硼含量对燃料空气炸药爆炸性能影响的试验研究

为了解硼含量对燃料空气炸药爆炸性能的影响规律,将硼粉和铝粉作为高能金属燃料混合添加到燃料空气炸药（配方体系为铝/硼/环氧丙烷/石油醚/硝酸异丙酯）中,采用静爆试验法,对含硼量不同的燃料空气炸药爆炸超压、冲量及热效应进行研究。研究结果表明：随着燃料空气炸药中硼含量的增加,炸药的冲击波超压、超压冲量和热效应均先增大、后减小;当硼含量为12.5%时,炸药的地面冲击波超压冲量为112.51 KPa·s,比含铝样品高6.16%,空中冲击波超压冲量为63.42 KPa·s,比含铝样品高5.16%;当硼含量为12.5%时,最高爆炸温度是1 650 ℃,比含铝样品提高20 ℃,最大热辐射量为68.266 kJ/m²,比含铝样品的最大热辐射量提高约7.14%. 在含铝燃料空气炸药中添加少量硼粉,可以提高炸药的整体能量水平。     

Al-HMX混合炸药爆炸场温度的实验研究

为研究在密闭条件下炸药爆炸场温度的响应特征及响应规律,采用直接测温法,对密闭爆炸罐中AI-HMX混合炸药的爆炸场温度进行了测量。结果表明,爆炸场温度随铝含量增加而升高,当铝粉质量分数为30％-40％左右时,爆炸场温度最高,为750℃左右;铝粉含量为30％时,爆热最大。这说明在密闭条件下,含铝炸药爆炸反应比较完全,铝粉的利用率较高。     

液体与固体比例对燃料-空气混合物爆炸特性和热效应的影响

为分析不同比例液体与固体燃料云雾爆炸特性和热效应,采用爆炸驱动的方式将燃料分散在空气中形成无约束爆炸性混合物,利用二次起爆药柱引爆云雾.通过高速录像系统、压力测试系统以及红外热成像仪研究乙醚/铝粉/空气混合物的爆炸冲击波压力、火球表面温度、高温持续时间等参数.实验结果表明:乙醚与铝粉的质量比为1:1时,爆炸火焰在云雾中的传播速度最快,形成的爆炸冲击波压力最高;与纯液体燃料相比,加入铝粉可以有效提高燃料云雾爆炸的热效应.该结果可以为化工爆炸事故的预防以及燃料空气炸药配方的选择提供参考依据.     

炸药装药爆炸反应演化过程和约束影响的数值模拟

为分析弱刺激条件下炸药装药反应演化问题和约束条件对炸药爆炸反应的影响,构建了炸药爆炸反应速率增长的唯像模型,采用多介质任意拉式欧拉和流固耦合算法,实现了约束装药局部点火后缓慢燃烧反应到剧烈爆炸反应增长及其与壳体相互作用的数值模拟.基于强约束球形装药中心点火实验,数值模拟分析了约束条件对压装PBX-2炸药爆炸反应压力增长过程的影响,结果表明壳体强度或厚度增加,装药内反应压力的峰值也增大;随着钢壳厚度从5 mm增加到20 mm,压力峰值从163 MPa增大到1357 MPa,而且压力增长过程存在很大的差异,但随着壳体破裂解体,抑制了爆炸向爆轰反应的转变.     

CL-20基含铝炸药水下爆炸实验研究与数值模拟（英）

为了研究含铝粉与不含铝粉的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷（CL-20）基高聚物粘结炸药（PBXs）的水下爆炸过程,制备了含铝量分别为0和15%的两种炸药,设计了一个水下爆炸实验装置,得到了炸药的冲击波压力历程、气泡周期和气泡脉动图。计算了两种炸药的冲击波能量、气泡能量和水下爆炸总能量。采用AUTODYN软件模拟了水下爆炸过程。结果表明,当铝含量从0增大到15%时,水下爆炸总能量由1.4倍TNT当量增加到1.7倍TNT当量。气泡脉动过程中,时间从49.5 ms到49.8 ms时,含铝炸药气泡内产生火光。含铝炸药与非含铝炸药超压分别为15.16 MPa与15.51 MPa,气泡二次压力分别为2.25 MPa与2.35 MPa,气泡周期分别为50.20 ms与46.76 ms,气泡最大半径分别为67.87 cm与60.27 cm;仿真得到含铝炸药与非含铝炸药参数超压分别为14.90 MPa与15.14 MPa,气泡二次压力分别为2.16 MPa与2.27 MPa,气泡周期分别为49.32 ms与45.90 ms,气泡最大半径分别为66.32 cm与58.89 cm。实验与仿真结果吻合良好。     

CL-20基含铝炸药水下爆炸实验研究与数值模拟（英文）

为了研究含铝粉与不含铝粉的六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL‐20)基高聚物粘结炸药(PBXs)的水下爆炸过程,制备了含铝量分别为0和15%的两种炸药,设计了一个水下爆炸实验装置,得到了炸药的冲击波压力历程、气泡周期和气泡脉动图。计算了两种炸药的冲击波能量、气泡能量和水下爆炸总能量。采用AUTODYN软件模拟了水下爆炸过程。结果表明,当铝含量从0增大到15%时,水下爆炸总能量由1.4倍TNT当量增加到1.7倍TNT当量。气泡脉动过程中,时间从49.5 ms到49.8 ms时,含铝炸药气泡内产生火光。含铝炸药与非含铝炸药超压分别为15.16 MPa与15.51 MPa,气泡二次压力分别为2.25 MPa与2.35 MPa,气泡周期分别为50.20 ms与46.76 ms,气泡最大半径分别为67.87 cm与60.27 cm;仿真得到含铝炸药与非含铝炸药参数超压分别为14.90 MPa与15.14 MPa,气泡二次压力分别为2.16 MPa与2.27 MPa,气泡周期分别为49.32 ms与45.90 ms,气泡最大半径分别为66.32 cm与58.89 cm。实验与仿真结果吻合良好。     

压力对纳米铝粉/RDX混合物聚光点火燃烧特性的影响

铝粉和黑索今(RDX)是固体推进剂领域重要的金属燃料和含能氧化剂。利用中压聚光升温点火实验台进行了不同压力(0.1,0.4,0.7,1.0,1.3 MPa)下纳米铝粉/RDX混合样品的点火燃烧试验,采用高速摄影仪、双色红外测温仪和光纤光谱仪研究了样品的燃烧过程。结果显示,样品点火前存在一个明显的受热蒸发阶段,点火后火焰发展阶段的持续时间明显小于衰退阶段。常压下的燃烧过程伴有橙黄色火星。压力高于常压时火焰呈白炽态。提高环境压力能有效增加燃烧强度,但过高的压力对火焰发展有一定的抑制作用。压力升高,蒸发阶段和点火重叠明显,点火延迟时间显著缩短。基于实验条件,常压下样品的点火延迟时间为1004 ms,最高温度为1239℃。压力升高至1.3 MPa时,样品的点火延迟时间缩短至319.2 ms,最高温度升高至1441℃。常压下样品燃烧不完全,导致自维持燃烧时间最短,为280 ms。压力高于常压时,自维持燃烧时间随压力的升高而减小。     

不同类型微/纳米铝粉点火燃烧特性研究

微/纳米铝粉在火炸药领域具有广泛的应用前景,为揭示其在推进剂中的燃烧机理,利用CO₂激光点火装置对不同类型微/纳米铝粉点火燃烧性能进行了实验研究。研究结果表明：微/纳 米铝粉配比中纳米铝粉含量越高,点火燃烧性能越好;80 nm铝粉的点火延迟时间稍大于120 nm 铝粉,分析是由于活性铝含量降低其熔化所产生的内外压差变小所致。同时分析了微米铝粉与纳米铝粉的点火燃烧机理：经纳米镍粒子表面改性后微米铝粉点火燃烧性能有所改善,此时纳米镍粒子作为氧的载体;利用有机物包覆改性纳米铝粉,点火延迟时间增加,但结合其防止纳米铝粉氧化及自身能量性能两方面,采用含能聚合物包覆改性纳米铝粉仍具有很好的应用价值。     

高压超声破碎法制备微纳米TATB

为探索高压超声破碎法在微纳米三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)制备中的应用,采用纳米机对TATB炸药进行湿法破碎。阐述了高压超声破碎法制备微纳米炸药的工作原理。研究了破碎压力、料液浓度、表面活性剂及破碎次数对微纳米TATB颗粒粒径和比表面积的影响。对比了破碎前后TATB颗粒形貌、热性能的变化。结果表明,破碎压力增大,颗粒粒径变小、比表面积提高。料液浓度增大,颗粒先减小,后又变大。十二烷基苯磺酸钠和辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚OP)均对TATB细颗粒有良好的防聚集效果,但OP的防聚集效果更好。破碎次数增多,颗粒粒径先减小,后又变大。在间隔破碎模式、料液浓度10%、压力100 MPa、表面活性剂OP、破碎10次的破碎条件下,破碎后的TATB颗粒形貌与原料相比没有显著改变,但平均粒度从18μm减小到530 nm、热分解温度从396.6℃降低到392.1℃。     

DNAN基含铝炸药烤燃实验与数值模拟

为研究RB-2X(2,4-二硝基苯甲醚(DNAN)/奥克托今(HMX)/铝(Al)/黏结剂)和RM-2X(DNAN/HMX/3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)/Al/黏结剂)两种新型DNAN基含铝炸药热响应特性,开展RB-2X炸药在1.0 K·min-1、RM-2X炸药在1.0 K·min-1和0.5 K·min-1加热速率下烤燃实验,测量炸药中心温度变化.建立烤燃弹数值模拟计算模型,采用多组元网格单元计算方法,考虑熔铸炸药冷却收缩形成空气间隙的影响,分析炸药热响应特性.数值模拟点火时间与实验结果对比显示,RB-2X炸药点火时间偏差为1.13％,RM-2X炸药点火时间最大偏差为5.63％.在此基础上,分析熔铸炸药壳体壁面与炸药之间的空气间隙对炸药点火时间的影响,结果显示延迟时间随间隙宽度增大而缓慢增大,当空气间隙扩大到0.75 mm后,延迟时间稳定在90 s,表明空气间隙对炸药点火时间的影响明显.预测装填RM-2X大尺寸弹药热响应过程,结果表明弹药尺寸和加热速率的增大会明显降低点火时中心温度,DNAN熔化状态从全部熔化变为固液共存.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.