我国烟蚜茧蜂的研究进展

烟蚜茧蜂是烟蚜的一种重要寄生性天敌,对烟蚜的自然控制力较强。本文就烟蚜茧蜂的生物学、生态学及其应用等的研究进展作了较详尽的综述。生物学方面主要论述了烟蚜茧蜂的交配、寄生,发育,产卵,体色,性比,越冬,成蜂寿命及其对寄主生命活动的影响,生态学方面主要论述了烟蚜茧蜂的天敌以及气体因子、烟草长势和化学农药对其的影响。     

几种杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂搜索烟蚜行为的影响

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了4种杀虫剂影响烟蚜茧蜂对烟叶及烟蚜复合体的选择行为.结果表明,在正常生长状况下,烟叶释放的挥发物对烟蚜茧蜂无明显引诱作用,而烟叶受到蚜虫为害后所释放的挥发性次生物质则对烟蚜茧蜂有明显的招引作用;在杀虫剂处理后,20％康福多、3％莫比郎乳油和40％氧乐果乳油会抑制烟蚜茧蜂的搜索行为,但氯氰菊酯则明显有...     

烟蚜茧蜂规模繁殖中烟蚜越冬寄主筛选

烟蚜越冬种群保育对保障烟蚜茧蜂规模繁殖具有十分重要的意义。通过接种烟蚜与烟蚜茧蜂,对玉溪地区8种不同寄主植物上烟蚜的增长数量、烟蚜茧蜂寄生烟蚜后形成僵蚜的体重进行了比较。结果表明,接种后,油菜、白萝卜、红萝卜上烟蚜数量以及僵蚜体重均可达到烟蚜茧蜂繁殖技术指标要求,可作为烟蚜茧蜂规模化繁殖体系中烟蚜的理想越冬寄主。     

烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜的选择性寄生及雌蜂年龄对后代性别的影响

烟蚜茧蜂寄生烟蚜后对烟蚜的产仔量和寿命影响较大,一龄若蚜至成蚜被寄生后的平均产仔量分别下降100.0%、97.3%、95.9%、92.7%、89.5%,平均寿命分别缩短65.6%、58.9%、57.9%、49.4%、38.3%;在各龄烟蚜数量比相同,雌蜂与烟蚜比为1:100的条件下,烟蚜茧蜂对二龄、三龄烟蚜有较强的嗜好性,这种嗜好性与雌蜂年龄无关;羽化并交配过的烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂,在前5 d内产卵寄生烟蚜,其后代的雌雄比大于1,寄主烟蚜的龄期对烟蚜茧蜂后代性别的影响不大。      

利用蜂蚜同接技术规模饲养烟蚜茧蜂

利用蜂蚜同接技术饲养烟蚜茧蜂,结果表明,蚜源的寄生率控制在47％左右,平均每株接蚜2.8头/株,饲养18d后最高繁蚜量可达11万头/m2,饲养23d后单位面积可获得4.9万头/m2以上的僵蚜量,繁蚜和繁蜂效益较高.     

烟蚜茧蜂对麦田蚜虫的防治效果

为发掘利用麦田麦蚜自然繁育烟蚜茧蜂的潜力,建立蚜虫生态区域联防联控体系,以麦田自然发生麦蚜为防控对象,在麦田中释放单位面积不同数量的烟蚜茧蜂,调查并分析了释放烟蚜茧蜂与化学药剂处理和空白对照田块烟蚜茧蜂对麦蚜的寄生率、麦蚜虫口减退率、防治效果以及小麦产量指数等参数.结果显示,在麦田中麦蚜平均数量达到300头/百株时,烟...     

不同蜂蚜比的蜂蚜同接对规模化繁殖烟蚜茧蜂的影响

以漂浮育苗为载体,研究了不同蜂蚜比的蜂蚜同接后烟蚜茧蜂的繁殖效果。结果表明,蜂蚜比为1：100的蜂蚜作为蜂蚜同接的蚜源和蜂源,其初始寄生率为52.28%,按4头/株同接饲养25 d后,累计繁殖僵蚜量为261.66头/株,其寄生率高达97.3%,繁蜂效果最好。其次是蜂蚜比为1：200,再次是蜂蚜比为1：50。蜂蚜同接技术适用于烟蚜茧蜂的规模化繁殖,其繁蜂效果均优于先繁蜂再繁蚜的分接繁殖技术,在实际运用中蜂蚜比控制在1:100~1:200.     

烟蚜与烟蚜茧峰相互关系研究

研究结果表明，烟蚜茧蜂对烟蚜呈典型的Holling－Ⅱ型功能反应，参数a＝3．698／罩·天．Th＝0．0174天；该蜂对烟蚜生长发育和繁殖的影响因被寄生时蚜虫龄期不同而异，而蜂幼虫的发育不受寄生时蚜虫龄期的影响。当1～2龄蚜虫被寄生时，一般不能发育到成蚜期产蚜：从2龄中期起，蚜虫的生殖力和种群内禀增长率rm随着被寄生蚜虫龄期的增大而上升。由此可见，被寄生时蚜虫虫龄大小对蚜茧蜂寄生效果起着决定性的作用，寄生时蚜虫龄期越大，寄生作用越不明显。     

烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂的毒力及其保护酶的影响

为了筛选对烟蚜茧蜂安全性高的药剂并明确烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂保护酶的影响,测定了3种烟田常用杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂成虫的毒力以及不同浓度的吡虫啉对烟蚜茧蜂成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,杀虫剂对烟蚜茧蜂成虫的毒力大小顺序为:啶虫脒 > 高效氯氟氰菊酯 > 吡虫啉;从不同浓度的吡虫啉对烟蚜茧蜂生命活动和防御机制的影响来看,除LC₁₀浓度吡虫啉促进烟蚜茧蜂成虫体内POD活性提高和3个浓度处理后12 h成虫CAT活性显著提高外,其余处理浓度和时间对3种酶的活性呈现抑制作用。此结果为探明烟蚜茧蜂对杀虫剂的防御机制提供了一定的理论依据。     

烟蚜茧蜂繁蜂棚蚜霉病病原鉴定及防治研究

为探明繁蜂棚中蚜霉病的病原种类及防治技术,采集繁蜂棚中感病蚜虫和空气中的真菌,通过显微形态学和转录间隔区（ITS）扩增证实繁蜂棚内寄生蚜虫的病原真菌为蚜虫枝孢霉（Cladosporium aphidis）;密封试验箱内的消毒试验结果表明:在0.5 g/m3和1 g/m3剂量下,三氯异氰尿酸的总杀菌率可达92.31%和92.31%,对蚜虫枝孢霉的杀灭率分别达80.00%和83.33%;二氧化氯的总杀菌率可达97.88%和83.35%,对蚜虫枝孢霉的杀灭率分别达100%和93.33%;利用含三氯异氰尿酸钠的熏蒸剂熏蒸繁蜂棚,对蚜霉病的防治效率达69.65%。      

温度及保幼激素类似物对烟蚜茧蜂羽化时间和羽化率的影响

[目的]研究不同温度及不同浓度保幼激素类似物对烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis蛹期羽化时间和羽化率影响,探寻能延迟蚜茧蜂蛹羽化时间且保证较高存活率的最佳温度及类似物组合,为烟蚜茧蜂规模化生产与释放提供参考.[方法]采用液浸法,以对照(10％丙酮)及保幼激素类似物处理烟蚜茧蜂蛹,将其放入相对湿度为75％±5％...     

酸胁迫下嗜酸乳杆菌菌体形态的扫描电镜观察

对嗜酸乳杆菌在pH为1.5、3.5和6.2三种培养条件下的菌体形态进行了扫描电镜观察(SEM)。电镜扫描结果显示,嗜酸乳杆菌菌体呈典型杆状菌,无鞭毛和荚膜,以单个或成双排列,无分支;且在不同pH条件下菌体形态存在差异。在pH为1.5的条件下,嗜酸乳杆菌菌体呈短杆状,且菌体粗壮、两端钝圆;在pH为6.2的条件下,嗜酸乳杆菌菌体纤细,杆状较长。通过对比发现,随着pH的下降,嗜酸乳杆菌的菌体形态由长杆状变成短杆状,由菌体纤细变成菌体粗壮。      

A study on the conditioning effects of natural shampoos using the scanning electron microscope

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was successfully used to study the effects of toiletry treatment with shampoo on the microstructure of hair. This paper describes the use of SEM for comparing the conditioning effects of herbal shampoos. Commercially available herbal shampoos are not completely natural, but contain herbal extracts in a synthetic detergent base, along with other chemical additives. Completely natural shampoos were formulated in the laboratory and their conditioning effects were evaluated by comparing with a commercially available herbal shampoo. The micrographs were studied quantitatively using 'Image Analyser Software' and the extent to which the hair scales were uplifted was measured. The results obtained from the quantitative comparison were in agreement with those obtained from other tests, such as protein loss determination. The damage caused to the hair due to sodium lauryl sulphate was visible in the micrographs. The laboratory formulations were found to be better than the commercially available product. Thus, quantitative measurements from SEM micrographs are a valuable tool to compare the conditioning effects of hair care products.     

鹿蹄草素对两种果品致腐真菌的抑菌作用及其扫描电镜观察

探讨天然植物提取物鹿蹄草素对果品致腐真菌的抗菌作用及机制.采用中药抑菌实验方法测定了鹿蹄草素对苹果轮纹病菌和梨链格孢菌的抑菌活性和时期,并在扫描电镜下观察菌体超微结构的变化.结果表明,鹿蹄草素对上述两种真菌均具有明显的抑制作用,抑菌效果与浓度呈正相关,培养3d时的EC50分别为0.4076、0.4626 mg/mL;抑菌时期主要是在真菌的快速生长期,使其快速生长期滞后;扫描电镜显示,鹿蹄草素作用下菌体形态发生异常变化,表现为菌丝体之间相互粘连,菌丝粗细不均匀,细胞壁破裂,局部凹陷,部分菌丝断裂,大量内容物外溢,出现空腔等现象,从而发挥其抑菌作用.     

扫描电镜中X射线荧光分析装置

瑞士Testex公司将能量色散型X射线荧光分析装置（EDX）配置到扫描电镜（SEM）中,用于鉴定各种化学元素,评估损失索赔（图1）。该SEM操作简便,能满足不断增长的利用SEM分析羊绒含量的需求,能够显示纤维、长丝和纱线的截面和表面特征。且该SEM的聚焦深度大,分辨率高,特别适合于显示物体的表面结构,     

Observation of the sweating in lipstick by scanning electron microscopy

The relationship between the wax matrix in lipstick and sweating has been investigated by observing the change of size and shape of the wax matrix due to sweating by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). For observation by SEM, a lipstick sample was frozen in liquid nitrogen. The oil in the lipstick was then extracted in cold isopropanol (-70 degrees C) for 1-3 days. After the isopropanol was evaporated, the sample was sputtered with gold and examined by SEM. The change of wax matrix underneath the surface from fine, uniform structure to coarse, nonuniform structure resulted from the caking of surrounding wax matrix. The oil underneath the surface migrated to the surface of lipstick with sweating; consequently the wax matrix in that region was rearranged into the coarse matrix. In case of flamed lipstick, sweating was delayed and the wax matrix was much coarser than that of the unflamed one. The larger wax matrix at the surface region was good for including oil. The effect of molding temperature on sweating was also studied. As the molding temperature rose, sweating was greatly reduced and the size of the wax matrix increased. It was found that sweating was influenced by the compatibility of wax and oil. A formula consisting of wax and oil that have good compatibility has a tendency to reduce sweating and increase the size of the wax matrix. When pigments were added to wax and oil, the size of the wax matrix was changed, but in all cases sweating was increased due to the weakening of the binding force between wax and oil. On observing the thick membrane of wax at the surface of lipstick a month after molding it was also found that sweating was influenced by ageing. In conclusion, the structure of the wax matrix at the surface region of lipstick was changed with the process of flaming, molding temperature, compatibility of wax and oil, addition of pigment, and ageing. In most cases, as the size of the wax matrix was increased, sweating was reduced and delayed.     

葡萄酒的显微信息研究进展

介绍当前最为广泛使用的几种电子显微镜及其基本原理,为电子显微镜在食品,尤其是葡萄酒等饮料食品分析检测方面的应用奠定基础。电子显微镜作为一种新兴的技术在白酒分析中使用,并观测到白酒溶液的微观非均相分布现象。根据葡萄酒的溶液特征以及前人在白酒分析中的经验,引申到葡萄酒微观结构的分析,提出了微观非均相分布现象对于原产地葡萄酒的重要意义。     

基于X-射线衍射及扫描电子显微镜的马铃薯淀粉掺伪鉴别

目的建立一种快速、准确鉴别市售马铃薯淀粉掺伪的方法。方法将红薯、玉米及小麦淀粉按不同比例加入纯马铃薯淀粉中,通过X-射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)对样品进行结晶结构分析,并结合扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)进行微观形貌观察。结果利用结晶类型差异,XRD可初步判别马铃薯淀粉样品是否掺入上述3种淀粉,进一步采用SEM可观察到含量1%的掺伪淀粉并对其种类进行区分。在市售12批次马铃薯淀粉中的7批次中发现存在掺伪现象,其中2批次利用扫描电镜未观察到马铃薯淀粉(小于1%)。结论市售马铃薯淀粉掺伪现象严重,利用X-射线衍射及扫描电子显微镜可快速、准确地鉴别马铃薯淀粉掺伪情况。     

Observation of deposits on disposable contact lenses by bio-, light and scanning electron microscopy.

There has been little published on the presence of deposits on disposable hydrogel contact lenses. The purpose of the present study was to determine the possible existence of such deposits. Seventy-two disposable lenses (polymacon; FDA group 1; non-ionic, low water contact lenses) were fitted to six patients and replaced weekly in the course of a total follow-up period of six weeks. By means of biomicroscopy, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, different types of deposits were observed on all the lenses studied. Our results also indicate that the accumulation rate of these deposits expressed as a percentage of the total area of the lens which they covered increased after the third replacement of the lenses over the 4th, 5th and 6th weeks. Finally, we observed that the amount of deposits varies in the different patients studied in the course of a 6 week follow-up period.     

苎麻织物酶变性前后的扫描电镜观察分析

介绍了纯苎麻织物应用于国产纤维素酶Ｘ—Ｒ进行变性处理前、后的扫描电镜观察的现象，初步探讨了苎麻织物刺痒感消失和手感风格改善的机理。