Comparison of crystallized coconut sugar produced by traditional method and amorphous coconut sugar formed by two drying methods: vacuum drying and spray drying

Coconut sugar is traditionally produced by evaporating sap until reaching its saturated liquid and formed a crystalline structure. This study investigated the comparison of coconut sugar made by traditional method (crystalline structure) and dried coconut sugar (predominantly amorphous structure) to its characteristics. Two different formulation of coconut sap : maltodextrin (7 : 3) and (6 : 4) (weight/weight) were dried using vacuum oven (70℃, 6 hours) and spray dried (Tinlet 120℃.) Coconut sugar was characterized for moisture content, crystallinity, water sorption isotherm, hygroscopic rate, color, dissolving time, and powder recovery. Initial moisture content was examined and in range of 1.33% - 3.44% (wb). The highest monolayer water content was obtained by using spray drying (6 : 4) and lowest was obtained by traditional method. X-ray diffraction showed that dried coconut sugar powder had dominant amorphous structure (70.9 – 71.4%) while traditional one was dominated with crystalline structure (90.5%). Traditional coconut sugar was the least hygroscopic (1.21 × 10-4 g water/g solid/minutes), followed by vacuum dried coconut sugar (1.48 × 10-4 g water/g solid/minutes) and spray dried ones (1.56 – 1.67 × 10-4 g water/g solid/minutes). Spray dried coconut sugar had the brightest and the whitest color, followed by vacuum dried and traditional coconut sugar. Vacuum dried powder was quicker to dissolve (13.33 – 16.67 s), while increasing maltodextrin in spray drying could not decrease the dissolving time. The highest powder recovery of dried sugar was obtained by using vacuum drying and higher maltodextrin concentration (88.70%) while traditional method produced 100% powder recovery.     

The influence of additives and drying methods on quality attributes of fish protein powder made from saithe (Pollachius virens)

BACKGROUND: Fish protein powder (FPP) is used in the food industry for developing formulated food products. This study investigates the feasibility of increasing the value of saithe (Pollachius virens) by producing a functional FPP. Quality attributes of spray and freeze‐dried saithe surimi containing lyoprotectants were studied. A freeze‐dried saithe surimi without lyoprotectants was also prepared as a control sample. RESULTS: The amount of protein, moisture, fat and carbohydrate in the FPPs were 745–928, 39–58, 21–32 and 10–151 g kg^?1. Quality attributes of FPPs were influenced by the two drying methods and lyoprotectants. The highest level of lipid oxidation was found in the control and the second highest in the spray‐dried FPP. The spray‐dried fish protein had the lowest viscosity among all FPPs. Gel‐forming ability of samples with lyoprotectants was higher than that of the control. Water‐binding capacity, emulsion properties and solubility of the freeze‐dried fish protein containing lyoprotectants were significantly higher than spray‐dried and control samples. However, functional properties of spray‐dried FPP were higher than the control sample. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to develop value‐added FPP from saithe surimi using spray‐ and freeze‐drying processes, but freeze‐dried FPP containing lyoprotectant had superior functional properties and stability compared with spray‐dried sample. Both products might be used as functional protein ingredients in various food systems. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physicochemical and functional properties of lentil protein isolates prepared by different drying methods

Lentil protein isolate (LPI) extract was converted into powder by freeze drying, spray drying and vacuum drying. Differences in particle size distribution, protein subunit composition and colour and surface morphology were observed amongst the three drying methods. Spray and freeze-dried LPI powders exhibited higher solubility (81% and 78%, respectively) compared to vacuum dried powders (50%). The spray dried powders showed a low water absorption capacity (0.43 ± 0.02 g/g) compared to freeze (0.48 ± 0.02 g/g) and vacuum-dried (0.47 ± 0.01 g/g) LPI powders. Spray and freeze-dried powders displayed better gelation ability and higher gel strength, compared to vacuum-dried powder. Both spray and freeze-dried gels showed typical viscoelastic gel characteristics, with G′ dominating over G″ and very low loss tangent. The holding time required for gelation of vacuum dried powder at 90 °C was significantly longer, compared to spray and freeze dried powders. Hence, drying methods used for preparation of lentil protein isolate powders can affect physicochemical and associated functional properties.     

PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FROM CAPELIN (MALLOTUS VILLOSUS) BY SPRAY DRYING PROCESS and ITS PROPERTIES

A process is described for preparing protein powder from washed capelin meat. Whole capelin was subjected to mechanical deboning, and the mince obtained was submitted to a three-step washing procedure using cold aqueous solutions of 0.5% NaCl and 0.5% NaHCO₃ and, finally, cold water. the washed mince was homogenized in an equal quantity of cold water, heated to 70C to reduce viscosity, and centrifuged at 1160 x g for 15 min to remove traces of sediments. the supernatant, containing more than 90% of the washed mince, was spray dried to obtain a powder with a protein content of 85% and having appreciable functional properties.     

NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF SURIMI POWDER FROM THREADFIN BREAM

Threadfin bream (Nemipterus japonicus) surimi was dried to produce surimi powder with a moisture content of about 5%. The surimi powder contained 72% protein and 20% carbohydrate. Although the protein content was lower than for dried fish flesh, the nutritional quality of surimi powder was higher than for dried fish flesh and casein. The protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), apparent digestibility and true digestibility of surimi powder were 3.42, 5.37, 92.1 and 95.3, respectively, while for fish flesh they were 3.21, 5.20, 90.7 and 94.4, respectively. Freeze-dried surimi powder had superior nutritional properties compared to oven-dried method.     

喷雾干燥与冷冻干燥鸡蛋粉特性研究

以鲜鸡蛋为原料,利用喷雾干燥和冷冻干燥技术制备鸡蛋粉,对比2种蛋粉水分含量、水分活度、溶解度、色差、微观结构等理化性质,同时检测起泡性、乳化性,并选用喷雾干燥蛋黄粉制备凝胶探讨功能特性。结果表明:喷雾干燥蛋粉和冷冻干燥的蛋粉水分含量、水分活度、溶解度和色差差异显著(P<0.05),且喷雾干燥蛋粉和冷冻干燥蛋粉起泡性及乳化性均在氯化钠浓度为0.5 g/100 mL时达到最大值;制备凝胶最佳条件为加水量为150%、氯化钠浓度为3%、温度100℃、热处理15 min。此项研究将对蛋粉的应用奠定理论基础。     

Improving functionality of whole egg powder by the addition of gelatine, lactose, and pullulan

The addition of gelatine (G), lactose (L), pullulan (P), and their mixtures at equal ratios (gelatine + lactose [GL] and gelatin + pullulan [GP]) to whole egg prior to drying was studied. Their effects on the functional properties (emulsion and gelling ability, water holding capacity of gel, foaming, color) and soluble protein content of spray dried egg powder during the 6 mo of storage at 20 °C and 50% relative humidity were investigated. It was demonstrated that the emulsion and foaming stability, water holding capacity of gel, and color change were significantly affected by the storage time, whereas storage time did not affect the strength of gel texture prepared by egg powders. Gelatine and pullulan improved the foaming stability and water holding capacity. Lactose caused a decrease in emulsion and foaming stability values. The maximum color change was observed for the plain egg powder, showing that mixing whole egg with carbohydrate- and/or protein-based additives before the drying process preserved the color of egg powder. Adding carbohydrate and/or protein caused significant changes in functional properties of egg powder.     

喷雾干燥法制备葡萄籽粕蛋白粉的工艺研究

采用喷雾干燥法对葡萄籽粕蛋白提取液进行干燥,以集粉率、蛋白质分散系数(PDI)及含水量为评价指标,研究了进风流量,进料流量,进风温度,雾化压力对干燥效果的影响,并在此基础上结合均匀设计法优化干燥条件。得出最佳干燥条件为:进风流量0.65 m3/min,进风温度180℃,进料流量400 m L/h,雾化压力200 k Pa,各项指标为:集粉率45.43%,PDI为73.1%,含水量1.03%。      

Manufacture of jameed using a spray drying process: a preliminary study

Jameed powder was manufactured using a controlled fermentation with a yogurt starter followed by spray drying. The composition and physical properties of the spray dried jameed were analysed and compared with local sun dried jameed. It was found that the moisture content of the spray dried jameed was lower than that of the sun dried product. In addition, the dispersibility of the spray dried jameed was higher and the average particle size was smaller; wettability, bulk density and colour were comparable between the two products.     

Water sorption and glass transition properties of spray dried lactose hydrolysed skim milk powder

The moisture sorption behaviour and glass transition temperature of spray dried skim milk powder with hydrolysed lactose (SMPHL) were determined. Spray drying of skim milk with hydrolysed lactose resulted in very low cyclone recovery of 25% and a large amount of powder remained stuck inside the spray dryer. The equilibrium moisture content of SMPHL was lower than that of lactose for each range of water activity when humidified for 21 days at 23 °C using saturated salt solutions. Unlike lactose, SMPHL did not lose water when the water activity exceeded 0.432 and no crystallization was noticed at water activity ?0.753. The sorption isotherm data for SMPHL fitted well with the BET and GAB models with monolayer moisture contents of 7.55 and 8.27 g/100 g, respectively. The glass transition temperature of anhydrous SMPHL was 49 °C. The critical water activity and moisture content for SMPHL were 0.15 and 2.4 g/100 g dry solid, respectively. The low critical values indicated hydrolysis of lactose necessities maintenance of very low moisture of powder for its long-term stability.     

酶法制备白鲢鱼蛋白粉的研究

对白鲢鱼肉进行酶水解经喷雾干燥以制备水溶性高的鱼蛋白粉。研究了木瓜蛋白酶的添加量、温度、时间、底物浓度和pH水解条件对鱼蛋白水解度的影响以及喷雾干燥条件对蛋白粉物性和水溶性的影响。结果表明:木瓜蛋白酶对鲢鱼蛋白的最适水解条件是温度50℃、加酶量4000U/g蛋白质、底物浓度为5.5%、pH6.5、时间4h,水解度达到29.82%;该水解液经浓缩至浓度25%～30%时,通过控制进风温度170～180℃、出风温度80～90℃用喷雾干燥得到鱼蛋白水解产物,相对分子量在1000以下组分占90.90%,溶解度达98.52%,是一种营养价值高和溶解好的蛋白质功能性食品配料。      

Denaturation of soybean proteins related to functionality and performance in a meat system

The effect of heat treatment on the functional properties of a soybean protein isolate was studied; heat affected the nitrogen solubility and gel properties of the isolate as well as its water absorption ability and viscosity. Significant correlations were found between protein solubility and gel viscosity. The viscosity of dispersions correlated to solubility or to water absorption depending on the protein concentration. Significant correlations were found between the functional properties of the protein and moisture loss from a model system in which the meat protein was partially replaced with soya. Protein solubility and gel properties were found to be the best predictors of moisture loss from the meat system. Viscosity of raw meat systems correlated with the solubility and water absorption of the added soya protein.     

基于计算机视觉鉴别肉松与肉粉松

为实现快速鉴别肉松和肉粉松,文中提出了一种基于计算机视觉和BP人工神经网络的快速无损检测方法。先对60组肉松和60组肉粉松图像进行灰度化并剪切成长宽为899×772像素,然后在剪切后的灰度图像中提取灰度均值、总熵值、灰度等级矩阵的标准差、基于灰度共生矩阵的对比度、相关度、纹理二阶矩和均匀度,在剪切后的二值图像中提取分形维数,共计8个纹理指标,再将45组肉松和44组肉粉松作为训练集输入BP人工神经网络进行训练,剩余样本作为测试集进行测试。研究结果表明:构建的BP神经网络总分类准确率为80.65%,其中有2组肉松被误判为肉粉松,有4组肉粉松被归为肉松。该研究成果可为销售点快速无损鉴别肉松与肉粉松提供了一种技术方法。     

A Process for Increasing the Free Fat Content of Spray-dried Whole Milk Powder

Exposing spray‐dried whole milk powder to high shear and elevated temperature in a twin‐screw continuous mixer increased the free fat content. The effects of operating conditions (powder feed rate, processor screw speed, and process temperature) on lactose crystallinity, particle size distribution, color, and moisture content of spray‐dried whole milk powder were investigated using response surface methodology. Exposure to elevated temperatures and high shear: (a) increased the free fat to more than 80%, (b) crystallized the lactose, (c) reduced the average volume‐based particle size, and (d) broadened the particle size distribution. The raw whole milk powder with creamy‐white color turned into an oily paste with bright‐yellow color. Processing enhanced the functional properties of spray‐dried whole milk powder for milk chocolate manufacture.     

喷雾干燥与真空冷冻干燥对核桃粕红枣复合粉品质的影响

以核桃粕、红枣为原料,采用喷雾干燥、真空冷冻干燥2种方式制备核桃粕红枣复合粉,对其集粉率、水分含量、蛋白质含量、堆积密度、流动性、溶解性、色差值、微观结构、蛋白质体外模拟消化、热稳定性进行探究。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥集粉率明显高于喷雾干燥,但是耗时长,水分含量和堆积密度高于喷雾干燥,休止角低于喷雾干燥,说明真空冷冻干燥核桃粕红枣复合粉不易贮藏、溶解性较差,但是流动性好;喷雾干燥所得复合粉颜色比较鲜亮。2种复合粉热稳定性相似,但从整体来看,喷雾干燥复合粉蛋白质营养价值更高。观察复合粉微观结构,喷雾干燥复合粉呈球状,有利于颗粒与水分接触;真空冷冻干燥复合粉形状不规则,颗粒之间出现黏结,不利于颗粒与水分接触。     

Chemical and microbial evaluation of Egyptian dried egg white prepared by different techniques

Egg white was dehydrated (pan drying, spray drying) without and with glucose removal (using bacteria, yeast and enzyme). Although, moisture, protein and ether extract percentage in spray dried samples were, in general, in the same range as the imported Swiss made spray dried sample (as standard), yet the least moisture percentage was found in samples in which sugar was removed by yeast. The standard sample had the best solubility (99.79%). followed by the spray dried sample desugarized by yeast (99.67%). Samples in which Streptococcus lactis was used gave the highest percentage of insoluble matter (4.24%). Pan dried and spray dried samples were similar in solubility. The total microbial counts were found to decrease in egg white after drying (max. 4.9 × 10 org. in prepared samples, zero in the standard). Salmonella was absent in all dried samples. There are variations in the type of protein fractions of liquid egg white when the enzyme treatment or controlled bacterial fermentation were used. When yeast fermentation was used a decrease in some protein fractions was noticed in comparison with the nondesugarized sample. The dehydrated egg white proteins indicate that there was no difference between the different techniques applied for glucose removal, between drying methods and between prepared samples and imported one; 5 fractions were obtained in each sample.     

变性淀粉应用于喷雾干燥微胶囊配料工艺探讨

随着食品工业的发展,越来越多的食品配料采用喷雾干燥进行加工。各种亲水性胶体和变性淀粉正在被广泛的应用于这一领域,用于改善食品配料的分散性、抗吸潮性和速溶性。文中探讨了以食用变性淀粉对酱油粉进行微胶囊处理的实例,详细介绍了变性淀粉微胶囊壁材系统应用于粉末配料生产的工艺,同时介绍了粉末配料生产时喷雾干燥参数选择的依据。     

变性淀粉应用于雾干燥的粉末配料工艺探讨

随着食品工业的发展，越来越多的食品配料采用喷雾干燥进行加工。各种亲水性胶体和变性淀粉正在被广泛的应用于这一领域，用于改善食品配料的分散性，抗吸潮性和速溶性。本文探讨了以食用变性淀粉对酱油粉进行微胶囊处理的实际案例，详细介绍了变性淀粉微胶囊壁材系统应用于粉末配料生产的工艺，同时介绍了粉末配料生产时喷雾干燥参数选择的依据。     

Effects of Agaricus bisporus on gel properties of chicken myofibrillar protein

The gel-forming ability of myofibrillar protein (MP) is highly correlated with the characteristics of emulsified meat products. Incorporation of Agaricus bisporus (Ab) powder into MP gels may enhance its gel properties to facilitate the development of a novel and safe meat product. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Ab powder on gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, rheological behaviour, LF-NMR spin–spin relaxation (T₂), microstructure and protein secondary structure of the MP gel system. The results indicated that the gel strength, WHC, G' value and G" value were significantly improved when the addition of Ab powder increased from 0% to 6% (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the T₂ relaxation time was shortened, and free water was transformed into immobilised water. The texture of the gel was improved when 1%–4% Ab powder was added compared to the control. Furthermore, Ab filled in the gel network and promoted the unfolding of MP α-helix and the formation of MP β-sheet during the thermal denaturation of MP, leading to a dense aggregated network structure. The study suggested that Ab could be a promising ingredient in improving chicken MP's gel properties and developing fat-reduced meat products.     

造纸红液喷雾干燥研究

在3种不同的进出口气体条件下对亚硫酸镁盐法蒸煮苇浆的造纸红液进行了离心喷雾干燥实验。综合考虑产品的湿含量及成份,以进气温度250℃,出口气体85℃时所得产品质量最佳。进一步测定了干粉的干燥曲线,以验证一级喷雾干燥的合理性。另外在实验过程中发现了产品具有吸湿性,并测定了干粉的等温吸附线。图3表1参9