZX01时,HTPE推进剂高温伸长率有所提高,最大伸长率约为40%,但高温抗拉强度350 k Pa;采用JX02与ZX01复配,HTPE推进剂可获得较佳力学性能,高温抗拉强度600 k Pa、最大伸长率50%,常温抗拉强度1 000 k Pa,低温最大伸长率70%。     

Experimental Investigation on High Strain Rate Tensile Behaviors of HTPB Propellant at Low Temperatures

To study the high strain rate tensile behaviors of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant at low temperatures, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted at different strain rates (0.4–42.86 s⁻¹) and temperatures (233–298 K) using an INSTRON testing machine. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the tensile fracture surfaces. Experimental results indicate that strain rate, temperature and test environment remarkably influence the tensile behaviors of HTPB propellant. The stress‐strain curves exhibit three different shapes. The elastic modulus and maximum tensile stress increase with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate. However, the strain at maximum tensile stress decreases with increasing strain rate at low temperatures and there is a maximal value at 298 K and 14.29 s⁻¹. The effects of strain rate, temperature and test environment on the tensile behaviors are closely related to the changes of properties and fracture mechanisms of HTPB propellant. The dominating fracture mechanism depends on not only temperature but also strain rate, and it changes from the dewetting and matrix tearing at room temperature and lower strain rate to the particle brittle fracture at low temperatures. Based on the time‐temperature superposition principle (TTSP), the master curves of mechanical parameters for HTPB propellant were obtained.     

A new test method to obtain biaxial tensile behaviors of solid propellant at high strain rates

A new test method was proposed and applied for studying the biaxial tensile behaviors of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant at high strain rates. The biaxial tensile stress responses of the propellant at room temperature and at different strain rates (0.40–85.71 s^?1) were obtained through the use of biaxial tensile strip samples, a new designed aluminum apparatus and a uniaxial Instron testing machine. A high-speed camera and scanning electron microscop (SEM) were employed to observe the biaxial tensile deformation and the damage of HTPB propellant under the test conditions. The results indicated that strain rate could remarkably influence the biaxial tensile behaviors of HTPB propellant. The effect of strain rate on the characteristics of stress–strain curves, mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms was consistent with that in uniaxial tension. However, the biaxial weakening of HTPB propellant was obvious. The strain at biaxial maximum tensile stress was between 10 and 30 % lower than that at the corresponding uniaxial case. Finally, the correlations between the fracture mechanisms and the mechanical properties of HTPB propellant, stress state and the damage of HTPB propellant were discussed. The damage of the propellant under the biaxial tensile test was less serious than that under uniaxial tension at the same strain rate. In addition, continuously increasing strain rate could change the fracture mechanism of the propellant under the biaxial and uniaxial tensile tests. In this investigation, the dominating fracture mechanism of HTPB propellant changed from the dewetting and matrix tearing at lower strain rate to the particles fracture at higher strain rate.     

Tensile mechanical properties and constitutive model for HTPB propellant at low temperature and high strain rate

To investigate the mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant at low temperature and high strain rate, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted over the range of temperatures 233 to 298 K and strain rates 0.4 to 14.14 s^?1 using an INSTRON testing machine, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to observe the tensile fracture surfaces. The experimental results indicate that the deformation properties of HTPB propellant are remarkably influenced by temperature and strain rate. The characteristics of stress–strain curves at low temperatures are different from that at room temperature, and the effects of temperature and strain rate on the mechanical properties are closely related to the changes of properties and the fracture mechanisms of HTPB propellant. The dominating fracture mechanism depends much on the temperature and changes from the dewetting and matrix tearing at room temperature to the particle brittle fracture at low temperature, and the effect of strain rate only alters the mechanism in a quantitative manner. Finally, a nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model incorporating the damage evolution and the effects of temperature and strain rate was developed to describe the stress responses of this propellant under the test conditions. During this process, the Schapery‐type constitutive theories were applied and one damage variable was considered to establish the damage evolution function. The overlap between experimental results and predicted results are generally good, which confirms that the developed constitutive model is valid, however, further researches should be done due to some drawbacks in describing the deformation behaviors at very large strain. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42104.     

Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline β-Sic

The mechanical properties of chemically vapor-deposited β-Sic were measured in bending between room temperature and 1400°C. Material with grain diameters from less than 1 to 15 μm was tested. No grain-size dependence of the bend strength of dense (<99% of theoretical) Sic was observed at any test temperature. The fracture strength of dense Sic remained approximately constant between room temperature and about 900°C and then increased sharply up to the maximum test temperature of 1215° to 1400°C. This increase in fracture stress coincided with the onset of plastic yielding detectable in the stress-strain curves. The fracture mode of this material was transgranular cleavage at all test temperatures. The fracture stress of Sic of lower density, which was characterized by the presence of grain boundary flaws, decreased slightly at high temperature. The fracture mode of the low-density (3.17 g/cm³) β-Sic underwent a transition from predominantly transgranular at room temperature to predominantly intergranular at high temperature.     

硝酸铵发射药力学性能的研究

研究硝酸铵对发射药力学性能的影响。采用拉伸实验方法,测定不同硝酸铵含量、粒径下发射药的拉伸强度、伸长率、应力-应变曲线。结果表明,随着硝酸铵含量的升高,发射药的拉伸强度、伸长率、回弹模量、韧性模量先降低、再升高、后降低;在硝酸铵含量较低时,随着硝酸铵粒径的减小,发射药的拉伸强度升高;硝酸铵在发射药中形成次级结构,使其粒...     

Monotonic tension behavior of 2D woven oxide/oxide ceramic matrix composites at ultra-high temperature

The research on mechanical behavior and failure analysis of oxide/oxide CMC at ultra-high temperatures can broaden its application scope. The present work studied monotonic tension behavior of the oxide/oxide CMC at 800 °C～1200 °C and two tensile rates (i.e. 5 mm/min and 0.5 mm/min). The uniaxial tensile test, fracture morphology characterization and finite element analysis were preformed to reveal the deformation and failure mechanisms of the oxide/oxide CMC at ultra-high temperature. The results show that the mechanical properties of the oxide/oxide CMC are sensitive to the temperatures and tensile rates. The stress-strain curves are almost linear at the high tensile rate and nonlinear at the low tensile rate. The ultimate tensile strength decreases significantly at low tensile rate and for temperatures higher than 1100 °C. The mechanical properties of the material are principally determined by oxide fiber/oxide matrix interface strength under low temperature and high-stress conditions, while by interlayer bonding strength under high temperature and low-stress conditions.     

Effects of particulate metallic phase on microstructure and mechanical properties of carbide reinforced alumina ceramic tool materials

Alumina-based composite ceramic tool materials reinforced with carbide particles were fabricated by the hot-pressing technology. Choice of metallic phase added into the present composite ceramic was based on the distribution of residual stress in the composite. The effects of metallic phase on microstructure and mechanical properties of composites were investigated. The metallic phase could dramatically improve room temperature mechanical properties by refining microstructure, filling pores and enhancing interfacial bonding strength. However, it also led to sharp strength degradation at high temperature because the metallic phase was easier to be oxidized and get soft at high temperature in air. The effects of metallic phase on strengthening and toughening were discussed. The improved fracture toughness of composite with metallic phase was attributed to the lower residual tensile stress in the matrix and the interaction of more effective energy consuming mechanisms, such as crack bridged by particle, crack deflection and intragranular grain failure.     

Dynamic mechanical behavior of highly filled polymers: Energy balances and damage

Dynamic tests using the Naval Weapons Center torsion–tension tester and end-bonded cylindrical propellant specimen were carried out to evaluate the effects of internal damage on propellants by subjecting samples to small tensile oscillations during low constantstrain rate tests. It is shown that microstructural damage in a propellant causes significant changes in mechanical properties. The mechanical property curves demonstrate that the response is markedly strain sensitive. So long as the maximum strain experienced by the sample during a test is not exceeded, the response of the propellant to small tensile oscillation during repeated strains below that maximum value remains relatively unchanged after the first initial dramatic change. The differences between mechanical energy balances of “undamaged” and “damaged” propellant samples were used to demonstrate microstructural damage and to estimate the extent of damage. For any one propellant, the total lost energy caused by microscopic failure of the propellant seems to be additive, constant, and independent of the mechanical path to failure.