Organische Spurenschadstoffe in Brennräumen von Anlagen zur thermischen Entsorgung

Organic trace pollutants in combustion chambers of thermal waste disposal plant. Alongside carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and residual hydrocarbons are “conventional” pollutants from combustion processes, thermal disposal of chlorinated hydrocarbons by combustion may also give rise to organic trace pollutants, such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF). Recent advances in our understanding of the kinetics of thermal degradation (pyrolytic, oxidative) in conjunction with information about the degree of backmixing and the residence time characteristics of combustion chambers permit estimation of the influence of temperature, residence time, and oxygen concentration on the formation and degradation of trace pollutants in reals combustion chambers. With conservative assumptions, the maximum parameters required (temperature, residence time) for certain destruction can be obtained. Comparison of the required profile with actual behaviour in combustion chambers demonstrates that the combustion systems used almost exclusively for industrial residue disposal, consisting of a rotary furnace and afterburner chamber, are suitable for disposal of chlorinated wastes providing “normal” operating conditions are maintained.     

Management scenarios for olive oil mill waste based on characterization and leaching tests

BACKGROUND: Olive oil mill waste is a serious environmental problem in the Mediterranean basin given its particular characteristics of high organic content, seasonal and localized generation, and the type of processing involved. RESULTS: Olive mill waste from a three‐phase mill was characterized by means of total analysis, availability and mobility of the pollutants in order to help the decision‐maker about possible options for its valorization and/or disposal. Water content, loss of ignition, total organic carbon, phenol index and metals concentrations were measured to fully characterize the waste. Three leaching tests (NEN 7341, EN 12457 and UNE CEN‐TS 15364 EX) were carried out to evaluate the environmental hazard of the waste material and the leachates were characterized with respect to electric conductivity, pH, heavy metals, anions and organic pollutants (phenol index and total organic carbon) according to European waste directives. The results were compared with EU regulations for inert, non‐hazardous and hazardous waste disposal. CONCLUSION: It was found that not only organic parameters must be taken into account concerning the fate of this waste material, but also the mobility of heavy metals and anions should be studied. Furthermore, stabilization/solidification processes are recommended before landfill disposal of this kind of agro‐waste material. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Neue Technologien — neue Korrosionsprobleme

New Technologies – New Corrosion Problems. Adequate resistance of materials to corrosion is equally important for classical and for new technologies. This article considers the economic consequences of corrosion damage and, in addition to the longknown GNP orientation, presents a new approach to the estimation of the costs of corrosion and corrosion protection via maintenance and especially corrosionrelated maintenance. The significance of “high-tech”, “medium-tech” and “low-tech” material and corrosion problems is assessed. Selected examples taken from new technologies in the areas of power engineering, environmental engineering, chemical engineering, and biotechnology demonstrate the great significance of the problems. It is concluded that corrosion research and corrosion prevention technology will never come to an end but will constantly face new problems. Two technologies are of particular interest since they focus attention on new methods of investigation: microelectronics and final disposal of radioactive wastes. The article closes by considering the importance of the transfer of experience and technology. Since the manufacturs and operators of machines and plant do not generally have access to the very latest knowledge, they should be kept informed through advisory services, experimental studies, databases, and further education.     

株洲清水塘地区工业废弃物的循环利用技术

通过对株洲化工集团的电石渣等废弃物的循环利用技术研究,初步探讨了废弃物资源循环利用对“两型社会”建设的重大意义。     

浅议氮肥企业污水零排放治理技术

介绍了我国水资源状况和水污染概况;阐述了以天然气为原料的氮肥企业产生的水污染源和水污染物的存在形式以及针对性单元治理方案;提出了在废水外排总出口设置固定床生化终端处理系统的废水处理技术,应用结果表明,废水中氨氮去除率为99%,达到国家一级排放标准。     

Produktionsintegrierter Umweltschutz – Verpflichtung der Chemischen Industrie

Production-integrated environmental protection – commitment of the chemical industry . Production-integrated environmental protection represents the optimum goal in attempts to reduce the amount of non-utilisable substances to a minimum by chemical, physical, biological, and chemical engineering improvements in the overall process. This ranges from avoidance and reduction of residues in individual processes to the utilisation of residual substances in other production processes, also outside the perimeter fence. Combustion of organic by-products with a high calorific value is also included in this concept as thermal utilisation. Only those waste products should be dumped on disposal sites which have no other use and cannot be disposed of by combustion. It is important to note that chemical production cannot exist without emission; it can only approach this ideal more or less closely.     

新环保要求下精对苯二甲酸装置的应对之策

简述了新环保要求下精对苯二甲酸(PTA)生产装置面临的问题,分析了废气、废水、废固中的特征污染物,依据现在PTA领域的新技术,对排放点的控制提出了建议。废气应严格控制固体粉末、溴甲烷和各种有机物,并建议PTA装置全面推行泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)技术,对生产、输送和储存过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)泄漏进行有效的监测和监管。废水应严格控制钴、锰含量,利用先进PTA生产工艺进行改造升级,可达到环保要求。废固应进行资源化利用,回收催化剂并将其中有价值的物质分离出来作为副产品出售。在进行"三废"处理过程中,通过技术手段达到既能满足环保要求,还能为企业创造利润,取得可观的经济效益和社会效益。     

Quality indicators of the state of chemical pollution in israel

The state of chemical pollution in Israel is evaluated with the aid of environmental indicators adapted from a list of indicators compiled by the European Union. The precise definition of the individual indicators was modified to suit the specific environmental conditions in Israel. The environmental topics covered are those that have a strong chemical aspect to them, including groundwater quality, pollution of rivers, air pollution by acidifying substances and particulate matter, CO₂ emissions, disposal of hazardous waste and handling of hazardous substances, air pollution originating from transportation, wastewater treatment and reuse, and solid waste disposal, as well as the status of environmental research. The environmental indicators chosen reveal that in recent years there has been a steady improvement in the state of chemical pollution, excepting a deterioration in the quality of groundwater and an increase in vehicular emission of pollutants. The overall situation is, however, still unsatisfactory. A comparison of the state of chemical pollution in Israel to that in the EU and other countries demonstrated that the rate of improvement in environmental quality as determined by the examined indicators is slower in Israel than in most developed countries.     

Systematische, überbetriebliche Entsorgung von Abgas- und Abluftströmen aus chemischen Produktionsbetrieben (Ein Beitrag zum Umweltschutz)

Systematic, inter-factory disposal of waste gas and waste air streams from chemical production plants. (A contribution to environmental protection.) Increasing demands upon environmental protection and increasingly stringent legislation necessitated, at the end of the 1960's and the beginning of the 1970's, development of a new technology for the disposal of waste gas and waste air streams from production plants. The special conditions of the Dormagen works of Bayer AG led to a process resulting in the separation of the single waste air streams and their thermal combustion in central combustion plants and power stations. After a development period of several years and the extension of the plants, a standard was reached which permits the operation of even difficult production processes without problems as to waste air.     

煤的基本化工过程与污染特征分析

通过回顾性叙述煤干馏、煤制焦、煤制气、煤制油等方面的煤化工过程基本原理,分析了煤化工过程的产品方向,从煤的性质、工艺要求和技术特点介绍了煤化工过程产生污染物的原因。从煤制焦、煤制气两个方面重点分析了“三废”的来源及其成分,其中,废气来自化学转化过程中未完全炭化的细煤粉及其析出的挥发分、焦油气、飞灰和泄漏的粗煤气、出焦时灼热的焦炭与空气接触生成的CO、CO₂、NO₂等,废水包括除尘废水、剩余氨水、酚氰废水、脱硫废液、煤气水封水等,废渣包括粉尘、煤尘、酸焦油、焦油渣、剩余污泥等。煤化工过程的气相污染物主要包括碳氧化物、硫氧化物、氨气、挥发酚、苯、苯并芘、CO、CH₄、小分子烃类化合物等,液相污染物除了含有氨氮、氰化物、硫氰化物、硫化物、苯类、酚类及油分外,还含有大量苯并芘、萘等的多环芳烃和吡啶、咔唑、联苯、三联苯等的杂环芳烃化合物。煤化工污染表现为分布面广、组分复杂、高浓度、多相介质共存、环境风险大的特征,而煤化工废水则表现为高浓度/盐分、高污染(组分多)、有毒难降解、富氮缺磷的典型特征。文中指出煤化工过程与污染特征之间的关系的阐明需要科技工作者加深对煤的基本性质、转化过程原理、分离纯化原理、产品应用原理的全面认识,与此对应的技术与策略应当立足于对行业的资源-产品-经济-环境-社会作用链深度理解和有效的系统集成基础上,从规模、产品、技术、管理、市场、人才等方面加强战略设计与逻辑创新的构建。     

草浆造纸行业清洁生产技术研究

介绍了草浆造纸废水的来源、特点及对环境的影响。通过工程实例研究了草浆造纸行业实现清洁生产的关键技术。通过对造纸黑液提取木质素制备木质素磺酸钙粘结剂,实现废弃物的资源化。通过"化学絮凝+ABR+氧化沟"组合处理工艺对中段水的深度处理及回用,基本实现废水的零排放,节约了水资源。该工程实现了生产、水循环、废物资源化利用一体化的清洁生产模式,为造纸行业的清洁生产提供借鉴。     

工业含硫污水处理技术浅析

炼油、石化、煤化工、制药、燃料等行业在生产过程中都会产生大量的含硫污水,主要为H2S等,对环境造成极大的污染,选择适合自己的、高效的含硫污水处理工艺已成为亟待解决的问题之一。简要介绍了目前国内外几种典型的工业含硫污水处理技术以及应用情况,并简述了各种含硫污水处理技术的优缺点及发展前景。     

蒸汽管网建设项目环境影响评价中工程分析的案例实践

蒸汽管线建设项目属于管网建设范畴,在环境评价工作的工程分析中,需要在工艺流程及其污染工序分析的基础上,从施工期、运营期、环境风险三个角度进行污染源强分析。通过对某蒸汽管网建设项目环境影响评价工作中工程分析的案例实践,表明本项目施工期污染源强分析需要主要为施工废水、施工废气、施工废渣、施工噪声和施工期生态因素;运营期不产生废气、废水,不存在固体废物产生及排放,且不新增污染物排放总量;存在蒸汽泄漏风险。     

磷灰石晶体化学性质及其环境属性应用

本文在综合评述磷灰石晶体化学特征的基础上,阐述了磷灰石的环境属性.包括孔道效应、表面吸附、离子交换、化学活性、纳米效应、生物相容性等,并简要介绍了磷灰石在核废料处置、水体污染治理、土壤污染治理中的研究情况.     

Assessment of cleaner process options: A case study from petroleum refining

Assessment of process changes to reduce, recycle or avoid wastes requires attention to systems which are broader than the immediate process; that is, it is necessary to take a life cycle perspective. Definition of the system boundary for such an assessment can be problematic in itself. A real case study is presented to illustrate the problem of assessing clean technologies: possible modifications to an alkylation unit at a UK refinery. The process uses hydrogen fluoride as alkylation catalyst, and generates fluoridic wastes which are hazardous and require treatment both on‐ and off‐site. Possible changes to avoid, reduce or enable partial recycling of the waste are identified, representing different levels of change in the process and therefore requiring assessment with different system boundaries. The different system definitions lead to differences in the ways data must be compiled for quantitative environmental life cycle assessment, and in the range of stakeholders explicitly or implicitly involved in assessing and implementing the changes. The case study demonstrates some of the less familiar challenges introduced by the “pollution prevention” or “clean technology” paradigms of chemical processing.     

CAPE in der Verfahrenstechnik aus industrieller Sicht – Status,Bedarf, Prognose oder Vision?

CAPE in chemical engineering from an industrial viewpoint – Status, demands, outlook. The use of computers for solving chemical process problems is steadily gaining in importance. Simulation, design, optimization, and synthesis of processes are the main applications. The working group “Process simulation and process design” in the Dechema specialist committee “Use of computers in chemical engineering” has discussed the state of the art of simulation tools. Demands of industry on future tools have been outlined and a new simulator concept presented. If this concept is pursued, then interested companies will have to support development. The article presents background information and is intended to stimulate further interest.     

线路板蚀刻废液资源化综合利用及废水零排放技术的浅析

线路板行业蚀刻废液处置技术千差万别,如处置方法的不当,则会引起第二次环境污染。随着环境保护越来越重视,开发PCB废水零排放、资源化、综合利用技术,是危险废物处置行业的主方向,并应用于实际,在保护环境的同时获得较好经济效益和社会效益。     

UV/H_2O_2高级氧化工艺在化工与环保领域的研究进展

紫外光/过氧化氢(UV/H2O2)技术是近年来在环保领域发展起来的一项高级氧化工艺。该技术利用紫外光激发解离H2O2产生强氧化性.OH自由基氧化降解污染物。UV/H2O2技术具有工艺流程简单、氧化效率高、H2O2利用率高以及无二次污染等优势,显示出良好的发展潜力和应用前景。对近几年来UV/H2O2在多个行业(印染纺织、医药制药、城市水处理、化工合成以及烟气净化领域)的研究进展进行了详细的介绍。还对目前该技术存在的问题以及发展方向作了简单的展望。     

焦炉烟囱NOx排放控制刍议

新的国家标准《炼焦化学工业污染物排放标准》提出了焦炉烟囱的NOx排放控制要求。本文从焦炉加热系统的设计和对焦炉烟道废气的后处理2个层面论述了焦炉烟囱NOx排放控制的技术措施,简要介绍了SCR烟气脱硝技术,提出了借鉴日本东京煤气公司的中试与工程经验,采用SCR脱硝技术对焦炉烟道废气进行后处理,以达到国家标准对“特别地区”焦炉烟囱的NOx排放控制要求。     

基于AHP的飞灰处理技术综合评价

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰因其含有重金属、二噁英等污染物而被定义为危险固体废物,需进行特别的处理处置。目前国际上对于垃圾焚烧飞灰的处理主要采用固化与稳定化处理。采用层次分析法(AHP)建立了综合评价体系,并对四种飞灰固化与稳定化处理工艺进行比较。结果表明化学药剂稳定化优于其他三种技术,值得向相关行业推广。