几种因素对肉制品质构测定结果的影响

采用物性仪对肉制品的质构进行分析(TPA),探讨测定条件对测定结果的影响。通过数据分析得出如下结论:测前速度和两次压缩之间的间隔时间对测定结果的影响不显著;测试速度对硬度、咀嚼性和回弹性都有非常显著的影响,而对弹性和内聚性无显著影响。在测试条件下,硬度和咀嚼性和回弹性均随测试速度的增加呈上升趋势;压缩比例对测定结果都有非常显著的影响,其中硬度和咀嚼性随压缩比例的增加而增加,而弹性、内聚性,回弹性随压缩比例的增加而减少。     

A note on the dependence of meat texture on the temperature of measurement

Meat cooked at 80 °C has a significantly greater resistance to shear when measured at 20 °C than when measured at 70 °C. However, the texture of meat cooked at 55 °C displays no such temperature dependence. Scanning calorimetry indicates that partial reversion of heat induced collagen unfolding in cooled, well cooked meat may explain the increased toughness of the cooled samples.     

The basis of meat texture

The tenderness of meat is probably the most important single factor in the consumer's assessment of its quality. This review describes the fundamental factors believed to be involved in determining the tenderness of meat. The contribution due to the pre-rigor contraction of the myofibrils and the possible control of this phenomena is discussed. The role of the connective tissue proteins is reviewed, particularly the effect of the age-related changes in the properties of collagen.     

Effect of post-rigor muscle length on the texture of meat

Pre-rigor samples of beef M. sternomandibularis were allowed to pass into rigor in both lengthened and shortened states. After ageing, half of the samples from each group were stretched, the other half acting as control. The strength of the raw and heated meats was determined by a shear test. The strength of the raw meat increased in proportion to the muscle length, irrespective of when the length was altered. The strength was due mainly to the connective tissue elements. After heating, the shortened samples were tougher than the lengthened ones; stretching the muscles post-rigor tenderised the shortened samples but not the lengthened ones. These results indicate that the texture of cooked meat was dependent on the interaction of actomyosin and connective tissue components of muscle.     

肉类制品的质构特性及其研究进展

探讨TPA测试肉制品质构特性的指标、意义和形成机理,并对内制品的质构特性及其影响因素进行综述.针对我国肉制品质构研究存在的问题,提出质构参数标准化研究的必要性,建议用肉制品质构指标取代感官评价方法指导肉制品研发工作.     

Grinding as a method of meat texture evaluation

An electric grinder equipped with a torque/speed sensor was used to evaluate maximum grinding torque (T(max)) and total energy (TE) necessary to grind 150 g of uncooked meat. Texture profile analysis (TPA), relaxation and cutting tests were carried out and sample compositions were also determined. The degree of dependence between grinding, TPA, relaxation, cutting parameters and sample composition was checked. Results showed that grinding parameters (T(max) and TE) correlated better with TPA, relaxation and cutting parameters than with composition. In particular correlation coefficient of -0·92, -0·92 and 0·97 were obtained, respectively, between T(max) and relaxation percentage (%R), T(max) and destructuring coefficient at 25% conmpression (De(25)) and between T(max) and maximum cutting force (F(c)).     

Physical measures of sensory texture in thawed sea scallop meat

An instrumental method of texture measurement for scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) meats after frozen storage has been developed to replace the sensory method. Non-destructive and destructive compressive forces at 50 and 80% deformation respectively and shear peak force gave significant correlation coefficients of 0.89, 0.78 and 0.82 respectively with sensory evaluation of the cooked meats. The coefficient of variation associated with the compression method was smaller, however, than with the shear method.     

转谷氨酰胺酶及非肉蛋白对糜状肉制品质构性能的影响

以猪肉为原料根据中心复合旋转试验设计的原理,采用响应曲面法研究了0,1.5,5,8.5,10 g.kg-1的转谷氨酰胺酶分别与0,5,20,35,40g.kg-1的大豆分离蛋白、酪蛋白、乳清浓缩蛋白、卵清蛋白组成4个试验组,室温催化反应2 h,经85℃30min蒸煮处理后,冷却至4℃,进行质构和蒸煮损失测定.实验结果显示,转谷氨酰胺酶可催化非肉蛋白和肉蛋白质之间的反应,可提高终产品的硬度300～400g,弹性提高0.15～0.3,凝聚性提高0.15～0.2.此外还可以降低产品的蒸煮损失7.5%～10%.而不同的试验组中,酪蛋白处理组对于降低蒸煮损失能力较强,大豆分离蛋白组在改善弹性和凝聚性上作用较强,而卵清蛋白组在提高产品硬度上存在优势.综上表明,向肉制品中添加转谷氨酰胺酶和非肉蛋白是改善肉制品品质的一个有效途径.     

Colour and texture characteristics in meat of male and female foals

The effect of livestock production system and sex was studied on the colour and on the texture profile of the longissimus dorsi muscle (LD) from 16- and 24-month-old foals aged 4 days. Besides, the effect of ageing time was also studied on the texture profile between 4 and 8 days. Females from the 16-months group were darker than their counterparts and the 4-day aged steaks of the 24-month-old foals were lighter, redder and yellower. LD muscle of the 24-month-old foals was tougher after 4 and 8 days ageing than that of the younger foals besides in the 24-month-old foals the toughness may have been accentuated by lower growth rate prior to slaughter. Ageing improved tenderness but the rate of tenderisation was different according to age. The colour coordinates a^* and b^* could differentiate the 4-day aged steaks of the foal samples according to production system to a higher degree than did the compression or WBSF values being b^* values the most important colour coordinate which could discriminate the origin of the animals.     

质构分析在肉制品检测中的应用

质地特性是衡量肉与肉制品食用品质的重要参数,对肉品加工、贮运及安全都具有重要意义。质构仪是一种客观、快速衡量食品质地特性的方法,此方法已在肉制品、米面制品、乳制品、糖果、果蔬等食品的物性学分析得到应用。本文介绍了质构仪检测的原理和方法,综述了目前国内外质构仪在肉与肉制品品质检测中的应用情况,包括仪器质地参数与感官质地参数之间的相关性、肉制品品质与鲜肉新鲜度的检测、加工和食用品质的判别,肉制品生产工艺的优化等的国内外研究现状。     

Meat bolus properties in relation with meat texture and chewing context

During chewing the meat sample is fragmented by compressive and shear bite forces while saliva is incorporated. At the end of this process meat is transformed into a bolus with specific properties, which elicit deglutition. This study aims to analyze the mechanical properties of the boli and juice-saliva interactions in different chewing contexts. Two groups of subjects with different chewing efficiencies participated in the study: healthy dentate (n=9) and denture wearers (n=7). Meat boli were obtained from two beef samples exhibiting different textures obtained by varying aging time and cooking temperature. Variables linked to saliva-food matrix interactions (boli volume and weight, dry matter content) were not dependent on muscle fiber disorganization evaluated using shear tests. No texture effect was observed from the mechanical properties of the boli, whatever the chewing context. Denture wearers swallowed less disorganized boli but with a similar water content as dentate. Between subjects variability was the highest for saliva-food interactions and the lowest for mechanical properties. The variations obtained in meat boli characteristics could have consequences on sensory properties perception and on the digestion process.     

Influence of post-mortem treatments on turkey and chicken meat texture

Toughness of poultry breast muscle was influenced by the rate of rigor onset, the rate of cooling and chilled storage time. The pH of the breast muscle at 20 min after stunning (pH₂₀) in 52-day-old chickens varied from 5.9 to 6.9, and in 70-day-old turkeys from 6.2 to 6.8. In turkey meat with pH₂₀ > 6.4, toughening was induced by immersion chilling to 7°C within 65 min post mortem and subsequent 'tanking' in iced water. Unaged, thawed meat from chicken carcasses, in which freezing commenced about 2 h after stunning was tougher than that from carcasses chilled for 16 h before freezing. Both were tender after 7 days chilled storage. Electrical stimulation of carcasses using 94 V decreased pH₂₀ by an average of 0.3 unit in turkey, with no overall increase in tenderness. In chicken, it decreased the pH₂₀ by 0.5 unit, but caused an overall toughening due to increased rigor shortening in carcasses with pH₂₀ < 5.8.     

植物基仿肉类食品纤维结构设计与评价研究进展

为了减少动物性蛋白食品生产过程对环境的影响,新近开发出的一系列与肉类产品具有相似感官特征的植物基仿肉类食品成为了食品行业的研究热点。本文分析了植物基仿肉类食品快速发展的原因,聚焦于影响这类食品感官品质的关键性因素—纤维结构设计,总结了植物基仿肉类食品纤维结构设计的相关工艺研究进展,介绍了产品纤维结构评价方法。在此基础上,建议我国植物基仿肉类食品的开发要在结合国外优秀技术经验的同时保持中式特色,创新适用于中式烹饪的"仿鲜肉"产品;此外,还应进一步加大对植物基仿肉类食品加工技术中瓶颈问题的研究力度,完善相关标准,加强安全监管,构建具有中国特色的植物基仿肉类食品生产加工体系,促进我国植物基食品新品类的蓬勃发展。     

玉米磷酸酯淀粉对鸡肉火腿肠制品质构的影响

研究了添加不同取代度玉米磷酸酯淀粉对鸡肉火腿肠品质的影响。鸡肉火腿肠的全质构分析结果表明,在使用一定的添加量时,玉米磷酸酯淀粉P2对制品的效果明显优于玉米原淀粉,能明显的改善制品的硬度、弹性、粘聚性和咀嚼度等质构性质。     

The influence of mechanically deboned meat and pH on the water-holding capacity and texture of emulsion type meat products

The influence of the amount of mechanically deboned pork meat (MDM) on the quality of model 'Frankfurters' was studied, and the relationship between the pH of the blends versus the texture and water-holding capacity (WHC) of the finished products was investigated. In the experiments 2·9%, 5·8% and 11·6% pork loin were exchanged with MDM. It was found that addition of MDM increased the pH and the WHC, and that moderate addition of MDM resulted in greater yield stress and elasticity modulus, while higher concentrations of MDM resulted in very soft texture. The pH of the meat blends was very important for the functional properties of the pasteurized products. It made no difference whether pH was determined by the meat raw materials alone or adjusted through addition of NaOH or MDM.     

肉制品中亚硝酸盐的测量不确定度评定

目的 对分光光度法测定肉制品中亚硝酸盐的含量进行测量不确定度评定.方法 根据分光光度法测定亚硝酸盐的检测步骤建立测量不确定度模型,分析影响测定结果的各个分量,最后计算得到合成不确定度.结果 肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量的扩展不确定度为(2.71±0.16)mg/kg(k=2).结论 标准曲线拟合、试液显色、样品重复测量以及标准...     

Effect of gamma irradiation on the texture and microstructure of chicken breast meat

This study investigated the textural and microstructural properties of chicken breast meat exposed to gamma irradiation ((60)Cobalt) and stored at 4?°C. Textural properties of the irradiated (n=27) and unirradiated chicken breasts (control) were determined by measuring shear force and cooking loss at day 0 and at 2-day intervals for a 14-day refrigerated storage period. In addition, microstructural changes of the irradiated and unirradiated chicken breasts were compared. Irradiated chicken breasts had more cooking loss and higher (P<0.0001) shear force than unirradiated chicken breasts. Transmission electron microscopy showed significant differences (P<0.0001) in size of myofibril units (sarcomeres) between irradiated and unirradiated breast. Shrinkage in sarcomere width (myofibril diameter) and disruption of myofibrils in irradiated breast meat were also noticed when compared with unirradiated breast meat.     

大豆蛋白如何强化加工肉制品的组织

<正> 磊豆蛋白在肉制品中的应用已有很长的历史,许多研究均证实其对肉制品有正面的功效。例如,将大豆蛋白添加到熟牛肉汉堡中,能降低其烧煮收缩程度;将组织化大豆浓缩蛋白加入牛肉和猪肉糕中,可明显地减少其烧煮损耗。 随着大豆蛋白生产科技的不断进步,目前食品工业界已开发出一种高功能的粉状大豆蛋白——组织化大豆浓缩蛋白,它能保留或乳化加工肉制品中的脂肪,结合水分,并改进组织。本文将就这方面作出详细的探讨。     

草鱼鱼肉肠质构性质的影响因素研究

研究了鸡蛋清、玉米淀粉、植物油对草鱼鱼肉肠白度、凝胶破裂强度、凝胶强度和弹性的影响,发现向鱼肉肠中添加适量的鸡蛋清、玉米淀粉和植物油都能增加产品的白度、凝胶强度和弹性,而添加15%的玉米淀粉可以使鱼肉肠的弹性和凝胶强度增加约1倍。以鱼肉肠凝胶强度为质构指标,确定制备鱼肉肠的辅料添加量为:15%的玉米淀粉,3%的鸡蛋清,1%的植物油。