球形化HMX颗粒的晶体品质与性能

分别采用激光粒度仪、光学显微镜、高效液相色谱、X-射线衍射等方法对球形化处理前后的奥克托今(HMX)颗粒的形貌、化学纯度、晶体缺陷等晶体品质进行了表征,采用TG-DSC和5 s爆发点实验研究了其热性能,测试了其撞击感度、摩擦感度和静电感度.结果表明,球形化HMX颗粒基本为球形,表面光滑,颗粒透光均匀,内外缺陷少,热稳定性提高,颗粒密度分布集中,以HMX为基的浆状炸药的流散性明显改善,机械感度和静电感度变化不明显.     

球形化HMX制备及性能研究

对溶剂侵蚀法进行了改进,获得了一种能够制备表面光滑球形HMX晶体颗粒的方法。用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和激光粒度仪表征了球形HMX的粒度和形貌,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)比较了球形化前后HMX的热性能,用标准容器法和压缩刚度法分别测试了球形化前后HMX晶体的堆积密度和力学性能。研究结果表明,球形化后HMX呈球形度高,表面光滑,该方法不改变原有HMX的颗粒粒径分布,对热性能和机械感度未产生影响,但可将松装堆积密度提高13%以上,力学性能也得到了明显改善。     

晶形控制剂对HMX炸药晶体生长影响的实验研究

为了防止奥克托今(HMX)炸药晶体聚集和长大,以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为晶形控制剂,二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,去离子水为非溶剂,采用喷射结晶超细化方法和热干燥方式,研究了PVP的不同添加量对HMX晶体生长的影响。利用场发射扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对PVP-HMX的形貌和官能团进行了表征。用标准方法 GJB772A-1997测试了其撞击感度。结果表明,PVP的添加量为0.4%时,HMX的晶体粒径分布与热干燥前一致。HMX颗粒为近球形,其粒径分布在1～3μm。HMX红外峰没有出现新的官能团峰。PVP-HMX的特性落高H50比原料HMX提高了248.3%。     

HMX晶体颗粒微结构的原位变温X射线小角散射

为了研究温度作用下奥克托今(HMX)晶体的微结构演化和热安定性,使用原位变温X射线小角散射(SAXS)和广角散射(WAXS),对比研究了平均粒径为5μm和20μm两种HMX晶体颗粒的缺陷演化和相变行为。WAXS结果表明,HMX(5μm)的β→δ相变起始温度为194℃,比HMX(20μm)的相变起始温度高8℃。Guinier定理拟合分析表明,两种HMX晶体在150℃均开始生成微缺陷,其回转半径约为0.9 nm;随温度升高,微缺陷的体积分数增加,高温下生成的微缺陷在降温过程不会消失;HMX(20μm)的微缺陷含量高于HMX(5μm)。微缺陷的累积会导致HMX晶体内部生成微裂纹,甚至发生开裂。SAXS、WAXS和扫描电镜观测结果均表明HMX(5μm)具有更为优异的热安定性。讨论了微缺陷的生成机制,以及微缺陷对HMX感度的潜在影响。     

碳酸丙烯酯中HMX结晶形貌及其机理

为了获得无孪晶和形貌一致的HMX晶体,采用碳酸丙烯酯(PC)对普通HMX进行重结晶,研究不同实验条件对晶体形貌的影响;通过光学显微镜分析重结晶样品HMX结晶形貌,发现长时间结晶可以使晶体平均粒径达到2000μm;加入晶种和少量水,晶体偏向于球形化;只加入晶种,得到的晶体形貌比较一致。研究HMX晶面结构发现:PC溶剂容易与(100)面发生强的弱相互作用致使该晶面无法生长,因此PC结晶得到的晶体大都含有(100)面。     

喷雾干燥法制备球形HMX的正交实验

以丙酮为溶剂,采用L_9(3~4)正交实验优化了喷雾干燥制备球形HMX的工艺条件。利用扫描电镜(SEM)对优化条件下所得的球形HMX进行了表征。采用评分法定量分析了其形貌。结果表明,球形HMX的最优制备条件为:入口温度70℃,进料速率1.5 mL·min~(-1),喷雾气体流速473 L·h~(-1),质量分数1.5%。最优制备工艺条件下所得HMX颗粒的中值粒径为997.56 nm,晶型为β型。与HMX原料相比,球形HMX的撞击感度的特性落高提高28.21 cm。     

重结晶制备降感HMX技术研究

采用溶剂一非溶剂重结晶方法,通过改变溶剂、表面活性剂、搅拌强度及加料方式等工艺条件,制备感度降低的HMX.通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和10kg落锤撞击感度试验对HMX进行性能表征.结果表明:制备球形HMX晶体的最佳工艺条件是以二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,糊精为表面活性剂,搅拌强度为2 000r/min,采用反溶剂正加法;球形HMX的撞击感度较原料降低了28%.     

显微拉曼光谱评价HMX晶体结晶品质

采用显微拉曼光谱分析技术研究了单晶HMX、球形化HMX和工业品HMX的结晶品质与拉曼光谱特征参数之间的关系。通过对HMX晶体显微拉曼光谱谱峰的对比研究,确定了其拉曼光谱特征峰为951 cm-1。对不同品质HMX的特征峰的半峰宽和相对标准偏差进行统计分析,得单晶HMX、球形化HMX和工业品HMX951 cm-1处的半峰宽均值分别为15.18,16.71,17.84 cm-1,相对标准偏差分别为0.0143%、0.0524%和0.129%,而HMX单晶单点12次测试结果为15.18 cm-1和0.0122%。分析三种不同品质HMX晶体的扫描电镜图和折光匹配显微图片,认为单晶HMX品质最好,球形化HMX次之,工业品HMX最差。结果表明,可利用拉曼光谱特征峰的半峰宽和相对标准偏差来评价HMX晶体的结晶品质,特征峰的半峰宽越接近15.19 cm-1,相对标准偏差越小,样品的结晶品质越高。     

DNTF/HMX基喷雾干燥复合成型微球的制备与表征

为了改善3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)、奥克托今(HMX)的安全性能,将高分子材料Estane 5703作为粘结剂,采用喷雾干燥技术制备了超细DNTF/HMX基复合成型微球,并对其与原料分别进行了表征和热分析。结果表明:喷雾干燥成型后的DNTF/HMX复合微粒为比较规则的球形,粒度约为2~6μm,明显优于原料;XRD测试表明其晶型与原料相同。运用Kissinger法和Ozawa法得到DNTF/HMX复合成型微粒分别为305.48 k J·mol-1和298.58 k J·mol-1,热安定性比原料提高。撞击感度测试表明DNTF/HMX复合成型微球特性落高为78.8cm,相比原料撞击感度显著降低。     

聚氨酯原位结晶包覆HMX的研究

为有效降低HMX的机械感度,采用聚氨酯与HMX原位结晶的方法对HMX进行包覆改性处理.借助扫描电镜(SEM)、激光粒度仪、X-射线衍射、机械感度测试等方法表征改性前后HMX的粒子形态、粒径、晶型、撞击感度和摩擦感度.结果表明,原位结晶包覆处理后的HMX晶体质量得到明显改善,晶体形貌更规整、颗粒表面缺陷显著减少,β-晶型...     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.