Alcohol ether sulfates in shampoos

Mono-, di- and triethanolamine sulfates of several different molecular weight alcohol ether sulfates were formulated into shampoos. The ethylene oxide content of the alcohol ethoxylates varied from about 20 to 60%, although 40% was usual. The shampoo formulation was 20% active ether sulfate and 5% foam stabilizer. Lauric diethanolamide and amine oxides were used as foam stabilizers. The shampoos were tested for quality and quantity of foam, viscosity and cloud point. Although no “hair effects” tests were run, a limited home use test was made. Alcohol ether sulfate shampoos are equal or superior to several popular commercial products on the basis of a laboratory foam test. They are comparable in foam to alcohol sulfates in similar formulations. Cloud points of these shampoos were generally good. Amine oxide foam stabilizers reduced the cloud point more than the amide. Viscosities of the shampoos were readily controllable. Although the choice of alkanolamine, alcohol molecular weight and degree of ethoxylation had some effect on these properties, none were highly critical; this allows considerable leeway in their selection. The home use tests assured us that these shampoos were not obviously deficient in the desired “hair effect” properties. The literature records that alcohol ether sulfates are preferred to alcohol sulfates for low skin and eye irritation. By varying the free oil (unsulfated ethoxylate) content and making the proper choice of ether sulfate and foam stabilizer, bright and clear liquid shampoos with viscosities from about 10 centipoise to over 50,000 centipoise were made. The latter are essentially gels. Paste shampoos were also made from these ether sulfates. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, Chicago, October 1967. Now with Stepan Chemical Company, Northfield, Illinois.     

Comparison of salt thickening of conventional and peaked alcohol ether sulfates

The salt thickening properties of solutions of sodium dodecyl ether sulfate derived from alcohol ethoxylates with either peaked or conventional ethylene oxide distribution are reported. Sodium dodecyl ether sulfates with a peaked ethylene oxide distribution salt thicken more than those with a conventional ethylene oxide distribution. Rheological and light scattering studies are consistent with a model in which viscosity arises from the interaction of rod-like micelles.     

The workhorse surfactants: LAS,alcohol sulfates,and ether sulfates

Relative market volumes are discussed illustrating why LAS, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, and branched chain alkylene benzene sulfonates are called “workhorse” surfactants. Typical heavy duty powder, heavy duty liquid, and light duty liquid formulations from around the world are given for each material. Low mole ether sulfates for heavy duty powders are discussed as to chemical constituency and performance. Comparisions of LAS to paraffin sulfonates and olefin sulfonates are given for light duty liquid formulations. Shampoo performance advantages of alcohol sulfates over olefin sulfates are illustrated.     

驱油用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐研究进展

介绍了卤化脂肪醇醚法、烯烃加成法、硫酸酯盐转化法和羟乙基磺酸钠法合成脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐的路线、工艺特点及优缺点,剖析了其泡沫性能的影响因素,耐温、耐盐耐钙性能的研究现状。脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐类阴-非离子表面活性剂适用于高温、高矿化度油藏条件的开采,具有常规表面活性剂的多种优良性能,在油田开采中具有广阔的发展空间。     

国内脂肪醇的生产和市场现状

介绍国内脂肪醇及其下游产品脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐的生产现状及市场现状。2005年,国内掀起了改建、扩建和新建脂肪醇装置的热潮。目前,我国脂肪醇产能15万t/a,市场需求为18~20万t。2006年上半年,脂肪醇价格的下降也导致其下游产品脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐(AES)的价格回落。     

液体脂肪醇硫酸盐的生产及应用性能

简单介绍了液体脂肪醇硫酸钠的反应原理和工艺流程,对在生产过程中影响产品质量的因素进行了研究,得到了在生产过程中维持工艺空气的露点在-60℃以下、硫磺流量稳定、产品浓度不超过35％等条件,可生产出高质量的产品。通过对液体脂肪醇硫酸钠基本性能的测试,得出液体脂肪醇硫酸钠具有优异的去污、起泡、乳化和生物降解性能。同时,通过研究液体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用,得到的液体脂肪醇硫酸钠可代替部分脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、烷基苯磺酸钠和固体脂肪醇硫酸钠在洗洁精、洗衣粉和牙膏中的应用。     

醇醚硫酸盐AES浓缩物的合成

本文以月桂醇为起始剂合成月桂醇聚氧乙烯(3)醚,然后以氨基磺酸为硫酸化剂,分别制得醇醚硫酸盐的铵盐和钠盐,其活性物浓度为70％,各项表面活性及理化特性符合应用的要求。     

Effect of alkyl carbon chain length and ethylene oxide content on the performance of linear alcohol ether sulfates

A series of linear alcohol ether sulfates varying in alkyl carbon chain length and ethylene oxide content was evaluated with respect to surface activity, viscosity, foaming, and detergency. Performance data agree well with surface property data. A low level of EO is best in terms of effectiveness and efficiency in lowering surface tension, which is why a low-mole ether sulfate salt-thickens better, produces foam which is more tolerant of soil, and gives good detergency performance. A lauryl-range alkyl carbon chain length is best for foaming and salt-thickening, but a higher carbon chain length appears to be better for detergency performance.     

窄分布脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠的性能研究

分别对工业化的常规脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO_2)和窄分布AEO_2进行气相色谱分析,并对以2种AEO_2为原料生产的脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(AES)的表面活性、泡沫性能、乳化性能、润湿性能以及倾点等进行研究。通过对2种AEO_2的气相色谱分析发现,窄分布AEO_2中游离脂肪醇含量更低,EO加合数为1~4的组分含量更高。将2种AES产品的性能进行对比后发现,窄分布AES在倾点、盐增稠能力、泡沫性能、润湿力等方面较常规AES具有一定的优势。     

适用于高矿化度油藏的醇（酚）聚氧烯基醚磺酸盐合成进展

醇（酚）聚氧烯基醚磺酸盐具有优良的耐盐、耐高温水解、HLB值可调及配伍性能,在高矿化度油藏开采领域具有广泛的应用潜力。本文介绍了几种常见醇（酚）聚氧烯基醚磺酸盐表面活性剂的结构,分析了其在高矿化度、高二价离子油藏中的作用特征,综述了亚硫酸盐磺化工艺、磺烷基化工艺和硫酸酯基团转化等磺化工艺,并从原料性能、收率、反应路线及工艺流程等角度对各工艺进行了分析比较,总结了各工艺路线的优、缺点,指出如能对基团转化过程中的水解程度加以控制,以脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠为原料的硫酸酯基团转化工艺具有较好的工业应用前景。     

脂肪醇醚硫酸盐（AES）的生产与市场分析

分析了国内外脂肪醇醚硫酸盐 (AES)的生产及供需情况。 2 0 0 2年世界AES生产能力和需求分别为380万t/a和 90万t;2 0 0 3年我国AES主要生产企业有 16家 ,总生产能力为 34 5万t/a ,需求量达 10万t。同时还分析了AES的生产技术现状 ,介绍了AES的 4种合成方法以及磺化反应的工艺进展。     

Ether alcohol sulfates from oleyl alcohol

Oleyl alcohol was caused to react with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and 1,2-butylene oxide in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. The first and second derivatives from each reaction were isolated by fractional distillation. Sulfation with dioxane-SO₃ gave high-purity oleyl ether sulfates, easily soluble, with good detergent and lime soap-dispersing properties. The use of chlorosulfonic acid or sulfuric acid as the sulfating agent for oleyl ether alcohols resulted in about 60% retention of the double bond, compared with oleyl alcohol, which under the same conditions retained only about 25% unsaturation. Oleyl ether alcohols sulfated with chlorosulfuric acid or sulfuric acid are easily sobuble and have good lime soap-dispersing properties. They are able to solubilize less soluble soaps and saturated ether alcohol sulfates. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, May 1967 E. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA     

Synthesis and Application of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Based Alkyd Resin in Liquid Detergent

Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is the by-product obtained during physical refining of crude palm oil, which mainly consists of free fatty acids along with minor amounts of glycerides, bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, squalene, other hydrocarbons. In the present work, an eco-friendly alkyd resin was prepared using sustainable feedstock such as PFAD along with rosin. The various physico-chemical properties of PFAD-based alkyd resin (PFAD-AR) such as acid value, saponification value, viscosity and volatile matter were determined and compared to palm oil based alkyd resin (PO-AR). The structural properties of the alkyd resins were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopic techniques. The study presents the utilization of PFAD-based alkyd resin with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) in the liquid detergent formulation. The performance properties of the PFAD-based alkyd resin liquid detergent formulations such as surface tension, wetting power and detergency were comparable with palm oil based alkyd resin liquid detergent formulations and with commercial liquid detergent (CLD). Surface tensions of liquid detergent formulations varied from 20 to 30 mN/m with decrease in concentration. The foaming properties of alkyd resin based liquid detergents are reduced with the increase in the amount of alkyd resin polymer in the formulations. Therefore, it has potential application as a foam reducer in detergent for washing machines.     

Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Fettsäurepolyglykolestersulfaten

Production and Properties of Fatty Acid Polyglycol Ester Sulfates Fatty alcohol oxethylates, produced by reaction of fatty alcohols from hydrogenated fatty acid methyl esters with ethylene oxide, are the basic material for an important class of anionic tensides, the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The fatty acid polyglycol ester sulfates are a very interesting alternative to the fatty alcohol ether sulfates. The former are available by saving hydrogenation, in principle directly by fatty acid oxethylation or interesterification of fatty acids with polyglycols, followed by sulfatation. We report about the production of fatty acid ester sulfates by sulfatation of the fatty acid polyglycol monoesters by sulfurtrioxide or chlorosulfonic acid. By means of the results of physicochemical measurements and process trials it is discussed how far fatty acid polyglycol monoester sulfates are suited as alternative tenside raw material fatty alcohol ether sulfates.     

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠的制备及分析

介绍了脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠(简称AES)的制备工艺及分析方法。重点阐述了硫酸化反应条件对产物的影响以及二噁烷的生成机理。     

乙二醇为原料制备乙二醇乙醚用催化剂及其失活

以硫酸铵浸渍改性的HZSM-5为催化剂催化乙二醇和乙醇合成乙二醇乙醚和乙二醇二乙醚时催化剂效率很高,乙二醇转化率能达到69.1%,乙二醇乙醚选择性达到72.9%,乙二醇二乙醚的选择性为25.3%。但催化剂在重复使用时催化活性降低较快,因此分别采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）,NH3-TPD,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,电子能谱（EDS）,比表面积及孔径测定仪和热重/差热分析仪（TG）对催化剂改性及使用前后晶型结构,表面酸强和酸量,表面吸附物,催化剂形貌,表面元素变化,比表面积,孔径大小等对催化剂失活原因及再生条件进行研究。结果表明,在使用后未对催化剂处理情况下,催化剂失活主要是由于表面积碳导致催化剂孔道堵塞造成的。经多次使用后催化剂缓慢失活主要是由于催化剂表面负载的S流失造成的,在整个过程中催化剂晶型结构未发生变化。     

碳链对脂肪醇硫酸钠性能影响的研究

测定不同碳链脂肪醇硫酸钠的物化性能,如表面张力、cmc值、乳化、接触角、耐硬水性和泡沫等。结果表明,C12～14醇硫酸钠降低表面张力的效果最佳。随着烷基碳链变长,脂肪醇硫酸钠的接触角变大且耐硬水性能也变差。C8～10醇硫酸钠的发泡力最差,且C16～18醇硫酸钠因其耐硬水性能差,其发泡力随着水硬度的增加而下降。以C16～18醇硫酸钠的乳化性能最好。     

顶空气相色谱法测定醇醚硫酸盐中1,4-二噁烷的含量

本文介绍了顶空气相色谱法测定醇醚硫酸中1,4-二烷含量的测试方法。对顶空气相色谱法的主要条件、油浴温度、平衡时间、液上压力及气液体积比进行了讨论,确立了最佳测试条件。采用顶空法测定醇醚硫酸盐中的1,4-二烷可得平均回收率为98％,方法的精密度为3．2％。此方法适用于中控和成品分析。     

Oxypropylation of fatty alcohols,and the sulfation products

Reaction of propylene oxide, rather than ethylene oxide, with fatty alcohols, gives a higher yield (50%) of mono-oxyalkylation product because the secondary alcohol formed is less reactive than the primary alcohol formed with ethylene oxide. Rate of further reaction is about half the rate of the parent primary alcohol. Distributuon of propylene oxide reaction products follows the Weibull-Nycander equation. Analysis of reaction products was accomplished by gas-liquid chromatography of the acetylated ether alcohol mixtures. Pure mono-oxypropylated alcohols ROCH₂CHOHCH₃ and in some cases dioxypropylated alcohols R[OCH₂CH(CH₃)]₂OH were separated by fractional distillation. Individual ether alcohols and products with a known average number of oxypropyl groups were sulfated and evaluated in terms of Krafft point, critical micelle concentration, detergency, foam height and lime soap dispersing properties. Incorporation of one oxypropyl group was more effective than the same degree of oxyethylation, and improved solubility with no significant loss in foaming and detergency. Ether alcohol sulfates from propylene oxide are stable to alkaline hydrolysis and nearly equal to the sulfates from ethylene oxide in their stability to acid hydrolysis. Presented at the AOCS Meeting in Cincinnati, 1965. E. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS. USDA.     

延展型表面活性剂中PEO与PPO的协同效应

以月桂醇为原料，经丙氧基化、乙氧基化、硫酸酯化和中和等系列反应合成了月桂基聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（SLP3E3S）。采用FTIR、ESI-MS和1HNMR表征了其结构。测定了SLP3E3S的界面化学性质和应用性能，并与十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、月桂基聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠（SLE3S）和月桂基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸钠（SLP3S）对比，考察引入聚氧乙烯链（PEO）与延展型表面活性剂中聚氧丙烯链（PPO）的协同效应。结果表明，PEO链与PPO链的协同效应使SLP3E3S在低泡性（49 mL）、对极性油的乳化力（19.4 min）和钙皂分散力（55.8 mol/mol）等方面显著优于另3种表面活性剂；而其电解质抗性（尤其是钙离子抗性）远超SDS和SLP3S，并达到与SLE3S同等水准。