可燃药筒的定容燃烧特性

通过密闭爆发器试验考察了装填密度、点火强度和含水量对可燃药筒燃烧和能量释放性能的影响.结果表明,随着可燃药筒装填密度和点火强度的提高,药筒的燃烧速度加快,燃烧更为充分,且随点火强度的提高,装填密度对能量释放的影响逐渐减小;吸湿试验表明,可燃药筒的吸湿性较强,水分的存在对可燃药筒的火药力影响不大,但燃烧速度明显下降,同时燃烧结束时间大幅延长.     

小口径模压可燃药筒的结构与性能

为改善可燃药筒的燃尽性,在可燃药筒基础配方的基础上添加含能纤维,通过抽滤模压工艺制备了3个小口径可燃药筒,并采用压汞法、密闭爆发器、力学试验与射击试验分别对可燃药筒的孔结构特性、燃烧特性、力学性能、弹道性能等进行了研究。结果表明,可燃药筒的孔结构以狭缝形和楔形孔为主,孔径分布较宽,压汞法测得的可燃药筒的孔隙率大于25%、总孔容超过0.25cm3/g、比表面积约为20m2/g。添加耐热涂料后可燃药筒在400℃的香烟感度超过6s。含能纤维有利于提高药筒的孔隙率和能量,燃烧速度增大,并缩短燃烧结束时间,可明显改善药筒的燃尽性。可燃药筒与十九孔火药组成装药的射击试验表明,含能纤维的加入能够提高药筒装药的弹道性能。     

叠氮类热塑性弹性体对模压可燃药筒燃烧性能的影响

为降低模压可燃药筒的初始燃烧速度,采用叠氮类热塑性弹性体BAMO/AMMO和BAMO/GAP分别对模压可燃药筒进行表面涂覆处理,并通过密闭爆发器试验及抗拉强度试验,研究了两种叠氮热塑性弹性体对可燃药筒定容燃烧性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明,经BAMO/AMMO和BAMO/GAP处理后的药筒在高温(50±2)℃、常温(25±2)℃及低温(-40±2)℃下密闭燃烧结束时间明显延长,燃烧初始速度和最大压力梯度下降;燃烧残渣质量相当,火药力和常温力学强度略微下降;常温下,BAMO/AMMO和BAMO/GAP涂覆的药筒燃烧结束时间较未处理药筒分别延长134%和22%,最大压力梯度分别降低52.3%和5.1%,表明用BAMO/AMMO和BAMO/GAP对可燃药筒进行表面处理,可有效降低药筒的初始燃气生成速率;常温下,BAMO/AMMO处理药筒和BAMO/GAP处理药筒的抗拉强度分别为25.82和26.46MPa,与未处理药筒相比力学性能略微下降。     

硝酸铵吸湿点测定方法的改进及影响因素

吸湿点是硝酸铵在用作固体推进剂时的重要指标之一。通过实验对吸湿处理的方法进行了改进,并从温度、称样量及样品表面积3个方面对硝酸铵吸湿点测定的影响进行了分析。依据实验得出的数据,将吸湿处理的方法改进为在25℃的恒温环境中、90%的相对湿度下吸湿3 h。在影响因素中,温度对其影响最明显;称样量对吸湿点的测定影响比较小,但使称样量尽量接近会减小平行差;表面积对吸湿点测定的影响较大。     

药用干燥剂(SiO2)吸湿特性及动力学研究

采用吸附的方法研究药用干燥剂(SiO2)在不同温度(25,40,60℃)和相对湿度(35％,45％,60％,75％,90％)下放置48 h时的吸湿特性.结果表明,温度一定时,吸湿量随相对湿度的增加而增加.相对湿度一定时,随着温度升高,吸湿量有一定变化.从动力学角度分析药用干燥剂的吸湿特性,采用一阶模型和Peleg模型进...     

半可燃药筒竖放状态下的应力应变与结构强度分析

针对半可燃药筒在竖向放置过程中可能出现的受力变形问题,建立了力学模型.采用三维非线性有限元理论对药筒的接触变形进行了计算,得到了药筒的应变、应力分布规律和半可燃药筒结构强度的数值预测.结果表明,在竖放无载荷的情况下,筒体在变直径区域产生应力集中,与金属底座的交界处应力最大.半可燃药筒的筒体变形量较大,金属底座各处的变形量几乎为零.筒体与金属底座上的最大应力远小于材料的许用应力,因此筒体结构和金属底座是安全的.     

纤维素甘油醚硝酸酯基模压可燃药筒的制备与性能

为改善可燃药筒的加工塑性并提升其力学强度,配方中应用含氮量12.3%的纤维素甘油醚硝酸酯(NGEC)部分替代含氮量13.0%的硝化棉(NC)或木质纤维素,制备了5种可燃药筒样品,并测试了其室温下的力学性能和燃烧性能。结果表明,用质量分数15%和30%的NGEC替代硝化棉,可使可燃药筒的抗拉强度分别提高33.8%和35.2%,延伸率分别降低32.2%和24.7%,火药力分别降低3.2%和10.7%,燃烧结束点时间分别减少59.8%和56.8%;用质量分数5%和8%的NGEC替代木质纤维素,可使可燃药筒的抗拉强度分别提高20.2%和16.9%,延伸率分别降低48.1%和47.2%,火药力分别提高11.5%和19.5%,燃烧结束点时间分别减少75.7%和79.8%;因此NGEC部分替代硝化棉或木质纤维素,均可使可燃药筒的抗拉强度不同程度地提升,但会导致延伸率下降,并使可燃药筒的燃烧平均活度明显升高、燃烧结束点时间明显变短、燃速加快。     

可燃药筒燃烧性能研究

本文阐述了40mm火箭弹用可燃药筒的组分、含量、结构、工艺及挥发分含量等对可燃药筒燃烧性能的影响,表述了对可燃药筒进行燃烧性能研究的探索过程。并且,从实践出发,提出了一些改善可燃药筒燃烧性能的技术措施。     

含黑索今可燃药筒的性能

本文介绍了在可燃药筒中添加黑索今可明显提高药筒的耐热性和能量,并对含黑索今可燃药筒在坦克炮中的应用进行了探讨。     

可燃药筒降烧蚀技术研究

为提升火炮身管使用寿命,开展可燃药筒降烧蚀技术研究。首先通过计算分析,确定适用于可燃药筒的缓蚀剂类型和粒径;然后设计确定具有缓蚀功能的可燃药筒配方;最后开展可燃药筒静态烧蚀性能对比测试。结果表明：加入缓蚀剂后可燃药筒具有明显降烧蚀作用,采用金红石型二氧化钛降烧蚀效果较好,同时聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）有助于提升可燃药筒中缓蚀组分含量。     

碳纤维增强微孔可燃壳体的制备及性能研究

为改善以黑索金(RDX)为含能组分、二醋酸纤维素(CA)为黏结剂的可燃壳体的力学性能,在此基础配方上添加适量碳纤维(CF),然后通过超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO2)发泡技术制备了微孔可燃壳体;采用扫描电子显微镜和落锤冲击试验机,分别研究了发泡前后可燃壳体的断面形貌和力学性能。结果表明,添加适量的CF,可提高可燃壳体的冲击强度,且冲击强度随着CF添加量的增大而增大;当CF的质量分数为1.0%时,未发泡可燃壳体的力学性能最优,冲击强度由5.11kJ/m²提高到8.20kJ/m²,增幅达60.47%;增大饱和压力、发泡温度和发泡时间都能够增大泡孔直径,但发泡温度高于130℃会导致泡孔合并;发泡将降低壳体的力学性能,但采用受限发泡制得的可燃壳体的冲击强度优于自由发泡法,当发泡时间为180s时,受限发泡的冲击强度由自由发泡时的5.93kJ/m²升至6.34kJ/m²。     

模压可燃药筒的孔隙结构分析

采用5种测试仪测定了两种可燃药筒的真密度和表观密度,用氮气吸附法和压汞法对两种可燃药筒的孔隙结构进行了表征,研究了药筒的孔隙率、比表面积、孔容和孔径分布.结果表明,振实密度法和气体置换法可用于测定可燃药筒的表观密度和真密度,药筒的孔以狭缝形和楔形孔为主,孔径分布较宽.压汞法可用于可燃药筒的孔结构分析,测得可燃药筒的孔隙...     

关于半可燃药筒弹药储存可靠性若干问题的讨论

讨论了典型弹种的选取和储存试验环境的选择,建立了半可燃药筒弹药的安全性模型和可靠性模型,据此提出了储存可靠性的试验项目,初步确定了抽样时机和样本量。     

指示剂带在半可燃药筒硝酸酯检测上的试验研究

根据半可燃药筒在长期储存过程中硝酸酯的迁移原理,提出一种利用指示剂带检测硝酸酯迁移量的方法。文章给出了指示剂带的组分及制作方法,进行了初步的试验验证。试验结果表明,检测原理正确、方法可行。     

Determination of Nitroester and Stabilizer Migration in combustible cartridge case wall

Propellant nitroesters (diethyleneglycol dinitrate and nitroglycerin) and stabilizer (Akardite II, N-methyl-N,N′-diphenylurea) were determined in combustible cartridge case (CCC) wall specimens from 120 mm M829 rounds which had been exposed to elevated temperatures in environmental chambers or which were returned from deployment in Southwest Asia. The results suggest that the migration of these components from the propellant is uniform about the circumference of the adhesive joint between the CCC body and adapter but not longitudinally above and below the joint. The accumulation appears to be linear with time of exposure, with both nitroesters migrating at approximately the same rate with similar energies of activation. The conventional sampling and analysis method is compared with a new micro-sampling and analytical method which reduces solvent waste and extraction time, and considerably reduces damage to the rounds from removal of the analytical specimen.     

Effect of water on permeation,diffusion, and solution of gases in cellophane

The laminate method for studying the permeability and diffusivity of moistened cellophane to gases is described and the humidity dependence of the transport parameters for H₂, He, and Ne is presented. In the relative humidity region of about 0% to 60%, a small increase in the permeability was observed, which is caused by a comparatively small increase in the diffusivity owing to the plasticizing effect of sorbed water and a decrease in the solubility. On the other hand, an extremely large increase in the permeability observed in the relative humidity region above 60% is mainly based on the diffusion coefficient of gas enhanced by the swelling effect of sorbed water. The presence of a minimum in the solubility–relative humidity curves has been confirmed and is discussed.     

发射装药用可燃紧塞元件的力学强度及燃尽性试验

为减少某发射装药的燃烧残片,对可燃紧塞元件的强度及燃尽性开展了试验研究,对比测试了传统纸质紧塞元件及可燃紧塞元件的压缩力,通过火炮输弹上膛冲击试验及野战公路运输试验测试了采用可燃紧塞元件的发射装药的结构强度;通过密闭爆发器试验测试了可燃紧塞元件的表观燃速,并通过内弹道射击试验验证了可燃紧塞元件的结构强度及膛内燃尽性。结果表明,可燃支撑筒的压缩力约为纸质支撑筒的两倍;可燃紧塞盖的压缩力约为原纸质紧塞盖的40%,约为原纸质支撑筒的80%,可燃紧塞元件力学强度可保证该发射装药在运输过程及供输弹过程中的结构完整性;在50~150MPa下,可燃紧塞元件的线燃速为ADiGu发射药燃速的8倍以上,在同一燃烧环境下,可燃紧塞元件可先于发射药在膛内燃尽;射击后炮口无燃烧残片,在内弹道过程中燃烧完全,无二次火焰,炮口无残留。     

The Effect of Humidity on the Adhesion Behavior of AC Anodised Aluminium

The effect of humidity on the surface forces of hot AC anodised AA6060 alloy was studied. The surface adhesion forces were measured in various humidity environments using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The environmental durability of the joints bonded at different humidity conditions was investigated using wedge test experiments. The results from AFM and durability tests indicate that there is a strong capillary effect at around 70–80% relative humidity. This effect was attributed to the change in the adsorption behavior of water on the anodised oxide surface forming bulk liquid and hence dissociating the bonds across the interface. At the lower humidity levels below 60% RH, no capillary effect was observed and the total adhesion forces followed the dry case values.     

Humidity dependence on the friction and wear behavior of diamond-like carbon film in air and nitrogen environments

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on Si (100) wafers by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique using CH₄ plus Ar as the feedstock. The friction and wear behaviors of the resulting film sliding against Si₃N₄ balls were investigated on a ball-on-disk test rig in air and nitrogen environments at a relative humidity from 5% to 100%. The worn surface morphologies of the DLC film and the Si₃N₄ counterpart were observed on a scanning electron microscope (SEM), while the chemical states of some typical elements thereon were investigated by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the DLC film recorded continuously increased friction coefficient and wear rate with increasing relative humidity in air. It showed linearly increased friction coefficient with increasing relative humidity in nitrogen, in this case the wear rate sharply decreased and reached the minimum at a relative humidity of 40%, which was followed by an increase with further increase of the relative humidity. The interruption of the transferred carbon-rich layers on the Si₃N₄ balls, and the friction-induced oxidation of the films in higher relative humidity were proposed to be the main reasons for the increases of the friction coefficient and wear rate. Moreover, the oxidation and hydrolysis of the Si₃N₄ ball in higher relative humidity, leading to the formation of a tribochemical film that mainly consists of silica gel on the wearing surface, were also thought to have effects on the friction and wear behaviors of the DLC films.     

二次致孔法制备CMC-g-PAM/PAAS多孔树脂及其调湿性能

根据多孔树脂结构的设计,利用二次致孔法制备了CMC-g-PAM/PAAS多孔树脂。通过TG、SEM、FTIR、XRD和氮气吸附法等手段表征了该树脂的形貌和结构特征,测试了多孔树脂分别在高湿和低湿条件下的调湿平衡和最大湿含量,分别讨论了绝对湿度变化条件和温度变化条件下多孔树脂的调湿性能。结果表明,AlCl3的质量分数为丙烯酰胺单体的2.5%时,多孔树脂的调湿平衡范围为57.5%～62.5%,最大湿含量为自身质量的122%。在绝对湿度变化条件下,多孔树脂仍能维持相对湿度在57.5%～62.5%范围之内;在温度变化条件下,多孔树脂在40℃时的调湿平衡时间不超过1h,在10℃时的调湿平衡时间不超过3h。