Corrosion characteristics of aluminum alloy in bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel: Part 2. The effects of dissolved oxygen in the fuel

This study examined the effects of dissolved oxygen on the corrosion properties of aluminum cast alloy, A384, in bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel at 100 °C. Oxygen enhanced the corrosion resistance of the alloy by forming a protective hydrous oxide film. The acetic acid and water produced by ethanol oxidation in the fuel had a corrosive and protective effect, respectively. However, the protective hydrous oxide film enhanced by the water suppressed the corrosiveness of the acetic acid in the fuel when the two by-products coexisted. Therefore, the water formed by dissolved oxygen in the bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel enhanced the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy by promoting the formation of a protective surface film.     

Corrosion characteristics of aluminum alloy in bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel: Part 1. The corrosion properties of aluminum alloy in high temperature fuels

The corrosion properties of an aluminum alloy, A384, in bio-ethanol blended gasoline fuel were examined at various ethanol contents (10%, 15% and 20%) and temperatures (60, 80 and 100 °C). Localized pitting corrosion developed at a high temperature of 100 °C. The corrosiveness of the fuel increased with increasing ethanol content (E10 < E15 < E20). However, no such coincident tendency appeared for the temperature (80 < 60 < 100 °C) due to the structural change of protective hydroxide film. The overall corrosion process was characterized by both competitive factors of corrosive ethanol and a protective oxide film at a given temperature and ethanol content.     

EIS study of corrosion behavior of metallic materials in ethanol blended gasoline containing water as a contaminant

In the present paper, the effects of ethanol as a gasoline additive and water as a contaminant on the corrosion behavior of metallic components of a fuel delivery system were investigated. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) testing was performed in both water-free and water contaminated gasoline containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% ethanol without the addition of any supporting electrolyte. The surface of the specimens examined in 10% ethanol blended gasoline was observed by scanning electron microscope to understand what types of corrosion attack occurred. The results revealed that the addition of ethanol to gasoline fuel decreased the solution resistance and polarization resistance values of the specimens, resulting in an increase in the corrosion rates of these specimens in ethanol blended gasoline. Water contaminant caused a decrease in the polarization resistance of the ferrous specimens, whereas the observed behavior in others was reversed. Among the investigated metallic materials, the brazing alloy fared the best while Al 6061 alloy showed satisfactory corrosion resistance compared to the rest of the materials in both water-free and water-contaminated ethanol blended gasoline. Moreover, no localized attack was observed in corrosion products.     

甲醇汽油理化特性的检测分析与系统研究

甲醇汽油作为车用燃料的有效补充,显示出广阔的市场空间和巨大的发展潜力。依次对甲醇汽油的馏程、气阻倾向、胶质、腐蚀性以及抗相分离性能等理化特性进行了系统分析,实验结果表明,汽油中的烃类物质与甲醇在不同浓度下可形成多元最低共沸物,显著影响甲醇汽油的馏程、气阻倾向和胶质;甲醇汽油对发动机的腐蚀性可通过腐蚀抑制剂的加入而减缓或消除。随着甲醇浓度的不断提高,甲醇汽油的抗相分离性能逐渐增强。研究结果可为解决甲醇汽油实际使用的问题奠定理论依据。     

醇醚替代燃料前景探讨

分析了醇醚作为替代燃料的必要性,介绍了醇醚作为主要汽、柴油替代燃料的优势。通过对几种车用燃料特性的评价,认为甲醇作为车用燃料优于其他燃料。     

甲醇汽油在国内外应用情况及分析

提出了我国甲醇汽油在推广应用中存在的问题,主要从毒性、与汽油相溶性、腐蚀性、蒸发性方面进行了分析。介绍了国外甲醇汽油应用情况及不使用甲醇汽油的原因。我国甲醇汽油的主要问题是低比例甲醇汽油缺少规范,大面积推广甲醇汽油应有确实可行政策措施及科学的数据,解决从环保、汽车、油品各方面所提出的问题。     

Effect of different corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion of cast iron in palm biodiesel

Biodiesel is currently in regular use as an alternative fuel over conventional petroleum diesel. However, corrosion of automotive materials is one of the concerns related to biodiesel compatibility issues. In addition, auto-oxidation of biodiesel can also enhance the corrosiveness of biodiesel. The present study aims to investigate inhibition effect of ethylenediamine (EDA), n-butylamine (nBA), tert-butylamine (TBA) against corrosion of cast iron. Static immersion tests in biodiesel in the presence (100 ppm) and absence of different corrosion inhibitors were carried out at room temperature for 1200 hours. At the end of the test, corrosion characteristic was investigated by weight loss measurements and changes on the exposed metal surface. Fuels were analyzed by using TAN (total acid number) analyzer and FTIR in order to investigate the acid concentration and compositional characteristics respectively. Surface morphology was examined by digital photography and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Oxide layers were investigated by X-ray diffraction. Results showed that TBA was more effective corrosion inhibitor in reducing corrosion than others.     

Evaluation of galvanic corrosion of a Zn alloy in alcohol fuel

Galvanic corrosion of zamak was evaluated in alcohol fuel and in some alcoholic solutions that contained ionic impurities. Also, the effect of corrosive process on the quality parameters of ethanol was investigated. The results showed that corrosion of zamak mainly occurred in solutions with high levels of water and impurities. After the assays, the increasing of both pH and conductivity of the alcohols was observed. Therefore, the results showed that the contact between zamak and some materials must be avoided and the quality control of alcohol fuel must be assured as a way of avoiding damages on engines and storage-transportation fuels systems.     

High temperature corrosion of boiler waterwalls induced by chlorides and bromides. Part 1: Occurrence of the corrosive ash forming elements in a fluidised bed boiler co-firing solid recovered fuel

In waste fired boilers high temperature corrosion has often been attributed to zinc and lead chlorides. In addition, bromine induced high temperature corrosion has been earlier observed in a bubbling fluidised bed (BFB) boiler co-firing solid recovered fuel (SRF) with bark and wastewater sludge. In Part 1 of this work a measurement campaign was undertaken to determine the occurrence of Cl, Br, Zn and Pb in the fuel, in the combustion gases as well as in the deposits on the boiler waterwalls. It was observed that Cl, Br, Zn and Pb originate to a large extent from the SRF, they are vaporised in the furnace, and may form waterwall deposits. This, complemented by fluctuations between oxidising and reducing atmosphere resulted in rapid corrosion of the waterwall tubes. Concentrations of Cl, Br, Zn and Pb in the fuel, in the furnace vapours and in the deposits are reported in this work. As there is lack of published data on the bromine induced high temperature corrosion, laboratory scale corrosion tests were carried out to determine the relative corrosiveness of chlorine and bromine and these results will be reported in Part 2 of this work. Furthermore, the forms of Cl, Br, Zn and Pb in the combustion gases as well as in the waterwall deposits were estimated by means of thermodynamic equilibrium modelling and these results will also be discussed in Part 2.     

聚合氯化铝对碳钢的腐蚀性及与药剂GMT－A配伍性的研究

本文研究了在工业水处理中聚合氯化铝对碳钢的腐蚀性及与药剂ＧＭＴ—Ａ配伍使用时，对ＧＭＴ－Ａ的絮凝、缓蚀效果的影响，从而确定了与ＧＭＴ－Ａ配伍使用时聚氯化铝的最佳投加量。并进一步探讨了聚合氯化铝产生腐蚀作用及ＧＭＴ－Ａ缓蚀效果的影响原因。     

M15甲醇汽油及添加剂对喷油嘴沉积物生成的影响

尝试利用自行设计并组装的喷油嘴沉积物模拟试验仪模拟喷油嘴沉积物生成过程,同时通过测定燃油喷嘴堵塞率来评定油品对喷油嘴的堵塞倾向。分别测试了储存前后93#车用汽油、空白M15甲醇汽油以及空白M15甲醇汽油中添加各型助溶剂、金属腐蚀抑制剂和汽油清净剂后的燃油喷嘴堵塞率。结果表明,不同类型的助溶剂和金属腐蚀抑制剂对喷油嘴沉积物的影响不同,这与各添加剂自身的性质有关,而汽油清净剂能够有效清除并抑制喷油嘴沉积物的生成,同时能够有效保持甲醇汽油在长期储存过程中对喷油嘴的清净性。     

甲醇、汽油及甲醇汽油作内燃机燃料的性质比较

以甲醇及甲醇汽油作为内燃机的替代燃料成为当前的研究热点。本文就甲醇和汽油的燃料性质作比较,还将汽油中添加甲醇后的性质与纯甲醇进行比较,并根据我国的情况对甲醇汽油的研究应用前景做出预测。     

Cleaner gasoline production by using glycerol as fuel extender

Glycerol, a major by-product of biodiesel production, was employed as a fuel extender in this study. The process was originally investigated by etherifying the entire fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline with glycerol. The reactions were carried out in a pressurized liquid phase reactor in the presence of three different catalysts (i.e. Amberlyst 16, Amberlyst 15, and β-zeolite) at 70 °C and 2.6 MPa with a volume ratio of FCC gasoline to glycerol ratio of 84:16 for 10 h. The catalytic activity could be ordered as Amberlyst 16 > Amberlyst 15 >> β-zeolite. The properties of FCC and etherified FCC products were determined by the standard analysis of Research Octane Number (RON), blending Reid vapor pressure (bRvp), distillation temperature following the standard methods of ASTM D-2699, ASTM D-5191 and ASTM D-86, respectively. It was found that the olefin content decreased opposing with increasing of octane number due to ethers of glycerol formation and the etherified gasoline product has lower bRvp than that of original FCC gasoline. The process of FCC gasoline etherification with glycerol showed great environmental benefits; in addition, ethers produced renewably from glycerol could extend the gasoline volume.     

甲醇-汽油混合体系性能及新型混合燃料的配制

甲醇与汽油的相溶性与基础油的组成、环境温度、甲醇添加量有很大关系。对比了甲醇与汽油的理化特性,以市售90#和93#汽油为基础油探讨了不同添加量甲醇对混合燃料稳定性的影响,甲醇的添加对燃料油馏程特性影响显著,添加量增大(10%～50%),低沸点馏分增多。以异辛烷、环己烷、环己烯、苯模拟汽油中的烷烃、烯烃、芳烃组分,分别绘制了与甲醇的双液系相图,测定了异辛烷、环己烷、环己烯、苯混合模拟汽油与不同掺比甲醇体系的初馏点,从理论上阐明了甲醇汽油混合燃料低沸点组分增加的原因。通过4种醇类添加剂对甲醇汽油混合体系性能进行改进,获得了低温稳定性好、基本符合商用汽油馏程特性的新型车用燃料。     

饮用水的"红水"现象与供水管网腐蚀控制的试验

本文简单介绍了饮用水管网“红水”现象的成因和控制方法 ,采用投加碱液的方法进行水质稳定处理 ,适当地提高水的 p H值、碱度和钙离子含量 ,可以有效地降低水的腐蚀性。旋转挂片腐蚀失重试验的结果表明 ,这种方法可以取得满意的缓蚀效果     

Synthesis of fuel additives on vegetable oil basis at laboratory scale

The aim of this work was to produce multifunctional additives on vegetable oil basis that provide not only a detergent‐dispersant effect in fuel but also other advantageous properties. Besides, the goal was to use raw materials of partly renewable origin in order to meet the biodegradability requirements. Intermediates were produced from polyisobutylene (PIB) maleic anhydride and rapeseed oil methyl ester by a radical‐initiated method. These intermediates were used to acylate polyethylene polyamines. The analytical and efficiency tests of the final products showed similar or even better DD properties compared to traditional PIB‐succinimides. The new additives also showed additional functional effects (e.g. corrosion‐inhibiting and lubricity‐improving effects).     

新型FMB车用醇基燃料配方体系研究

研究了车用醇基燃料的配方,结果表明:由质量分数为0.72的甲醇、0.25的C5+、0.02的C1～C5和0.01的MLN助溶剂组成的车用醇基燃料。在醇烃比A∶O=1∶9～9∶1范围内,均一、稳定、长期贮存不分层。MLN质量分数为0.01,车用醇基燃料中水的质量分数达0.008时,醇烃发生相分离。随着MLN质量分数的增加,达到相分离点的水质量分数增加,抗相分离能力增强。车用醇基燃料具有优良的耐热、耐寒稳定性。醇基燃料与汽油以任意比互溶,长期不分层。因此该车用醇基燃料可以代替汽油,具有广泛的使用价值。     

甲醇燃料的研究进展与展望

随着化石资源的不断枯竭,能源消费将逐步向可再生能源时期发展.甲醇燃料不仅可以替代汽柴油作为内燃机燃料,而且也可以作为燃料电池等燃料或新型C1化工原料;不仅可以由化石能源生产,而且也可以由可再生能源生产:不仅具有高效、清洁燃料的特征,而且具有生产技术成熟、原料来源丰富的特点,能够实现可持续发展.甲醇燃料是理想的能源载体,在化石能源和可再生能源时期均可发展应用,特别是对于以煤为主要能源的中国,在由化石能源向可再生能源时期过渡的阶段,选择甲醇燃料为发展方向,意义将十分重大.     

Characterization of the key fuel properties of methyl ester-diesel fuel blends

Characterizing of the fuel properties of diesel fuels, alternative fuels and their blends can assist the researchers who work on alternative fuels for diesel engines. Therefore, in this study, methyl esters were produced from five edible vegetable oils (sunflower, soybean, canola, corn and cottonseed) and blended with two different diesel fuels at 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50% and 75% on a volume basis to characterize the key fuel properties of the blends such as density, viscosity, pour point, distillation temperatures and flash point. The results showed that the fuel properties of the blends were very close to those of diesel fuels at low concentrations upto 20% of methyl esters.     

油田采出水对注水系统腐蚀机理的探讨

目前,我国油田已经进入注水开采中后期,采出水占采出液60%～70%,甚有高达90%以上。采出水中富含H2S、HCO3^-、溶解氧、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）、Cl^-、CO2这些都是导致腐蚀的主要原因。通过对集输站注水管线腐蚀产物进行电镜扫描（SEM）、能谱（EDS）分析、X衍射及腐蚀产物成分定量分析（容量法）;通过室内静态腐蚀挂片实验,研究具有腐蚀物质不同浓度对腐蚀性的影响,进一步探讨腐蚀机理。