Furfural analysis for assessing degradation of thermally upgradedpapers in transformer insulation

Furfural analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has gained increasing favor as a means of estimating degradation of insulating papers in power transformers. We have studied this technique in some detail as applied to thermally upgraded kraft papers. Significant differences in the results for papers of several manufacturers were found, which could influence diagnosis after extended operation. As a result, we believe that the current practice of simply identifying a transformer as manufactured with common or thermally upgraded paper will not be enough to interpret results at a later date. A detailed identification of the paper, and information on its accelerated aging behaviour should be kept on record     

应用电子式电流互感器的变压器差动保护研究

电磁式电流互感器在电力系统故障情况下可能发生饱和，常导致继电保护装置误动或拒动。利用电子式电流互感器无饱和的特点，在动模试验环境下，研究了应用电子式电流互感器的变压器差动保护性能，指出电子式电流互感器采用空心线圈，没有饱和现象，可正确反映故障情况下各次谐波含量，提高变压器保护区外故障时动作的安全性、区内故障时动作的可靠性以及基于谐波制动原理的差动保护动作速度。结合实际应用中的问题，指出GPS硬件时钟同步法是解决数据同步采样问题的优选方案，并对应用电子式互感器的差动保护新原理的研究进行了简要探讨。     

应用电子式电流互感器的变压器差动保护研究

电磁式电流互感器在电力系统故障情况下可能发生饱和，常导致继电保护装置误动或拒动。利用电子式电流互感器无饱和的特点，在动模试验环境下，研究了应用电子式电流互感器的变压器差动保护性能，指出电子式电流互感器采用空心线圈，没有饱和现象，可正确反映故障情况下各次谐波含量，提高变压器保护区外故障时动作的安全性、区内故障时动作的可靠性以及基于谐波制动原理的差动保护动作速度。结合实际应用中的问题，指出GPS硬件时钟同步法是解决数据同步采样问题的优选方案，并对应用电子式互感器的差动保护新原理的研究进行了简要探讨。     

Experience with return voltage measurements for assessing insulation conditions in service-aged transformers

This paper describes the investigation of the insulation condition of a number of power and distribution type transformers of different manufacturing dates and with different operating histories. Return voltage measurements were conducted for these transformers. Effects of moisture and aging on the oil-paper insulation of these transformers were investigated and results are presented in this paper. Moisture in oil samples at known temperature was measured for these transformers. Previously accelerated aging experiments were performed on paper wrapped insulated conductors in different environments over a temperature range of 115 to 145/spl deg/C. Results from the measurements on transformers are compared with those of the accelerated aged samples and are described in this paper.     

Distribution Transformer Losses Evaluation: A New Analytical Methodology and Artificial Neural Network Approach

The aim of this paper is to propose an analytical methodology and discuss some alternatives of artificial neural network models in order to evaluate losses in distribution systems, particularly in distribution transformers. The procedure can also be extended to other components of the distribution system (secondary and primary network and HV/MV transformers). This is accomplished by using the utility's database such as the consumers' monthly energy consumption and the typical load curves of each class of consumption and type of activity developed.     

Electrodynamic tests of power transformers with reactive-power compensation

It is shown that electrodynamic tests of power transformers are accompanied by the predominant consumption of a reactive power that is many times higher than the active-power consumption. A scheme of electrodynamic tests with longitudinal compensation of the reactive power using a capacitor bank is proposed. It allows a considerable reduction of the power that is consumed from the power-supply system. The parameters of the capacitor bank and the preliminary-charging voltage levels were determined that provide various current regimes for conducting both adjusting and actual short-circuiting experiments. The possibility of performing electrodynamic tests of power transformers with nominal powers of up to 630 MV A under the conditions of factory test centers using a controlled alternating-voltage source with a regulation range of 1.5–7.5 kV and a power of 22 MW was substantiated. Short-circuiting tests have a negative effect on the power-supply system because they are able to initiate a voltage dip with a duration of up to 0.2 s and even a dynamic-stability loss. As a result, the quality and reliability of electric-power supply of other consumers of the power-supply system deteriorate. The above negative consequences can be avoided and the required testing short-circuit current simultaneously provided via reduction of the total power consumed from the powersuppl system. In this study, the problem of the electromagnetic compatibility of an electrodynamic-test bench and a power-supply system is solved by compensating the reactive power during short-circuiting experiments.     

The Effects of Insulating Oil Replacement Upon Power Transformer Condition Assessment

Abstract—Insulating oil replacement is one of the most commonly used measures to solve oil deterioration in field transformers. However, the effects of oil replacement upon transformer condition assessment are still unknown. This article presents a simulated oil replacement in the process of an accelerated thermal aging test. The accelerated thermal aging experiment was conducted at 130°C for 80 days; insulating oil was replaced on the 25th day of aging. Several common condition assessment methods, including degree of polymerization of the paper, oil acidity, dielectric strength of the oil–paper insulation, moisture estimation, and furfural analysis, were compared before and after oil replacement. Results showed that oil replacement is effective in solving the degradation of insulating oil but not in restraining the aging of paper. The variation of dielectric strength of insulation paper caused by oil replacement could be neglected. Moisture estimation of insulation paper was closely related to the aging degree of oil–paper insulation but not obviously influenced by oil replacement. Furfural analysis would be seriously affected by oil replacement because furfural in oil was eliminated during the oil-drainage process, so the effect of oil replacement should be corrected when estimating transformer aging condition with furfural analysis method.     

一种提高光学电流互感器温度稳定性的新方法

光学电流互感器的温度稳定性差是阻碍其实用化的主要原因.提出了一种新的基于比较测量法的温度补偿方法——比较式OCT,它通过引入永久磁铁产生的恒定参考磁场,将被测电流磁场与参考磁场进行比较,得到与温度影响因子无关、而仅与被测电流大小有关的最终输出,实现了对影响OCT温度稳定性的两个主要因素——Verdet常数和线性双折射的同时补偿.针对比较式OCT解调的特殊要求,设计了双输入双输出的传感头结构.对比较式OCT的温度试验证实了比较补偿法的有效性.     

三相不平衡对配电变压器带负载能力的影响研究

配电网中三相不平衡问题普遍存在,三相不平衡会使配电变压器单相过载导致损耗增加、热点温度升高,进而加快绝缘老化速度、降低变压器带负载能力及运行寿命。文章推导了配电变压器在三相不平衡运行时的绕组热点温度的计算模型,并基于绕组热点温度限制和容许过载倍数限制对三相不平衡时配电变压器的过载能力进行评估,最终给出了各负载类型运行区域的约束条件,为油浸式配电变压器的安全、经济运行提供了参考。     

Condition Evaluation for Aging State of Transformer Oil-paper Insulation Based on Time-frequency Domain Dielectric Characteristics

For the oil-impregnated power transformers in service, the condition of the main insulation system is very important. This article reports a non-destructive evaluation technique based on time-frequency domain dielectric characteristics. First, the polarization/depolarization current and frequency-domain spectroscopy were well measured under controlled laboratory conditions. Then, the recovery voltage curves and recovery voltage polarization spectroscopy were also obtained by using the conversion method between polarization/depolarization current and recovery voltage based on the extended Debye model. After that, the time-domain dielectric characteristics, which can represent oil-paper insulation aging, were extracted from the polarization/depolarization current curves, recovery voltage curves and recovery voltage polarization spectroscopy. In addition, the frequency-domain dielectric characteristics, which can represent the oil-paper insulation aging, were also proposed in terms of frequency domain spectroscopy. Finally, the change rules of time-frequency domain dielectric characteristics under different aging times were investigated in depth. Results show that the time-frequency domain dielectric characteristics are sensitive to the aging states of power transformers, which could be utilized to diagnose the aging state of oil-paper insulation in field power transformers.     

Development and practical application of fully split core for power transformers

In a three-phase, three-leg core of a core-type power transformer, the yokes are magnetically connected to all three phases so as to ease the flow of the magnetic flux (generally by means of lap joints of yokes and legs), and at the same time to smooth the magnetic flux between phase legs through yokes. It has generally been assumed that a split core with full separation at the center of the leg including yokes is unsuitable for use in power transformers owing to core losses, local heating, and noise resulting from the imbalance and distortion of magnetic flux, even though it can be used in distribution transformers with wound cores. But since the split core has many advantages from the manufacturing viewpoint, the magnetic characteristics of small core models were studied in detail. Studies with a full-scale 1500/3 MVA model transformer core indicate that the degradation of magnetic characteristics compares favorably with conventional cores.     

Effects of Moisture on Furfural Partitioning in Oil-Paper Insulation System and Aging Assessment of Power Transformers

The furfural concentration in oil is a well-accepted chemical marker indicating the aging condition of power transformers. However, recent researches suggest that the furfural concentration in oil is affected by moisture, because moisture influences the furfural partitioning ratio in oil-paper insulation system. In this study, the correlation of moisture and furfural partitioning ratio was investigated. The accelerated thermal aging test and moisture absorption test were conducted to prepare oil-paper samples with different furfural and moisture concentrations. For samples with different moisture concentrations, the furfural partitioning ratios between oil and paper were compared. Results showed that samples with high humidity exhibited a high furfural mass fraction in oil. This finding implied that high humidity promoted the furfural diffusion from paper to oil. Further, the interference of moisture on aging assessment of insulation paper was analyzed. Results showed that the increase of moisture concentration in oil-paper system would significantly affect the accuracy of insulation paper aging assessment. A corrected equation for aging assessment of insulation paper with different moisture concentrations was established. Verification result showed that the equation could effectively correct the interference of moisture and enhance the accuracy of the aging assessment of insulation paper.     

Allowance for insulation ageing in the new concept of acceleratedlife tests of high-voltage power transformers

It is pointed out that the existing system of type and acceptance tests of high-voltage transformer insulation does not take into account insulation aging, which is particularly objectionable with respect to equipment with reduced insulation levels. The authors propose a novel concept of accelerated life tests based on integrated simulation of basic operating loads both periodic (surge) and long-term ones, by performing a long-term accelerated test simulating the working conditions, with exposure of the test object and/or its insulation to periodic operating surges (overvoltages and overcurrents). This test replaces a group of conventional individual acceptance tests and provides more ample and more precise information on the performance and dependability of the equipment. The test procedure was checked in a test of a small lot of 1600 kVA 35 kV power transformers     

500kV变压器直流偏磁下的铁心损耗分析研究

为了研究变压器直流偏磁下的铁心损耗,文章以某一核电站500 k V主变压器为例,在二维有限元瞬态场A–φ算法基础下构造了直流偏磁下的变压器二维仿真损耗模型。在仿真中,偏磁直流量从0 A增加至30 A,可得到变压器铁心的损耗分布。结果分析可表明:随着偏磁直流量的增加,励磁电流会产生畸变和较大的偶次谐波,并导致铁心局部损耗增大,其中:铁心主柱与上、下铁轭交接区域的损耗值受到直流偏磁的影响最大,铁心水平路径的损耗值相较于垂直路径受直流偏磁的影响较大。     

利用配电变压器获取行波信号

提出利用配电变压器传变行波,解决行波故障测距中线路末端信号不易获取的问题。分析了故障测距用行波信号对测量互感器的要求。建立了配电变压器行波传变特性分析等值电路,利用实际的变压器参数对其行波传变性能进行了研究,结果表明,配电变压器能够有效传变行波波头,满足行波故障测距要求。在此基础上进一步分析了三相配电变压器的行波传变特征及规律,分析发现,尽管中性点非有效接地系统单相接地故障后线路稳态线电压保持不变,但其故障暂态过程仍产生电压行波线模分量,并且它们可以有效传变到变压器低压侧,且只利用变压器低压侧的2个线电压就可以有效获取各种类型故障初始行波信号。现场试验结果证明了所述方法的正确性。     

冲击负荷热老化下牵引变压器油纸绝缘寿命评估方法

为了研究牵引冲击负荷对牵引变压器油纸绝缘热老化及寿命的影响,本文考虑冲击负荷的负荷率、持续时间以及时间间隔对油纸绝缘进行加速热老化试验,通过聚合度分析了试样老化规律,并提出了 一种评估冲击负荷下油纸绝缘寿命的经验表达式.结果表明:在研究冲击条件范围内,基于优化零阶动力学模型的经验表达式可有效评估任意冲击负荷下牵引变压器...     

Flow electrification in transformers: relevance of ECT and leakage current measurements

The accumulated charge Q on a well insulated pressboard part being probably the most relevant parameter for flow electrification evolution inside transformers but clearly not measurable in situ, we compare in this paper this parameter with others possible to measure. The two most commonly used are oil parameters: ECT (electrostatic charging tendency) and, to a smaller extent, the continuous aging test for tan /spl delta/. Another is not so often used because of measurements difficulties, but was considered to be one of the most relevant: the leakage current. Thus in this paper we compare on two facilities (specially made for that) the accumulated charge Q to the ECT and leakage current. We find that, even if sometimes a correct correlation exists between these parameters, several cases show a bad correlation. Thus monitoring transformers by analyzing only ECT or leakage current seems to be hazardous.     

变压器接小电阻抑制直流偏磁的网络优化配置

将多目标优化问题与粒子群算法相结合,提出了一种用于求解2个目标函数的优化算法,即双目标函数粒子群算法(two objective particle swarm optimization,TOPSO)。直流输电单极运行时产生的地电流会导致接地极附近交流变压器铁心磁饱和,影响变压器的安全稳定运行。变压器中性点经小电阻接地抑制直流偏磁时,会使邻近站的变压器中性点直流增大。基于该算法,对目标电网的变压器接入电阻阻值进行网络优化配置;避免某些变电站接地极电流过大或者接入电阻阻值过大。以泸州电网为例,并与NSGA-II算法的计算结果相对比,验证了该方法的准确性和可行性。     

变压器油纸绝缘热老化特性及特征量研究

对25#变压器矿物油、以BIOTEMP为代表的植物绝缘油、普通牛皮纸和热稳定绝缘纸材料构成的油纸绝缘试品进行了加速热老化实验,对老化过程中绝缘纸的聚合度变化规律及老化特性进行了对比分析,并对油中水分、糠醛含量这两个重要的老化特征参量的变化规律及其与聚合度的相关性关系进行了研究。研究的主要目的是探索新型绝缘材料的老化特性,为传统的老化特征参量应用于新型油纸复合绝缘材料构成的变压器老化诊断提供依据,并为拓展变压器寿命预测理论奠定基础。     

谐波电流扰动下配电变压器损耗计算与绝缘寿命损失评估

针对谐波电流引起配电变压器损耗增加、热老化加速、绝缘寿命下降的问题,提出了一种计算谐波电流扰动下变压器空载损耗的方法。通过对Yyn0和Dyn11联结的配电变压器在谐波电流扰动下的杂散损耗分析,改进了基于谐波损耗因子的变压器负载损耗计算方法,修正了热点温度计算模型。以98℃为变压器热点温度基准值,利用6℃准则修正了IEEE C57.91中的绝缘纸相对老化因子计算方法。计算及试验结果表明:变压器损耗随谐波电流畸变率增大有较大增加,造成变压器绝缘系统寿命损失,缩短变压器运行寿命。