香芹酚和月桂酰精氨酸乙酯盐酸盐联用对荧光假单胞菌抑菌作用的研究

为探究香芹酚和月桂酰精氨酸乙酯盐酸盐（ethyl-Nα-lauroyl-L-arginate hydrochloride,LAE）联用对荧光假单胞菌的抑菌效果与机制,通过最小抑菌浓度法（minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC）、棋盘法和生长曲线的测定研究抑菌效应;利用蛋白质和核酸泄漏、透射电子显微镜观察和胞内蛋白质电泳的方法分析抑菌机制;以生物被膜形成、群集和泳动为指标,测定群体感应活性。结果显示,香芹酚和LAE联用对荧光假单胞菌有相加抑菌作用。1/2 MIC香芹酚+1/16 MIC LAE抑菌效果最显著,24 h抑制率达97.9%。以上组合联用可使荧光假单胞菌的细胞膜通透性显著增强,蛋白质和核酸快速泄漏,1 h时OD280值和OD260值分别升高31.2倍和17.5倍;处理3 h后,菌体胞内电子密度下降,蛋白质浓度下降84.1%,且条带丰富度减弱。联合作用下,对生物膜形成、群集和泳动的抑制率分别达到97.0%、92.5%和65.0%。综上表明,香芹酚和LAE联用破坏荧光假单胞菌的细胞完整性,引起胞内物质泄漏,发挥强烈的抑菌作用。同时,二者联用表现出抑制群体感应活性的能力。     

茶槲寄生“螃蟹脚”醇提正丁醇萃取相对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌机理的研究

本文研究了茶槲寄生“螃蟹脚”醇提各萃取相的抑菌作用及正丁醇萃取相（NVBEs）对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机理。采用滤纸片扩散法测定抑菌圈直径（DIZ）的大小,对倍稀释法测定最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MBC）,来评价“螃蟹脚”醇提各萃取相对金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）、大肠杆菌（E. coli）、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（S. typhimurium）、单核细胞增生李斯特菌（L. monocytogenes）4种食源性腐败菌的抑制性;通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察、胞膜通透性、胞壁完整性和酶活性等实验,研究了NVBEs抑菌机理。结果表明,“螃蟹脚”醇提各萃取相对S. aureus、E. coli、S. typhimurium和L. monocytogenes均有明显抑制效果,其中NVBEs抑菌活性较好,对S. aureus抑制效果最好,DIZ为9.84±0.57 mm,MIC为3.52 mg/mL,MBC为7.04 mg/mL。抑菌机理结果表明：NVBEs可增加S. aureus细胞壁及细胞膜的通透性,破坏菌体细胞结构,引起细胞内含物如核酸和蛋白质等外泄;引起遗传物质DNA的改变,使菌体细胞形态结构出现异常;影响菌体酶的代谢活动,从而抑制细菌的生长。     

原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的抑菌和减毒作用

该研究旨在探讨原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的抑菌活性和减毒作用,揭示原儿茶酸抑菌的作用机制。通过测定最小抑菌浓度（Minimal Inhibitory Concentration,MIC）、生长曲线、核酸与蛋白质泄漏量、丙二醛（MDA）含量,利用扫描电镜观察副溶血弧菌形态的变化,来评估原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的抑菌活性及其对细胞膜完整性和通透性的影响。同时,通过检测亚抑菌浓度（Sub-inhibitory Concentrations,SICs）下原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌毒力因子合成的影响,研究原儿茶酸对副溶血弧菌的毒力衰减作用。实验结果表明,原儿茶酸的MIC为2 mg/mL,经MIC浓度原儿茶酸处理后,副溶血弧菌发生严重内陷和破裂,上清液中核酸、蛋白质、MDA含量分别是对照组的2.65倍、1.94倍和10.05倍。此外,原儿茶酸在浓度为1/4 MIC时对胞外多糖、胞外蛋白酶、生物被膜的抑制率分别为40.57%、19.79%和26.04%,在浓度为1/2 MIC时的抑制率分别为52.85%、28.38%和34.69%。原儿茶酸主要作用于细胞膜,通过影响细胞膜的完整性和通透性抑制副溶血弧菌的生长,在亚抑菌浓度下便可有效减弱副溶血弧菌毒力。     

青钱柳多糖抑菌活性及及作用机理

为研究青钱柳多糖的抑菌活性和作用机制，用不同质量浓度的青钱柳多糖处理细菌，通过最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC）、抑菌生长曲线分析青钱柳多糖对细菌的抑菌效果，并从抑制效果最佳的受试菌菌体电导率、细胞蛋白和核酸含量、还原糖的释放、呼吸链脱氢酶活性、脂质过氧化程度、细胞内ATP含量、细胞外碱性磷酸酶活力的角度来揭示其抑菌机理。结果表明，青钱柳多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coil）、单增李斯特氏菌（Listeria monocytogenes）和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）有明显的抑制作用，MIC分别为2、4、6、6 mg/mL，对枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）的抑菌性不明显；对指示菌的电导率、蛋白质和核酸渗漏、还原糖释放、呼吸链脱氢酶活性、细菌脂质过氧化程度、菌体胞内ATP和胞外碱性磷酸酶（AKP）含量均有影响。以上现象表明，青钱柳多糖的抑菌性主要是破坏菌体细胞壁和细胞膜完整性，改变其通透性，使得胞内大小分子物质外泄，抑制了细胞的呼吸代谢和引起氧化损失，进而影响细胞的生长代谢或造成细胞死亡，达到抑菌效果。     

百里香抑菌物质的提取工艺优化及活性研究

研究百里香中抑菌成分的超高压提取工艺及抑菌作用,考察压力、酒精浓度、料液比对百里香提取物抑菌作用大小的影响,采用响应面法优化百里香抑菌成分超高压提取的最佳条件;采用倍半稀释法测定百里香提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及单增李斯特菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);检测抑菌物质对细菌的生长曲线、核酸泄漏的影响;对百里香提取物成分进行分析。实验结果表明:在压力380MPa、乙醇浓度83%、料液比1∶42(g/mL)的条件下,相对电导率为15.69%±0.21%;百里香提取物处理细菌后与对照组相比,菌生长缓慢,迟滞期延长,细胞膜通透性增加,核酸泄露量明显增加,说明百里香提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及单增李斯特菌生长具有一定抑制作用;每1g百里香超高压提取物中含黄酮0.189mg、多酚0.162mg、多糖0.085mg、百里香酚0.134mg。     

辣木籽多糖抑菌作用及对牛肉保鲜效果研究

为探究辣木籽多糖的抑菌作用及保鲜效果,以大肠杆菌O157∶H7作为模型微生物研究其抑菌作用和以冷鲜牛肉作为原材料研究其保鲜效果。结果表明：辣木籽多糖对大肠杆菌O157∶H7有较好的抑菌作用,其抑菌机制是通过破坏大肠杆菌O157∶H7细胞壁和细胞膜的结构,造成孔洞塌陷,使细胞的疏水性和通透性增大,使胞内物质（如DNA、电解质、酶类等）泄露从而导致其生长受阻导致死亡。辣木籽多糖对冷鲜牛肉具有一定的保鲜效果,其可以延缓牛肉的pH升高、抑制TVB-N和TBA的生成、有效抑制微生物的生长繁殖,保护牛肉的色泽以达到保鲜的目的。辣木籽多糖可以作为一种天然的抑菌剂及保鲜剂,应用于食品行业中。     

金属抗菌肽SIF4对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞通透性的影响机制

为探明金属抗菌肽SIF4对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞通透性的影响机制,从胞外碱性磷酸酶活性、细胞表面电位、细胞表面疏水性、细胞内膜通透性和胞内生物大分子泄漏等角度考察了SIF4对细胞通透性的影响。研究发现,SIF4可破坏细胞壁结构完整性,随着抗菌肽质量浓度和温育时间的延长,胞外碱性磷酸酶活性也同步增长,2MIC组与TritonX-100组无显著差异（P>0.05）;细胞表面电位与SIF4质量浓度呈负相关关系;细胞表面疏水性与SIF4质量浓度呈良好的量-效正相关关系;细胞内膜通透性与抗菌肽质量浓度和温育时间呈正相关;胞内生物大分子泄漏与抗菌肽质量浓度和温育时间呈正相关,温育1 h时,胞内蛋白质泄漏呈差异性显著（P<0.05）,温育3 h后,2MIC与TritonX-100细胞内生物大分子泄漏差异基本不显著（P>0.05）。结果表明,SIF4可增强细胞通透性并使胞内物质泄漏,还能增强细胞表面疏水性和降低细胞表面电位,使细胞聚沉并诱导细胞坏死。     

工业大麻叶抑制单增李斯特菌成分初步分离及机理研究

研究工业大麻叶对单增李斯特菌的抑菌成分及抑菌机理,为其在食品工业中作为天然防腐剂的可能提供理论参考。工业大麻叶醇提后依次经乙酸乙酯萃取、硅胶柱分离,利用微量肉汤稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度并筛选高活性组分,气相色谱-质谱联用分析其有效成分;通过比较菌体细胞壁完整性、细胞膜通透性、能量代谢和氧化损伤变化以及扫描电镜观察,探讨抑菌机制。工业大麻叶乙酸乙酯萃取组分经体积比为1∶1的石油醚-乙酸乙酯洗脱后所得组分Fr.1：1对单增李斯特菌抑菌效果最好,最低抑制浓度为62.5 μg/mL,共鉴定出亚麻酸甲酯（40.79%）、十六酸甲酯（13.12%）等24种挥发性化合物;经Fr.1：1处理后,细菌表面有明显破溃,胞外碱性磷酸酶活性升高,培养液电导率增大,胞内三磷酸腺苷含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性均先升后降。工业大麻叶Fr.1∶1可破坏单增李斯特菌细胞壁和细胞膜结构,导致细胞通透性增加,电解质外泄,进而影响菌体能量代谢并造成质膜氧化损伤,最终使细菌生长受到抑制。     

酚酸对水产品腐败希瓦氏菌的抑菌作用

比较了没食子酸、原儿茶酸和绿原酸3种酚酸对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑制活性,并通过扫描电镜、流式细胞仪、细胞膜完整性和通透性测定等探讨了没食子酸对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑菌作用。结果表明:3种酚酸中没食子酸对腐败希瓦氏菌的抑制活性最强,其最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为1.25,2.50mg/mL。经最小抑菌浓度没食子酸处理后,腐败希瓦氏菌细胞形态改变,表面有明显凹陷;细胞凋亡率明显增高;核酸和蛋白泄漏增加,细胞膜完整性遭到破坏;细胞膜通透性增加,胞内电解质大量泄漏至培养液中。     

群体感应系统对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的影响

以单增李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes）为研究对象,分析Agr群体感应系统和LuxS/AI-2系统对其生物被膜形成的调控作用。通过同源重组对LMB33426菌株进行agrD基因以及luxS基因的无痕敲除,比较野生菌株与agrD、luxS基因缺失菌株的生物被膜特性差异。结果表明,与野生株相比,ΔagrD突变株和ΔluxS突变株的生物被膜形成能力下降;ΔagrD突变株的疏水性显著下降,在37 ℃下的泳动能力较野生株增强;群体感应系统基因敲除对菌株的耐药性没有产生较大影响。基因缺失株的构建为进一步研究群体感应系统对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的调控机制提供参考,同时为单增李斯特菌的预防控制奠定了基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.