The spring-mass model and the energy cost of treadmill running

Cataphasia, one form of Leonard's unsystematic schizophrenias, shows a polymorphous, but nevertheless specific symptomatology. The key features of the psychopathology of this condition are formal thought and speech disorders. Hallucinations and delusional ideas can be present, but they are incidental and do not determine the syndrome. The characteristic elements of this thought disorder are logical derailment, paralogic thinking and, especially in the excited form, incoherence with contaminations up to "word salad". The speech shows strange verbalizations, paragrammatisms, agrammatisms, and occasionally neologisms. The course mostly fluctuates with acute attacks and incomplete remissions leading to residual states of varying degrees of severity determined by a flattened and somewhat euphoric affect. Usually the disorder appears in an excited or inhibited form. In the latter case, thought disorder is difficult to recognize. Sometimes it can only be stated by the facial expression, which reveals an internal emptiness and dullness, and a tendency to state fixedly at the examiner. Psychopharmacotherapy can diminish accompanying delusional ideas or hallucinations, but does not have much influences on the core syndrome of formal thought and speech disorder.     

The energy cost of walking before and after significant weight loss

The purpose of this study was to determine whether significant weight loss reduced the energy cost of activity more than that expected based on decreased body weight. Standing energy expenditure was measured and subtracted from the total energy cost of walking to determine ambulatory energy expenditure (AEE). The energy cost of walking was determined in 11 obese women at baseline, week 9 [after 8 wk of a 1758-3349 kJ.d-1 diet], and week 22 (after 2 wk of weight stability). AEE accounted for 80% of the energy cost of walking. Body weight was the principal determinant of AEE, but the relationship was not 1:1. Subjects reduced body weight by 13% at week 9 and 21% at week 22. Analyses which controlled for the relationship between AEE and weight at baseline, showed no change in AEE at week 9. By contrast, at week 22, AEE was reduced more than expected based on a lower body weight. These findings suggest that after significant weight loss, reduced-obese persons will expend less energy for the same activity, even after accounting for the decrease in body weight. These data also suggest that weight-based estimates of exercise energy expenditure may be inappropriate after significant weight loss.     

强化烧结法氧化铝生产能耗及氧化铝制造成本

章在分析氧化铝生产蒸汽消耗的基础上，提出了以降低水耗为主要手段，通过节水，达到降低汽耗的目的；阐述了中州铝厂在提高节水管理、实施节水改造，提高溶液浓度等方面的实践与探讨，以及通过降低水耗、加强节汽管理，有效地降低强化烧结法氧化铝生产能耗，从而严格控制氧化铝制造成本，也大大地增强了企业的市场竞争能力。     

控制炼焦工序能耗 降低生产运行成本

分析总结炼焦生产过程中的能耗浪费情况，根据实际情况进行技术革新，有效降低了炼焦工序能耗。     

Increase in energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon

The purpose of the present study was to verify the increase in energy cost of running at the end of a triathlon. A group 11 trained male subjects performed a triathlon (15-km swimming, 40-km cycling, 10-km running). At least 1 week later the subjects ran 10-km as a control at the same pace as the triathlon. Oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE) and heart rate (HR) were measured during both 10-km runs with a portable telemetry system. Blood samples were taken prior to the start of the triathlon and control run, after swimming, cycling, triathlon run and control run. Compared to the control values the results demonstrated that triathlon running elicited a significantly higher (P < 0.005) mean VO2 [51.2 (SEM 0.4) vs 47.8 (SEM 0.4) ml.min-1.kg-1] VE [86 (SEM 4.2) vs 74 (SEM 5.3) l.min-1], and HR [162 (SEM 2) vs 156 (SEM 1.9) beats.min-1)]. The triathlon run induced a greater loss in body mass than the control run [2 (SEM 0.2) vs 0.6 (SEM 0.2) kg], and a greater decrease in plasma volume [14.4% (SEM 1.5) vs 6.7% (SEM 0.9)]. The lactate concentrations observed at the end of both 10-km runs did not differ [2.9 (SEM 0.2) vs 2.5 (SEM 0.2) m.mol.l-1]. Plasma free fatty acids concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) after the triathlon than after the control run [1.53 (SEM 0.2) to 0.51 (SEM 0.07) mmol.l-1]. Plasma creatine kinase concentrations rose under both conditions from 58 (SEM 12) to 112 (SEM 14) UI.l-1 after the triathlon, and from 61 (SEM 7) to 80 (SEM 6) UI.l-1 after the control run. This outdoor study of running economy at the end of an Olympic distance triathlon demonstrated a decrease in running efficiency.     

炼铁系统能耗和成本的集成优化及分析

炼铁系统是钢铁生产流程中至关重要的一环.基于物质与能量守恒规律和反应动力学,结合系统节能的理论和混合整数线性规划方法,建立了炼铁系统(烧结、球团、高炉工序)能耗-生产成本集成优化模型,采用企业实际数据验证了其有效性,并获得了目标下各工序最优配料和操作参数.结果表明,综合考虑能耗和成本进行多目标优化时,铁水能耗和成本分别...     

加强节能管理实现降本增效

阐述中铝公司贵州分公司电解铝厂通过节能技术改造和技术创新,实现了降本增效,吨铝综合能耗逐年降低,由过去的6 7t标准煤降低到6 167t标准煤,使主要技术经济指标接近国际先进水平。     

The cost of medical education

As the result of another study which identified the indirect costs at a large teaching hospital in which Monash University has established a clinical school, it has been possible to estimate the cost per annum for each medical student. This is the sum of direct university costs ($4,617), Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme ($1,200) and indirect costs ($44)--in aggregate therefore $5,900 (rounded). Thus the cost of the six-year course for each student is approximately $35,500.     

The cost of psychotherapy.

Examines the relationship between psychotherapy funding policies and concepts of mental health. Three levels of mental health (necessity, improvement, and potentiality) are proposed. Necessity represents basic adaptation, the current dominant level illustrated by brief psychotherapy funded through managed mental health care. Improvement is the phase beyond necessity aimed at prevention and heightened quality of life, and potentiality is the ideal. The latter 2 now receive limited funding and emphasis. At question are both economic and social policies that endorse a narrow rather than a broad conception of mental health. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The cost of quality assurance

The relative importance of endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF)/nitric oxide (NO) in maintaining kidney function in normal condition and in acute renal failure (ARF) were evaluated in inactin anesthetized rats. ARF was induced by unilateral occlusion of the left renal artery (40 min) followed by reperfusion, with the contralateral kidney serving as normal control. This protocol resulted in marked reductions in renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and increases in fractional sodium excretion (FENa) and urinary protein excretion in the post-ischemic kidney in comparison to the contralateral normal kidney. Administration of the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor NG--monomethyl-L-arginine (0.25 mg/kg per min, L-NMMA) exacerbated the ischemia-induced changes in renal functions as reflected by further reductions in urine flow (V), GFR, marked sodium wasting and renal edema. Pretreatment of the animals with NO precursor L-arginine (2.5 mg/kg per min, L-Arg) abolished the detrimental effects of L-NMMA in ARF. In contrast, D-Arginine (2.5 mg/kg per min, D-Arg) failed to reverse the detrimental effects of L-NMMA. Infusion of L-Arg alone also resulted in improvements in RPF and GFR in the ischemic kidney. The results of the present study suggest that the function of the ischemic kidney is sustained by EDRF/NO and is thus more sensitive to NO synthase inhibition.