CuxTe薄膜的结构及其对CdTe太阳电池性能的影响

用真空共蒸发法制备了CuxTe薄膜并将其运用于CdTe太阳电池中.对薄膜进行了X射线衍射(XRD)分析,比较了有、无CuxTe插层的CdTe太阳电池的暗态,I-V特性和C-V特性.结果表明,刚沉积的薄膜非晶结构占主导地位,只有部分Cu/Te配比较低的薄膜出现多晶结构.CuxTe插层的引入有利于消除roll over(暗态I-V曲线饱和)现象,使电池的二极管理想因子和暗饱和电流密度降低,CdTe掺杂浓度增加,有效地改善了CdTe太阳电池的性能.用CuxTe薄膜作为背接触层,获得了效率为12.5%的CDS/CdTe小面积(0.0707cm2)太阳电池.     

硝磷酸腐蚀对CdTe薄膜性能及背接触层的影响

采用硝磷酸(NP)背表面刻蚀工艺并结合真空共蒸发法分别沉积了几种背接触层材料,研究了NP腐蚀对CdTe薄膜性能及背接触层的影响.结果表明:NP腐蚀后在CdTe薄膜上产生了富碲层;退火后,碲容易与背接触材料中的铜反应生成CuxTe.通过严格控制和优化腐蚀工艺,选择ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu作为背接触层材料,可制备出优异性能的CdTe太阳电池.     

大面积CdTe多晶薄膜的制备及其性能

通过研究大面积CdTe多晶薄膜沉积的升温过程,并调节石墨群边改进加热灯管的分布获得了较均匀的温场,在混合氩氧气氛下,用自行设计制造的近空间升华系统制备出了面积为300 mm×400 mm的大面积CdTe多晶薄膜,利用XRD、SEM研究其结构、成分和形貌,结果表明:CdTe薄膜呈(111)择优取向,且薄膜总体致密均匀,晶粒大小约为1 μm左右.用此大面积CdTe薄膜的不同部分制备的CdS/CdTe/ZnTe:Cu小面积太阳电池效率相差不大,说明薄膜的均匀性较好.     

CdTe/CdS太阳电池光照和电子辐照研究

采用近空间升华法制备CdTe多晶薄膜,以ZnTe/ZnTeCu复合多晶薄膜作为背接触层,获得了转换效率为13.38%的CdTe/CdS太阳电池.用光强为100mW/cm2的卤钨灯对电池光照7天后,发现电池性能无明显变化.经能量为1.6MeV,辐照剂量为1013～1015电子/cm2的电子束辐照后,电池性能有不同程度的衰降,经真空150℃退火30min后,电池性能恢复到接近辐照前的水平.     

CdTe多晶薄膜制备及后处理对CdS/CdTe界面的影响

采用近空间升华法分别在玻璃、CdS及CdS1-xTex衬底上沉积了CdTe多晶薄膜,通过原子力显微镜的观察和X射线衍射的分析,比较了它们的微结构。结果表明,用CdS和CdS1-xTex多晶薄膜作为衬底沉积的CdTe多晶薄膜结构与衬底相似,具有(111)面择优取向。通过对在不同氧分压下进行后处理的CdS/CdTe薄膜的断面及光能隙的研究,发现在氮氧(4∶1)气氛下后处理的薄膜CdS层明显减薄,这样的结果有利于改善CdTe太阳电池的光谱响应,增加载流子收集。我们认为氧在退火中促进了CdS/CdTe界面互扩散,扩散的结果不仅弥补了CdS、CdTe间的晶格失配,而且降低了界面的位错密度,并获得了面积为0.52 cm2,转换效率为13.38%的CdTe多晶薄膜电池。     

磁控溅射法制备的CdS:Al薄膜的性质研究

采用Al和CdS双靶共溅射的方法, 调控Al和CdS源的沉积速率, 制备出不同Al掺杂浓度的CdS:Al薄膜。通过XRD、SEM、AFM、紫外-可见透射光谱分析、常温霍尔测试对CdS: Al薄膜的结构、形貌、光学和电学性质进行表征。XRD结果表明, 不同Al掺杂浓度的CdS:Al薄膜均为六方纤锌矿结构的多晶薄膜, 并且在(002)方向择优生长。SEM和AFM结果表明, CdS:Al薄膜的表面均匀致密, 表面粗糙度随着Al掺杂浓度的增加略有增加。紫外-可见透射光谱分析表明, CdS:Al薄膜禁带宽度在2.42~2.46 eV 之间, 随着Al掺杂浓度的增加而略微减小。常温霍尔测试结果证明, 掺Al对CdS薄膜的电学性质影响显著, 掺Al原子浓度3.8%以上的CdS薄膜, 载流子浓度增加了3个数量级, 电阻率下降了3个数量级。掺Al后的CdS薄膜n型更强, 有利于与CdTe形成更强的内建场, 从而提高太阳电池效率。用溅射方法制备的CdS:Al薄膜的性质适合用作CdTe薄膜太阳电池的窗口层。     

碲化锌的电导率温度关系及其在碲化镉太阳电池组件中的应用

用ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合层作为背接触层,能很好的解决CdTe太阳电池的欧姆接触问题.以前的研究表明,ZnTe:Cu因掺铜浓度的不同,显示出不同的电导率温度关系.本文仔细观察了各种掺杂浓度ZnTe:Cu的电导率温度关系,并由此来选定掺铜浓度.实验还表明,对一个确定掺铜浓度的ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合层,其退火温度对CdTe太阳电池的性能影响很大.为此,本文发展了通过测试ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合层的电导温度关系,来确定退火温度的方法.目前,用ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合层作背接触材料,获得了转换效率为7.03%的中面积碲化镉薄膜电池集成组件.     

用大面积CdTe多晶薄膜制备太阳电池

在制备有SnO2:F透明导电膜和CdS的衬底上,用自行设计的设备,通过调节加热灯管的分布获得了较均匀分布的温场,制备了300 mm×400 mm的大面积多晶CdTe薄膜.经XRD和AFM分析,制备的CdTe多晶薄膜均匀致密,呈(111)择优取向.将薄膜分成小块,做成结构为CdS/CdTe/ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu的小面积太阳电池.经测试,薄膜各部分的制作的电池性能相近.     

不同沉积条件下ZnTe与ZnTe:Cu复合背接触层对CdTe太阳电池性能的影响

制备高效的CdTe太阳电池,改善电池的背接触特性是一关键技术。背接触层中掺Cu能够得到性能良好的电池,但Cu在CdTe中进一步扩散,会形成缺陷,造成CdTe太阳电池性能不稳定。因此,有必要系统研究Cu原子在薄膜中的存在状态,进而有效控制Cu的浓度;另一方面,要获得良好的背接触层,必须制备出结构致密的ZnTe与ZnTe:Cu多晶薄膜。研究了衬底温度及沉积速率的变化对ZnTe:Cu薄膜质量及电池性能的影响。在常温下沉积ZnTe后,提高衬底温度沉积ZnTe:Cu对太阳能电池的影响明显,得到了转化效率达10.28%的电池。     

具有复合背接触层的 CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池

为了提高CdTe太阳电池的背接触性能,用共蒸发法制备了ZnTe：Cu和Cd1-xZnxTe多晶薄膜。研究结果表明：Cd1-xZnxTe多晶薄膜的能隙与锌含量呈二次方关系,ZnTe：Cu多晶薄膜能隙随着掺Cu浓度的增加而减小。分别用ZnTe／ZnTe：Cu和Cd1-xZnxTe／ZnTe:Cu复合膜作为背接触层,既能修饰异质结界面,改善电池的能带结构,又能防止Cu原子向电池内部扩散。因此获得了面积0．502cm^2,转换效率为13．38％的CdTe多晶薄膜太阳电池。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.