退火热处理对快淬态La_(15-x)Sm_xFe_2Ni_(76)Mn_5B_2储氢合金组织结构及电化学性能的影响

采用中频感应熔炼-快淬方法制备La15-xSmxFe2Ni76Mn5B2(x=0,2,4,6)型储氢合金。结构分析表明:快淬态La15-xSmxFe2Ni76Mn5B2(x=0,2,4,6)合金为多相结构,主相为La Ni5相,另外还有La3Ni13B2相和(Fe,Ni)相。快淬合金经1173 K保温3小时,而后随炉冷却到室温,随着Sm替代La的量不同,合金的组成相有着不同的变化。电化学测试表明,退火热处理明显提高了合金电极的最大放电容量,改善了合金电极的自放电性能。退火合金电极的高倍率放电能力均低于快淬合金,表明储氢合金电极的电化学动力学性能有所下降。     

热处理对La0.65Pr0.05Nd0.05Mg0.25Ni3.3Al0.1储氢合金结构和电极性能的影响

为了了解新型稀土-镁-镍系储氢合金的结构和电化学性能与热处理温度的关系,通过中频感应熔炼法制备了La0.65Pr0.05Nd0.05Mg0.25Ni3.3Al0.1储氢合金,在氩气保护下进行退火热处理,温度为1123K、1173K和1223K,保温时间8h.应用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、能谱分析等方法研究了合金的结构,测试了合金的主要电化学性能.结果表明该合金由三相组成(La,Mg)Ni3.5相、LaNi5相和(La,Mg)Ni2相,退火后三相的相对含量发生了变化, 随着热处理温度的逐步提高,合金中LaNi5相和(La,Mg)Ni2相的比例减小,(La,Mg)Ni3.5相的比例增加.合金的放电容量、充放电循环稳定性与合金组成相所占比例密切相关, 尤其是(La,Mg)Ni2相的存在不容忽视.     

La_(15-x)Nd_xFe_(14)Ni_(64)Mn_5B_2(x=0～6)储氢合金的结构和电化学性能

采用中频感应熔炼-快淬炉制备了La15-xNdxFe14Ni64Mn5B2(x=0、2、4、6)储氢合金。扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱(EDS)分析表明,这些合金由(La,Nd)Ni5相、(Fe,Ni)相和(La,Nd)3Ni13B2相组成。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,Nd含量对合金的相组成没有影响,但随Nd含量的增加,衍射峰向高角度方向轻微位移。电化学测试表明,随x值的增大,合金电极的放电容量及高倍率放电能力(HRD)先增加后减小,x=2时的放电容量(302mAh.g-1)最高,HRD值(1050 mA.g-1放电时为65.6%)最大。充放电循环稳定性随x值的增大而增加。适量的Nd替代La有利于改善LaFeNiMnB储氢合金的综合电化学性能。     

Nd替代La对R-Mg-Ni基储氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

用感应熔炼法制备了(La1-xNdx)0.8Mg0.2Ni3.4Al0.1(x=0~0.4)储氢合金。采用XRD、恒电流充放电技术研究了Nd部分替代La对合金结构和电化学性能的影响。XRD分析表明该合金为多相结构,合金主相由(La,Mg)2Ni7相变成(La,Mg)5Ni19。电化学性能研究表明,随着Nd的加入,合金电极放电容量先增加后减小。当x=0.1时,放电容量达到最大值365.0 m Ah·g-1。同时Nd的加入导致合金电极电化学循环性能和高倍率放电性能下降。     

A2B7型La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5-xFex(x=0～0.3)贮氢合金相结构及电化学性能研究

采用感应熔炼方法制备了La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5-xFex(x=0.0.05,0.1,0.2,0.3)四元贮氢合金,系统地研究了合金B侧Fe对Ni部分替代对合金相结构及电化学性能的影响.X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5-xFex由(La,Mg)2Ni7相(包括Gd2Co7型高温相和Ce2Ni7型低温相)组成.此外,随着Fe元素的加入,该类合金中出现CaCu5型LaNi5相,且随着Fe含量的增加而增多.电化学测试表明,随Fe含量的增加,合金电极活化次数变化不大,而其最大放电容量呈现先增后减的趋势,合金的最大放电容量由x=0.05时的376.21 mAh·g -1下降到x=0.3时的340.89 mAh·g-1;合金的高倍率放电性能随着Fe含量的增加而降低,当电流密度为900 mA·g-1时,合金的高倍率放电性能由83.66%(x=0)减小到62.23%(x=0.3);循环稳定性先增加后下降.     

RE(RE=Nd,Sm,Pr)部分替代La对A_2B_7型合金电化学贮氢性能的影响

La-Mg-Ni系A2B7型合金由于其高的放电容量被认为是最具希望的Ni-MH电池负极材料,然而,低的电化学循环稳定性制约着合金的实际应用。为了改善La-Mg-Ni系A2B7型合金的电化学贮氢性能,用RE(RE=Nd,Sm,Pr)部分替代合金中的La,用感应熔炼及退火工艺制备了La0.8-xRExMg0.2Ni3.35Al0.1Si0.05(RE=Nd,Sm,Pr;x=0,0.2)电极合金。为了抑制Mg在熔炼过程中的挥发,熔炼过程中采用氦气作为保护气氛。用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析了铸态及退火态合金的微观结构,并测试了铸态及退火态合金的电化学贮氢性能,比较了不同稀土元素替代La对合金电化学性能的影响。结果表明,铸态及退火态合金包含两个主相,具有Ce2Ni7型结构的(La,Mg)2Ni7相以及Ca Cu5型结构的La Ni5相。RE(RE=Nd,Sm,Pr)部分替代La未影响合金的相组成,但使合金的相含量发生明显改变。此外,元素替代使铸态及退火态合金的组织明显细化。RE(RE=Nd,Sm,Pr)部分替代La显著改善了合金的电化学贮氢性能,包括电化学循环稳定性、放电容量及电化学动力学性能。     

A_2B_7型La_(0.64)Gd_(0.2)Mg_(0.16(1+x))Ni_(3.1)Co_(0.3)Al_(0.1)储氢合金微观组织和电化学性能

以综合电化学性能较佳的低镁含量合金La0.64Gd0.2Mg0.16Ni3.1Co0.3Al0.1为基础,通过改变Mg元素含量的添加方式,用感应熔炼方法与热处理制备了La0.64Gd0.2Mg0.16(1+x)Ni3.1Co0.3Al0.1系列合金,系统研究了该条件下镁元素成分波动(Mg过量值x)对La-Mg-Ni系A2B7型合金微观结构和电化学性能的影响规律。合金相结构分析表明,合金退火组织由主相Ce2Ni7(Gd2Co7)型以及Pr5Co19型、Pu Ni3型和Ca Cu5型多相组成,随Mg过量值x增加,合金中主相Ce2Ni7型相丰度呈现先增加后减小的趋势;当Mg过量值0x≤50%时,合金组织的Ce2Ni7型主相相丰度达到81.04%~87.18%;x=0,80%时,Ce2Ni7型主相丰度减小至76.3%以下。电化学测试结果表明,随Mg过量值x增加,合金电极最大放电容量呈先增加后降低趋势,x=10%时合金具有最高电化学放电容量(384.6 m Ah·g-1);当Mg过量值x在5%~50%范围内变化时,其电极循环稳定性均保持在S100≥90%,此时镁元素成分波动变化对合金电极循环稳定性的影响不敏感。合金电极的高倍率放电性能(HRD)随Mg过量值的增加呈先增大后减小趋势,其中电极表面的电荷转移速率是影响合金电化学反应动力学性能的主要控制步骤。     

Co替代Ni对A2B7型贮氢电极合金相结构及电化学性能的影响

采用感应熔炼方法制备了La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5-xCox(x=0,0.25,0.75,1)四元贮氢合金,系统地研究了合金B侧Co对Ni部分替代对合金相结构及电化学性能的影响.X衍射(XRD)分析表明,La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5-xCox由(La,Mg)2Ni-7相(包括Gd2 Co7型高温相和Ce2 Ni7型低温相)组成.此外,随着Co元素的加入,该类合金中出现CaCu5型LaNi5相.电化学测试表明,随Co含量的增加,合金电极活化次数增大,合金电极的最大放电容量增大,合金的最大放电容量由x =0.25时的376.53 mAh/g增加到x=1时的401.62mAh/g,氢扩散系数增大,循环稳定性变差,合金的高倍率放电性能降低,Co含量对合金电极高倍率放电性能HRD值的影响与对合金电极交换电流密度的影响趋势一致,这表明电极合金表面的电化学反应对合金的动力学性能影响更大.     

Sn替代Ni对R-Mg-Ni基合金结构和电化学性能的影响

采用元素替代的方法,研究了Sn元素部分替代Ni元素对La0.72Nd0.08Mg0.2Ni3.4-xSnxAl0.1(x=0~0.14)电极合金结构和电化学性能的影响。通过感应熔炼、退火处理、粉碎过筛后得到合金样品。X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明该合金为多相结构,包括(La,Mg)2Ni7(Gd2Co7型和Ce2Ni7型)、(La,Mg)5Ni19(Pr5Co19型)、(La,Mg)Ni3(Pu Ni3型)和La Ni5相(Ca Cu5型)。结构精修显示合金主相由Gd2Co7型(La,Mg)2Ni7相依次变化为(La,Mg)5Ni19,La Ni5相。恒电流充放电测试表明,合金放电容量最大值为387.4 m Ah·g-1。加入Sn后合金电极的放电容量下降,这与合金中相含量的变化是有关系的。Sn的加入导致合金中高吸氢相(La,Mg)2Ni7相的减少,而吸氢能力相对小的(La,Mg)5Ni19相和La Ni5相含量不断增加。高倍率放电测试表明随着Sn元素加入,高倍率放电性能下降。电化学循环稳定性测试表明随着Sn元素含量的增加,合金电极循环寿命先增加后下降。当Sn含量x=0.06时,在100次电化学循环后放电容量保持率达到最高水平83.8%。     

机械合金化MlNi_(3.55)Co_(0.75)Mn_(0.4)Al_(0.3)/Mg复合储氢合金的相结构和电化学性能

采用机械合金化法制备了MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3+x%Mg(Ml=富镧混合稀土;x=3,5,7,10)复合储氢合金。利用X射线衍射和电化学测试方法对MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3铸态合金和MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3/Mg复合合金的相结构和电化学性能进行了研究。X射线衍射结果发现,MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3合金由单一的La Ni5相组成。而MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3/Mg复合合金由La Ni5主相和小量的(La,Mg)2Ni3相组成,且合金中(La,Mg)2Ni3相的含量随镁含量x的增大而增多。此外,当复合合金中镁含量较多(x=10)时,复合合金有非晶化的趋势。电化学性能测试结果发现,当添加镁含量较少(x≤7)时,合金的最大放电容量、放电性能以及循环稳定性都好于MlNi3.55Co0.75Mn0.4Al0.3合金的相应性能,其中x=5时,合金的综合电化学性能最佳。合金电化学性能的改善得益于合金中形成恰当比例的La Ni5和(La,Mg)2Ni3相。     

Effect of Ni/（La＋Mg） Ratio on Structure and Electrochemical Performance of La-Mg-Ni Alloy System

As the alloy with the most suitable Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio has higher capacity and good cycle stability,theeffects of Ni/(La+Mg) ratios on the electrochemical performances of the La0.80 Mg0.20 Nix (x= 3.5 to 5.0) alloys have been investigated to find the most suitable Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio.The results of XRD and SEM observations show that the phase composition of the alloys varies with different Ni/(La+Mg) ratios.When Ni/(La+Mg) is notmore than 4.25,all the alloys contain LaNi5 and (La,Mg)2Ni7 phases,in addition,the LaMg and (La,Mg)Ni3 phases exist in the x=3.5 and 3.75 alloys,respectively.The LaMg2Ni9 phase exists in the x=4.25 alloy.There are the LaNi5 and LaMg2 Ni9 phases in the x= 4.5,4.75,and 5.0 alloys.The phase abundance and cell volume change with different Ni content.When the Ni/(La+Mg) ratio is not more than 4.25,the alloys possess excellent activation capability,however,the activation capabilities of the alloys decrease with a further increase in the Ni/(La+Mg)ratio.With increasing the Ni/(La+ Mg) ratio,the maximum discharge capacities,the medium voltages,and the cycle stabilities of the alloys first increase and then decrease.When the Ni/(La+Mg) ratio is 3.75,the corresponding alloyhas the maximum discharge capacity among all the alloys.However,the cycle stability of the Ni/(La+ Mg)= 4.0 alloy is better than that of the others.     

Preparation and Structure of Mg2-xRExNi （RE = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Y） Ternary Alloys

A series of Mg2-xNdxNi (x =0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) alloys and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni (RE= La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Y)ternary alloys were prepared by ball milling of mixted powder of Mg, Ni, RE and sintering under the protection of argon. XRD analysis shows that Mg2-xNdxNi (x = 0.05, 0.1 ) and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni consist of single phase with the same crystal structure as Mg2Ni. While three-phase alloys including Mg2Ni, NdNi and NdMgNi4 were formed in Mg1.8Nd0.2Ni and Mg1.7Nd0.3Ni alloys respectively. The lattice constants of Mg2Ni in those ternary alloys were calculated. The decomposition of Mg2Ni occurs in the milling process of Mg2Ni and Mg1.95RE0.05Ni alloys respectively. For the latter, another earlier reaction occurs in milling process, which means that atoms of RE are separated from crystal structure of Mg2Ni and form relevant oxides by combination with oxygen existed in argon atmosphere.     

A study on hydrogen storage and electrochemical properties of La_（0.55）Pr_（0.05）Nd_（0.15）Mg_（0.25）Ni_（3.5） （Co_（0.5）Al_（0.5））_x （x=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5） alloys

The La0.55Pr0.05Nd0.15Mg0.25Ni3.5(Co0.5Al0.5)x(x=0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) alloys were prepared by magnetic levitation melting under an Ar atmosphere, and the effects of Co and Al on the hydrogen storage and electrochemical properties were systematically investigated by pressure composition isotherms, cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing. The results showed that the alloy phases were mainly consisted of (La,Pr)(Ni,Co)5, LaMg2Ni9, (La,Nd)2Ni7 and LaNi3 phases, and the cell volumes of (La,Pr)(Ni,Co)5, LaMg2Ni9, (La,Nd)2Ni7 and LaNi3 phases expanded with Co and Al element added. The hydrogen storage capacity initially increased from 1.36 (x=0) to 1.47 wt.% (x=0.3) and then decreased to 1.22 wt.% (x=0.5). The discharge capacity retention and cycle stability of the alloy electrodes were improved with the increase of Co and Al contents. The La0.55Pr0.05Nd0.15Mg0.25Ni3.5(Co0.5Al0.5)0.3 alloy electrode possessed better electrochemical kinetic characteristic.     

Influence of rapid quenching on cyclic stability of La-Mg-Ni system （AB3-type） electrode alloys

Aiming at the improvement of the cyclic stability of La-Mg-Ni system （PuNi3-type） hydrogen storage alloy, Ni in the alloy was partly substituted by Fe. The electrode alloys of La0.7Mg0.3Co0.45Ni255-xFex （x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4） were prepared by casting and rapid quenching. The influence of the quenching on cyclic stability as well as structure of the alloys was investigated in detail. The results of electrochemical measurement indicated that rapid quenching significantly improved cyclic stability. When the quenching rate rose from 0 （As-cast was defined as a quenching rate of 0 m/s） to 30 m/s, the cyclic life of Fe-free alloy （x=-0） increased from 81 to 105 cycles, and for alloy containing Fe（x=0.4）, it grew from 106 to 166 cycles at a current density of 600 mA/g. The results obtained by XRD, TEM and SEM revealed that the as-cast and quenched alloys had multiphase structures, including two major phases （La, Mg）Ni3 and LaNi5 as well as an imptLrity phase LaNi2. Rapid quenching helped the formation of an amorphous-like structure in Fe containing alloys.     

Effect of cobalt content on electrochemical performance of La-Mg-Ni system （Ce2Ni7-type） electrode alloys

In order to improve the cyclic stability of La-Mg-Ni system （Ce2Ni7-type） alloy electrode, small amount of Co was added in La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5 alloy. The effect of Co on electrochemical performance and microstructure of the alloys were investigated in detail. XRD results showed that the alloys had multiphase structure composed of （La, Mg）2Ni7, LaNi5 and small amount of LaNi2 phases. The discharge capacity of the alloys first increased and then decreased with increasing Co content. At a discharge current density of 900 mA/g, the HRD of the alloy electrodes increased from 81.3% （x=0） to 89.2 % （x=0.2）, and then reduced to 87.8 % （x=0.6）. After 60 charge/discharge cycles, the capacity retention rate of the alloys enhanced from 52.67% to 61.32%, and the capacity decay rate of the alloys decreased from 2.60 to 2.05 mAh/g per cycle with increasing Co content. The obtained results by XPS and XRD showed that the fundamental reasons for the capacity decay of the La-Mg-Ni system （Ce2Ni7-type） alloy electrodes were corrosion and oxidation as well as passivation of Mg and Lain alkaline solution.     

Phase structure and hydrogen storage properties of LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy

The phase structure and hydrogen storage property of LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy were studied.XRD and SEM results exhibited that LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy consisted mainly of LaMg3,La2Mg17 and LaMg2Ni phases;after hydriding/dehydriding process,all the three phases transformed,La3H7 phase existed and the actual hydrogen absorption phases were Mg and Mg2Ni phases.Pressure-composition-temperature (P-C-T)measurement showed that the reversible hydrogen storage capacity of LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy was 2.63 wt.%,and the absorption time for reaching 90%of the storage capacity was 124 s at 523 K,and it was 1850 s for deabsorbing 90%of the maximum dehydrogen capacity.The hydriding process of LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy followed the nucleation and growth mechanisms.The enthalpy and entropy for hydriding and dehydriding reactions of the Mg phase in LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy were calculated to be-66.38±1.10 kJ/mol H2,-100.96±1.96 J/(K·mol)H2 and 68.50±3.87 kJ/mol H2,98.28±5.48 J/(K·mol)H2,respectively.A comparison of these data with those of MgH2(-74.50 kJ/mol H2,-132.30 J/K·mol H2)suggested that the hydride of LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy was less stable than MgH2.The existence of La hydride and synergetic effect of multiphase led to higher reversible hydrogen storage capacity and better kinetic property at lower temperature for LaMg3.93Ni0.21 alloy.     

Effect of praseodymium substitution for lanthanum on structure and properties of La0.65-xPrxNd0.12Mg0.23Ni3.4Al0.1（X=0.00-0.20） hydrogen storage alloys

In order to investigate the effect of substituting La with Pr on structural and hydrogen storage properties of La-Mg-Ni system (AB3.5-type) hydrogen storage alloys, a series of La0.65-xPrxNd0.12Mg0.23Ni3.4Al0.1(x=0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.2) hydrogen storage alloys were prepared. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) analyses revealed that two alloys (x=0.0 and 0.10) were composed of (La, Mg)2(Ni,Al)7 phase, La(Ni,Al)5 phase and (La,Mg)Ni2 phase, while other alloys (x=0.15 and 0.20) consisted of (La,Mg)2(Ni,Al)7 phase, La(Ni,Al)5 phase, (La,Mg)Ni2 phase and (La, Mg)(Ni,Al)3 phase. All alloys showed, however, only one pressure plateau in P-C isotherms. The Pr/La ratio in alloy composition influenced hydrogen storage capacity and kinetics properties. Elec-trochemical studies showed that the discharge capacity decreased from 360 mAh/g (x=0.00) to 335 mAh/g (x=0.20) as x increased. But the high-rate dischargeability (HRD) of alloy electrodes increased from 26% (x=0.00) to 56% (x=0.20) at a discharge current density of Id=1800 mA/g. Anode polarization measurements were done to further understand the electrochemical kinetics properties after Pr substitution.     

快淬纳米晶/非晶Mg2-xLaxNi (x=0～0.6)合金的贮氢动力学

为了改善Mg2Ni型合金气态及电化学贮氢动力学性能,用La部分替代合金中的Mg,用快淬技术制备了Mg2-xLaxNi(x=0,0.2,0.4,0.6)合金,用XRD,SEM,HRTEM分析了铸态及快淬态合金的微观结构;用自动控制的Sieverts设备测试了合金的气态贮氢动力学性能,用程控电池测试仪测试了合金的电化学贮氢动力学.结果发现,快淬无La合金具有典型的纳米晶结构,而快淬含La合金显示了以非晶相为主的结构,表明La替代Mg提高Mg2Ni型合金的非晶形成能力.La替代Mg明显地改变Mg2Ni型合金的相组成.当La替代量x=0.4时,合金的主相改变为(La,Mg) Ni3+ LaMg3.合金的气态及电化学吸放氢动力学对La含量及快淬工艺敏感,La替代使合金的吸氢动力学降低,但适量的La替代可以明显改善合金的放氢动力学及高倍率放电能力.适当的快淬处理可以提高合金的气态及电化学贮氢动力学,但获得最佳贮氢动力学的快淬工艺与合金的成分密切相关.     

Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure and electrochemical performance of La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5Co0.2 hydrogen storage electrode alloy

To improve the cyclic stability of La-Mg-Ni system alloy, as-cast La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5Co0.2 alloy was annealed at 1123, 1223, and 1323 K for 10 h in 0.3 MPa argon. The microstructure and electrochemical performance of different annealed alloys were investigated systematically by X-Ray Diffraction （XRD）, Scanning Electron Microscopy （SEM）, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy （XPS）, and electrochemical experiments. The results obtained by XRD and SEM showed that the as-cast and annealed （1123 K） alloys had multiphase structure containing LaNis, （La, Mg）2（Ni, Co）7 and few LaNi2 phases. When annealing temperatures approached 1223 and 1323 K, LaNi2 phase disappeared. The annealed alloys at 1223 and 1323 K were composed of LaNi5, （La, Mg）2（Ni, Co）7 and （La, Mg）（Ni, Co）3 phases. With increasing annealing temperature, the maximum discharge capacity of the alloy decreased monotonously, but the cyclic stability was improved owing to structure homogeneity and grain growth after annealing, as well as the enhancement of anti-oxidation/corrosion ability and the suppression of pulverization during cycling in KOH electrolyte.     

Effects of Fe-substitution for cobalt on electrochemical properties of La-Mg-Ni-based alloys

In order to improve electrochemical properties,especially cycling stability,Co was partially substituted by Fe in A2B7-type La-Mg-Ni-based alloys.The La0.74Mg0.26Ni2.55Co0.65-xFex(x=0,0.10,0.20,0.30) alloys were prepared by inductive melting,and their phase structure and electrochemical properties were studied.The XRD and SEM results showed that the alloys consisted mainly of(La,Mg)2Ni7 phase,(La,Mg)5Ni19 phase and LaNi5 phase,except for absence of LaNi5 phase in the non-substituted alloy.The(La,Mg)5Ni19 ph...