量气法研究三种黏合剂与CL-20混合体系的热行为

用NBK型"拉瓦"量气测试系统研究了较高温度(160～200℃)下六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)与硝化棉和硝化甘油双基吸收药(NC+NG)、环氧乙烷与四氢呋喃共聚醚(PET)、3,3-双叠氮甲基氧杂环丁烷与四氢呋喃共聚物(PBT)三种黏合剂的全分解过程,从放气规律和动力学的变化阐述了CL-20及其与三种黏合剂混合体系的热行为。结果表明:CL-20及其与(NC+NG)、PET、PBT三种黏合剂混合体系的热分解表观活化能分别为176.68,176.31,136.12,127.0kJ.mol-1。(NC+NG)黏合剂对CL-20的分解反应速度以及活化能几乎没有影响;CL-20初期分解的气体产物与PET和PBT两种黏合剂发生"非均相的气相/凝聚相反应",使得混合体系的分解表观活化能降低,分解速度显著加快。同时,(NC+NG)、PET和PBT没有改变CL-20分解的机理函数。     

利用流变学等温测试方法研究铝对聚叠氮缩水甘油醚改性球形药固化的影响

为了研究铝在聚叠氮缩水甘油醚（GAP）改性球形药固化过程中的作用,利用流变学等温测试方法研究了铝对GAP改性球形药固化动力学的影响,采用热分析动力学Sestak-Berggren模型对固化动力学参数进行求解,分别建立了含0%铝和10%铝的GAP球形药的固化动力学模型。结果表明：GAP球形药固化过程中表观活化能变化不大,在0<转化率<0.8范围内可认为表观活化能为64.8 kJ/mol,加入铝后反应的表观活化能增大,为85.1 kJ/mol,反应级数增加,指前因子减小,说明铝对GAP球形药的固化反应具有消极影响;模型与实验数据吻合较好,说明可利用流变学等温测试方法研究固体GAP球形药的固化过程;对0%和10%铝两个体系的黏度变化进行分析发现,铝主要影响到GAP球形药固化的第二阶段,使异氟尔酮二异氰酸酯分子上位阻较大的异氰酸酯基反应更加困难,活化能增大。     

高剪切速率下硼与HTPB、PBT和GAP端羟基的反应活性

含硼富燃料推进剂具有较高的质量热值和体积热值,是固体火箭冲压发动机较理想的燃料之一,而无定形硼与黏合剂中的羟基可发生反应,导致推进剂药浆表观黏度增大快、药浆适用期缩短等问题。计算了分别以端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)、3,3?二叠氮甲基氧丁环?四氢呋喃共聚醚(PBT)和聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)为粘合剂的含硼推进剂的理论体积热值,并采用双螺杆转矩流变仪和红外光谱研究了B/HTPB、B/PBT和B/GAP体系在高剪切速率混合过程中的流变和红外特性,分析了硼粉表面酸性杂质与粘合剂端羟基的反应活性。结果表明,经过合理配方设计,B/PBT/AP和B/GAP/AP的质量比为50∶20∶30时的体积热值均超过64.00 MJ·~(-3),大于B/HTPB/AP体系的体积热值(61.08 MJ·dm~(-3))。在剪切速率为355.56 s~(-1)、55℃条件下,含25%硼的B/HTPB体系表观黏度快速增加到260 Pa·s,混合110 min发生凝胶现象;含40%硼的B/PBT体系混合7 h黏度仅从3.63 Pa·s上升到10 Pa·s;含55%硼的B/GAP体系混合7 h黏度由5.96 Pa·s下降到0.33 Pa·s。B/HTPB混合体系红外光谱B—O振动吸收峰随着混合时间的增加而逐渐增强,C—O(伯醇)振动吸收峰随着混合时间的增加而逐渐减弱,而B/PBT和B/GAP体系混合420 min后红外光谱B—O振动吸收峰和C—O(伯醇、仲醇)振动吸收峰几乎没有变化。PBT和GAP端羟基与硼粉酸性杂质的反应活性比HTPB的端羟基的活性低很多,这有利于改善含硼推进剂药浆的工艺性能。     

几种常用燃速催化剂对GAP基ETPE热分解的影响

采用热重(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了三氧化二铁(Fe_2O_3)、氧化铜(CuO)、亚铬酸铜(Cr_2Cu_2O_5)、碳酸铅(PbCO_3)、3-硝基-1,2,4-三唑-5-酮(NTO)铅盐(NP)、柠檬酸铅(C_6H_5O_7Pb)、炭黑(CB)对聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)基含能热塑性聚氨酯弹性体(ETPE)热分解性能的影响。结果表明:几种燃速催化剂主要对GAP基ETPE中叠氮基团热分解产生较大影响。其中,CuO和Cr_2Cu_2O_5使GAP基ETPE中叠氮基团分解峰温分别提前了21.9,13.6℃,Fe_2O_3、PbCO_3、C_6H_5O_7Pb、NP和CB使GAP基ETPE中叠氮基团分解峰温分别滞后了1.7,2.6,1.6,1.0,1.1℃;CuO、Cr_2Cu_2O_5、C_6H_5O_7Pb、CB使GAP基ETPE中叠氮基团表观分解热分别增加75.5,84,43.4,103.1J·g~(-1),Fe_2O_3、PbCO_3和NP使GAP基ETPE中叠氮基团表观分解热分别降低137.9,58.8,47.3J·g~(-1)。综合比较认为,CuO和Cr_2Cu_2O_5使GAP基ETPE中叠氮基团分解峰温提前,表观分解热增加,是催化GAP基ETPE热分解理想的燃速催化剂。     

GAP 应用研究进展

为研制高能量、高性能的混合炸药,引入聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)作为含能粘结剂。在分析GAP物理、化学性能的基础上,总结前人在 GAP 固化体系力学性能研究和 GAP 在推进剂和混合炸药中的应用等方面的工作。结果表明：引入适当的高聚物与GAP发生共聚,可改善GAP粘接体系的力学性能;将GAP引入混合炸药中,可有效提高混合炸药的能量和改善混合炸药的力学性能。     

不同增塑剂含量对含铝炸药环境适应性能的影响

为了研究某种酯类增塑剂含量对含铝炸药环境适应性能的影响,在压装含铝炸药的基础上,设计了3种不同增塑剂含量的配方。分别测量了3种炸药体系的黏度及不同温度条件下的力学强度;对上述3种配方进行了高温及低温温度冲击实验。结果表明:增塑剂含量的增加使炸药体系的黏度逐步降低,同时改善了含铝炸药的流动流散性能;添加增塑剂提高了含铝炸药在较高温度条件下的适应性,而低温时含铝炸药的环境适应性随增塑剂含量的增加而下降,但均优于同等条件下的A-IX-II炸药。     

变温红外光谱法研究GAP与三种异氰酸酯的反应动力学

用变温傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究了二月桂酸二丁基锡(T12)存在下GAP/HMDI、GAP/TDI和GAP/IPDI(此处GAP,HMDI,TDI和IPDI分别为聚叠氮缩水甘油醚,4,4'-二环己基甲烷基二异氰酸酯,甲苯二异氰酸酯和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯)体系的反应动力学。结果表明,GAP与三种异氰酸酯(HMDI,TDI和IPDI)的反应为二级反应。它们的反应速率均随温度的升高而加快。GAP/HMDI、GAP/TDI和GAP/IPDI体系的反应活化能分别为15.49,12.27和22.46 kJ·mol-1,显示三个体系的反应活性递减次序为GAP/TDIGAP/HMDIGAP/IPDI。     

新型含能增塑剂A16对HTPB的增塑性能

为了研究新型含能增塑剂(2,2-二硝基丙基)-2-己基癸酸酯(A16)对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)的增塑性能,采用分子动力学方法对HTPB与A16进行了相容性模拟,对增塑比2∶1～1∶1.5、温度30～70℃条件下HTPB/A16和HTPB/DOS体系的表观黏度进行了研究,并测试了两种体系的力学性能。结果表明:HTPB、A16各自分子间作用以范德华力为主,HTPB与A16的溶度参数差值仅为0.004(J·cm~(-3))~(1/2),二者具有非常好的相容性;HTPB/A16体系的表观黏度高于HTPB/DOS体系,但随着增塑剂质量比的提高或温度的提高,两种体系的表观黏度差异减小,当增塑比为1∶1,温度为70℃时,HTPB/A16与HTPB/DOS体系的黏度差仅为60.5 cP,A16与DOS的降黏效果相当;在相同增塑比条件下,HTPB/A16固化胶的拉伸强度和延伸率均比HTPB/DOS固化胶大,HTPB/A16固化胶的拉伸性能优于HTPB/DOS;增塑比为1∶1时,HTPB/A16固化胶的断裂延伸率比HTPB/DOS提高18.6%,模量降低8.6%,A16对HTPB的增塑效率高于DOS。     

端羟基聚叠氮缩水甘油醚与六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷基四元混合炸药能量释放研究

为研究六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20)的能量潜力,结合含能粘合剂端羟基聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP),计算了GAP、CL-20、氧化剂、可燃剂四元混合炸药的爆炸能量。计算结果表明,使用高氯酸锂作氧化剂可显著提高体系的能量密度,但将其在浇注混合炸药中得到应用需要进一步改性研究。制备了GAP、CL-20、高氯酸铵、铝粉四元混合炸药样品,利用水下爆炸测试方法,测试并估算了其水下爆炸能量。试验结果表明：在该四元体系中,CL-20含量为15%~20%时,体系能量密度可得到最大值;在CL-20含量为20%条件下,铝氧比为0.50时冲击波能可取得最大值,铝氧比为0.51~0.71时CL-20混合炸药能量密度可达到最大,通过水下爆炸试验数据估算其能量密度可达到2.88倍TNT当量。     

共聚型含氟GAP基热塑性弹性体的合成与性能

为提高聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)的综合性能,利用共聚型含氟GAP二元醇为预聚物,丁二醇(BDO)为扩链剂,甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)作为固化剂,合成共聚型含氟GAP基热塑性弹性体.分别采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、核磁共振(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、热重分析(TG/DTG)、拉伸试验和扫描电镜(SEM)对其化学结构、相对分子质量、玻璃化转变温度、热稳定性和力学性能进行表征.结果表明共聚型含氟GAP基热塑性弹性体的数均相对分子质量为33520,玻璃化转变温度为-33.3℃,热分解温度大于220℃,断裂强度为5.94 MPa,断裂伸长率为886％,具有良好的热稳定性和优异的力学性能.此外,利用慢烤燃法研究了共聚型含氟GAP基热塑性弹性体/铝粉的热分解特性,结果证实共聚型含氟GAP基热塑性弹性体/铝粉烤燃响应温度达到301℃,热分解反应可释放更多热量.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.