煤气化渣残碳的分离及应用研究进展

煤气化渣是煤气化产生的固体废渣，主要包括残碳和无机矿物质(SiO₂,CaO,Al₂O₃等),煤气化渣的高效处置和高值化利用具有重要社会和经济意义。残碳含碳量高，不仅具有相对完整的孔隙结构和较大的比表面积，还具有一定的电催化活性。因此，实现煤气化渣中残碳的高效分离与高值化利用，既是对固废处置与环境保护的积极响应，也是二次资源有效回收与深度利用的重要体现。总结煤气化渣在建筑、土壤改性、锅炉掺烧和高附加值材料制备领域的研究进展，重点分析残碳的分离和高附加值利用；简要总结残碳的化学组成和表面特征，对比粗渣和细渣残碳的反应活性差异；归纳浮选、电选和重选在残碳分离领域的研究进展。相比传统浮选对单一药剂、工艺流程和设备的研究，新型药剂和联合设备的研究显著提高了残碳分离的选择性，但浮选药剂使用量大的问题仍是目前研究重点。残碳因其独特的组成特征和表面性质，在吸附、电磁吸收和电化学方面展现出优良的性能。因此，对残碳的深度脱灰、表面改性、复合应用，不仅有望提升残碳基材料的性能和应用领域，也具有长远的研究开发和应用前景。     

水煤浆气化过程中残碳量计算模型

基于气化炉大型冷模实验的研究结果和煤气化过程的特点,分析了气流床水煤浆气化炉内各个区域的流动与化学反应特征,建立了水煤浆气化过程中残碳量的计算模型,考察了煤的挥发分、煤颗粒平均直径以及气化炉平均停留时间对残碳量的影响。计算结果表明,平均停留时间增加,残碳量减小;在相同的平均停留时间和颗粒平均直径下,煤中挥发分增加,出气化炉残碳量减小;在相同的平均停留时间和挥发分含量下,煤浆中煤颗粒平均直径减小,出气化炉残碳量减小。     

循环流化床锅炉飞灰残碳燃烧特性的实验研究

采用了浮选法从循环流化床锅炉飞灰中提取残碳,在德国NETZSCH公司的STA409型热分析仪上研究了原煤与飞灰残碳的燃烧特性的差别,并研究了两种飞灰残碳在不同氧浓度下的燃烧行为.实验结果表明:飞灰残碳的反应性温度以及着火温度较原煤高,残碳的反应活性并不仅仅依赖其入炉煤,还与电厂的具体燃烧工况有关.随着氧浓度增大,飞灰残碳的着火温度呈下降趋势,着火时间提前,飞灰残碳的综合燃烧特性指数提高;当氧浓度小于40%时,飞灰残碳燃烧特性改变较大,当氧浓度大于40%时,改善趋势变缓.因此采用膜法富氧燃烧时,宜采用的氧浓度为40%左右.     

固定床富氧气氛煅烧脱除硅灰中残碳的研究

硅铁冶炼的副产品硅灰主要成分是SiO2,因含有一定量残碳杂质使颜色较深,影响了其使用范围,本研究采用在富氧气氛中煅烧方法脱除硅灰中残碳。实验研究表明当固定床煅烧炉内氧气浓度为32%时,在900℃条件下煅烧3 h硅灰最大白度可达71.9。通过SEM发现煅烧可有效去除硅灰颗粒表面残碳,但在煅烧过程中硅灰颗粒间发生团聚现象,粒径变大。本研究结论可为硅灰煅烧脱碳提纯提供理论依据。     

循环流化床锅炉飞灰残碳生成机理研究

论述了近十年来循环流化床锅炉飞灰残碳生成机理的主要研究成果,对国内外飞灰残碳生成机理的数值模拟和实验研究结果作了分类介绍和分析,对循环流化床锅炉飞灰残碳研究中的问题进行了剖析,探讨了今后飞灰残碳生成机理的研究方向。     

高碳酚醛树脂的结构改性

本文通过在酚醛树脂中引入多环酚,提高了酚醛树脂的残碳率,并分析了环残碳率的影响,同时通过实验证明主链结构中的醚键和小侧基将明显降低的残碳率。     

解决锅炉飞灰和炉渣残碳高的几点措施

针对河南心连心公司75t/h循环流化床锅炉在运行中锅炉飞灰和炉渣残碳高这一问题,进行理论分析,并做出了一系列优化调整措施,改造后的锅炉锅炉飞灰和炉渣残碳量有了明显的降低。     

水泥熟料中残碳的分析研究

通过差热失重测试、化学分析、热红联用测试等手段研究了多个水泥熟料样品中的残留的碳元素,总结了近期水泥熟料中残碳的检测研究,找到了一种可行的、准确的残碳检测方法,分析了不同烧失量熟料中的碳含量,区分了有机碳和无机碳存在形态。结果表明,熟料随着温度的升高有明显的吸热而无明显的放热,说明存在有机碳的可能性较小;微量碳元素的测试结果显示熟料中总碳含量较少,其数量级为0.01%～0.1%,有机碳更少,其数量级为0.01%,影响熟料烧成热耗在＜4.18kJ/kg范围内;研究还显示熟料的烧失量与碳元素的含量不存在正比关系。     

镁碳砖用中间相沥青-酚醛树脂结合剂的研制

研究了由煤焦油经蒸馏制得的软沥青在(430±1)℃下的热转化时间对转化产物中间相含量、残碳率和软化点的影响,并选择残碳率为71.4%~83.7%,软化点为212~273℃的5种中间相沥青与酚醛树脂进行复合,研究了复合比例对其残碳率的影响。结果表明:中间相沥青的软化点和残碳率与其中间相含量密切相关,并且均随着热转化时间的增加而增高;中间相沥青的残碳率明显高于酚醛树脂,随着中间相沥青配入量的增加,中间相沥青-酚醛树脂复合物的残碳率提高;中间相沥青与酚醛树脂二者存在协同作用,中间相沥青-酚醛树脂复合物的实际残碳率高于二者按比例计算得到的理论残碳率,因而有望成为镁碳砖用新型结合剂。     

煤气化细渣碳灰分离技术研究进展

基于我国富煤、贫油、少气的能源结构特点，煤炭在相当长的时间内仍然是我国最重要的化石能源。煤气化是现代煤化工发展的前沿技术，是实现煤炭清洁高效利用的有效途径，对实现国家高质量发展具有重要战略意义。煤气化过程中会产生煤气化细渣，煤气化细渣主要通过填埋的方式进行处理，不仅占用土地，污染环境，而且不利于煤化工企业的长远发展，气化细渣的高效处理再利用迫在眉睫。首先对气化细渣的理化特性进行了分析总结，气化细渣残碳含量与煤种、气化工艺条件、运行工况等因素均相关，但气化细渣的物理化学性质差别不大，主要由SiO₂、Al₂O₃、CaO、Fe₂O₃和C组成。气化细渣残碳含量一般在20%左右，因煤种和气化操作条件等的差异，部分地区气化细渣残碳含量高达50%,具有一定潜在的利用价值。目前，气化细渣的处理方式主要有筛分分级、重力分选和泡沫分选。系统总结了气化细渣的筛分分级、重力分选和浮选技术，通过筛分分级和重力分选技术，均可以无污染、绿色环保实现气化细渣低成本、高效率再利用。通过浮选强化，可以提高捕收剂在...     

回收粉煤灰中未燃炭和降低碳含量的浮选研究

针对粉煤灰中未燃炭含量过高不利于大规模综合利用的问题,从理论上分析了浮选回收粉煤灰中未燃炭的基本原理,采用全浮选流程对粉煤灰中未燃炭进行了浮选回收试验,探讨了影响粉煤灰中未燃炭浮选效果的主要因素,确定了适宜的工艺条件。试验结果表明,采用全浮选流程可以使粉煤灰中可燃物降至4.1%左右。     

回收粉煤灰中未燃炭和降低碳含量的选研究

针对粉煤灰中未燃炭含量过高不利于大规模综合利用的问题,从理论上分析了浮选回收粉煤灰中未燃炭的基本原理,采用全浮选流程对粉煤灰中未燃炭进行了浮选回收试验,探讨了影响粉煤灰中未燃炭浮选效果的主要因素,确定了适宜的工艺条件.试验结果表明,采用全浮选流程可以使粉煤灰中可燃物降至4.1%左右.     

粉煤灰脱炭的流态化实验研究

粉煤灰的利用价值与其残余炭含量密切有关 .在采用现代分析测试技术的基础上 ,提出了采用流态化干法脱炭技术降低粉煤灰中残余炭含量并提高粉煤灰活性的基本思路 .流态化分选实验表明 :这种干法脱炭的思路是有效的 ,这一思路将为解决我国粉煤灰的综合利用问题提供有益的借鉴     

Microwave attenuation characteristics of unburned carbon in fly ash

Experimental research was conducted on the relationship between the unburned carbon content in fly ash and the microwave power attenuation at frequencies ranging from 1.0 to 4.0 GHz. The experimental results show that the unburned carbon in fly ash exhibits the frequency characteristics of microwave power attenuation. At some frequencies, the microwave power attenuation increases with the carbon content. At other frequencies, the relationship between them changes. There is also a range of frequencies where the loss decreases while the unburned carbon content increases. A detailed analysis on the mechanisms of this phenomenon is made based on the conductivity loss, absorption and dispersion theories.     

Triboelectrostatic separation of fly ash and charge reversal

Triboelectrostatic separation has been investigated as a method for separating unburned carbon from coal combustion fly ash. It was found that when a fly ash is exposed to moisture before it undergoes separation, the charging properties of the components of the fly ash change significantly. The mineral and carbon components of the fly ash appear to charge oppositely to how they were charged before exposure to moisture. A correlation was found between the degree of charge reversal and the relative amounts of leachable ions, especially calcium and sodium ions, present on the surface of the ash.     

软测量技术在电站锅炉优化燃烧上的应用

针对阜新电厂200 MW机组燃煤锅炉进行了多工况热态测试,获得了飞灰含碳量的现场数据样本,运用Back Propagation(BP)神经网络和Levenberg Marquardt(LM)算法建立了电站锅炉飞灰含碳量的软测量模型,并构造了飞灰含碳量的测量系统. 在此基础上开发了电站锅炉燃烧优化系统,实现了阜新电厂200 MW机组锅炉燃烧优化控制.     

The influence of carbon particle type in fly ashes on mercury adsorption

Recent research has shown that certain fly ash materials produced in coal combustion for power generation have an affinity for the mercury compounds present in flue gases. However, the exact nature of Hg-fly ash interactions is still unknown and the different variables that influence mercury adsorption need to be identified. In this work the microscopic components of fly ashes derived from the combustion of different types of feed blends of different coal rank and mercury adsorption were investigated. The aim of this research was to establish relationships between Hg retention and the type of unburned carbons present in various fly ashes. The fly ashes and fly ash fractions studied were used as sorbent beds for high mercury concentrations, conditions in which mercury retention is highly favored. From the results obtained it was confirmed that the role of the unburned carbon components in mercury capture may depend, among other factors, on the type of unburned carbon. Fly ashes capture different species of mercury depending on their nature and the type of anisotropic particles.     

Separation of unburned carbon from fly ash using a concurrent flotation column

In this study, a new concurrent flotation column that simulates the plug flow reactor was designed with the use of a static mixer, a froth separator column and an optional additional bubble generator for fly ash beneficiation. The objective was to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of unburned carbon removal from fly ash by minimizing energy costs. Cleaning tests were performed with and without the additional bubble genarator. Without the additional bubble generator unburned carbon in the ash product could be reduced to only 2.53%. Incidental loss of carbon particles and insufficient bubble generation were the main causes of poor carbon separation performance. By turning on the additional bubble generator it was aimed to assist bubble generation, to compensate bubble rupture and to recapture the detached or free carbon particles leaving the froth phase. With the additional bubble generator and under optimized conditions a froth product with 95% carbon recovery and a cleaned ash product with less than 1% unburned carbon was obtained. The separation process through the static mixer (feeder) and the separator column and the energy consumption of the unit were analyzed. It was seen that around 80% energy could be saved with the concurrent flotation column compared to conventional flotation.     

煤粉炉和循环流化床锅炉飞灰特性对其汞吸附能力的影响

通过分析两台容量相近的循环流化床锅炉和煤粉锅炉飞灰样品的粒径分布、表面结构特性、未燃尽碳含量、反应性和汞含量，探究两种类型锅炉飞灰特性差异及其与飞灰汞吸附能力的关系。结果表明：循环流化床和煤粉锅炉尾端除尘设备排灰口飞灰汞的含量分别为1584.0 ng/g和503.7 ng/g，其原因与飞灰粒径、未燃尽碳含量和表面特性相关。对于循环流化床锅炉，飞灰中汞含量随其粒径和反应性温度的减小而增加，随未燃尽碳含量增加而增加，且与比表面积和吸附量呈正相关关系。对于煤粉锅炉，粒径为75～53 μm的飞灰对汞吸附能力较强，未燃尽碳含量明显小于循环流化床所产生飞灰的含量，飞灰比表面积随粒径变化不大，由此导致煤粉锅炉除尘设备排灰口所取样品对汞的吸附能力远低于循环流化床锅炉相对应位置飞灰对汞的吸附能力。     

Triboelectrostatic Separation of Fly Ash with Different Charging Materials

A combination of mechanical sieving and triboelectrostatic separation were used to separate fly ash. The results indicate that a simple separation of unburned carbon from fly ash is achievable at particle sizes of 74 and 44 microns. Subsequently, triboelectrostatic separations were conducted via a louvered plate separator. The results show that the final carbon content in the products, which can be as low as 1.5 % or as high as 60 % with different mineral components, can be further adjusted with the combination of sieving, louvered plate separator with a tribocharger made of different materials (copper and Teflon), and the location on the louvered plate where the fly ash particles were collected.