花生粕多糖的制备、结构表征及功能评价研究进展

花生粕多糖作为花生的主要活性成分之一,近年来对其研究备受瞩目。本文对花生粕多糖的研究文献进行了统计分析,并在文献统计分析的基础上综述了花生粕多糖的提取制备方法,包括热水法提取、酸法提取、碱法提取、酶法提取、超声波辅助法提取等,花生粕多糖不同组分的柱层析纯化方法,以及花生粕多糖一级结构表征与抗氧化活性及护肝活性评价研究进展。并对目前花生粕多糖研究中存在的问题和今后对其研究的重点方向进行了总结和展望。     

桑黄子实体多糖超声波微波协同辅助提取及活性研究

桑黄因具有独特的抗癌等功能,已经成为国内外功能性食品研究的热点,是目前国际所公认的生物抗癌领域中效率最高的真菌。该研究应用超声波微波复合法辅助提取桑黄多糖,试验在不同提取时间、液料比、超声波功率和微波功率等条件下多糖的提取率,选出最佳超声波-微波协同辅助提取工艺。对热水法和超声波微波法辅助提取的多糖进行抗氧化与抗肿瘤活性测定,桑黄多糖表现出很强的抗氧化性,超声波微波法辅助提取的多糖抗氧化活性更强;多糖对人肝癌细胞和人宫颈癌细胞有较强的细胞毒活性,超声波微波辅助提取的桑黄多糖其抗肿瘤活性更强。试验结果表明超声波微波辅助提取法不但效率高,而且未减弱多糖的活性。     

块菌多糖提取工艺优化及粗多糖抗氧化性的测定

为确定块菌多糖水提适宜工艺条件,以块菌粗多糖得率为指标,根据Box-Benhnken的中心组合试验设计原理,在单因素试验的基础上采用三因素三水平的响应面法对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:在温度为94.68℃,提取时间为3.71 h,液料比值58.66时提取率最高为10.8%。采用DPPH自由基清除法、羟基自由基清除法、还原力检测法对块菌粗多糖的抗氧化活性进行测定,结果表明块菌粗多糖具有较好的抗氧化活性。     

香蕉单宁的提取、结构及功能研究进展

单宁作为植物多酚家族的一员,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗炎症等生理活性,被广泛应用于食品、医药和制革等行业中。香蕉是“世界四大水果”之一,被证明含有丰富的单宁,但鲜有关于香蕉单宁近年来研究进展的总结。因此,本文对香蕉单宁的提取、结构及功能研究进展进行系统性综述。目前,关于香蕉单宁提取工艺的研究主要围绕溶剂提取法、超声波辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法和酶辅助提取法展开,化学结构研究包括对其分子质量分布、聚合度范围、主要化学组成、结构单元及其连接方式的阐明,而功能活性研究则集中在评价香蕉单宁的抗氧化、抗菌、降血脂、降血糖、降低农药对机体毒性、结合金属离子和吸收紫外线等方面的作用。最后,对香蕉单宁今后的研究方向趋势提出展望,以期为扩大其在食品行业中的应用提供一定的理论指导。     

灵芝多糖的研究进展

灵芝多糖是灵芝的主要活性成分,近年来以其独特的保健功能成为研究的热点。灵芝多糖结构如分子量、单糖组成和糖苷键类型等,对其活性影响很大,本文列举了灵芝多糖结构通用的检测方法。已有实验证实,灵芝多糖的生物保健功能主要体现在降血糖、降血脂、抗肿瘤、提高免疫力和抗氧化方面,由于固态栽培灵芝有诸多因素的制约,液体发酵培养成为获取灵芝多糖的主要手段,而液态发酵条件的优化研究主要集中于种子的培养、碳源氮源的选择及微量微量元素的添加。传统提取灵芝多糖的方法如热水浸提法、碱提取法,有提取时间长、提取效率不高的缺点,而利用超声波辅助提取多糖受到人们的关注,并和传统提取方法做了比较,显示了这种方法的广阔应用前景。     

羊栖菜多糖的提取纯化及功能活性研究进展

羊栖菜是一种重要的经济藻类, 主要分布在我国浙江、福建等地。羊栖菜含有丰富的多糖, 主要包括褐藻胶、褐藻多糖硫酸脂以及褐藻淀粉等, 是一种可溶于水的酸性多糖, 具有良好生物活性。羊栖菜多糖的制备可以通过水提醇沉、酸提、酶提及超声波辅助等提取方法获得, 然而不同提取方法制备的多糖得率、结构及功能活性不尽相同。目前对羊栖菜多糖的药理活性研究主要集中在抗肿瘤、抗氧化、降血糖、抗衰老、调节肠道菌群、抗病毒等方面, 提示羊栖菜多糖在医药领域有着良好的前景。本文就国内外羊栖菜多糖的提取纯化及功能活性研究进行了系统的归纳和总结, 旨在为羊栖菜多糖的靶向功能提取纯化研究提供参考。     

梨园块菌多糖提取工艺优化及其单糖组成分析

目的:本文以梨园块菌Tuber liyuanum为实验材料,优化和确定其多糖的提取工艺,并对单糖组分进行分析。方法:在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交试验设计、优化和确定水提醇沉法提取多糖的最适工艺条件;通过1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮（1-phenyl-3-menthy-5pyrazolone,PMP）柱前衍生化HPLC法分析梨园块菌单糖组分。结果:梨园块菌多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度90 ℃、提取时间60 min、料液比1:25 g/mL,在此条件下多糖得率为10.57% ± 0.31%。梨园块菌多糖主要由D-葡萄糖和少量的D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖组成,其物质的量之比为1:0.023:0.006。结论:采用水提醇沉法,在最佳提取工艺条件下能够获得较高的梨园块菌多糖得率,方法简单且稳定可行;使用柱前衍生化HPLC法测定梨园块菌多糖中的单糖组成,具有操作简便、可重复性和准确度高的优点,可为进一步研究梨园块菌多糖提供理论依据。     

植物叶多糖的提取和生物活性综述

对各种植物叶多糖的研究有了很多报道,综述了植物叶多糖的提取方法和功能。主要提取方法包括溶剂提取法(水提法、醇提法、酸提法、碱提法)、超声辅助提取法、微波辅助提取法、酶解法;植物叶多糖具有多种生理功能,主要有抗氧化、抗疲劳、降血糖、降血脂、增强免疫活性以及抑菌作用等。     

地黄多糖提取工艺、生物活性及机制研究进展

近年来,从中药中提取的天然化合物因其广泛的生物活性,低毒性和较少的副作用而备受关注。地黄作为我国传统药食两用中药材,已有两千多年的食用历史。地黄多糖作为地黄的主要活性成分之一,具有增强免疫功能、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调节血糖血脂等功效,在食品、药品和保健品开发方面具有广阔的应用前景。地黄多糖的有效提取是进行生物活性研究的基础,不同的提取方式对地黄多糖的生物活性具有一定的影响。因此,研究地黄多糖的提取工艺及揭示地黄多糖的生物活性及作用机制具有重要意义。本文针对地黄多糖进行综述,概括了近年来地黄多糖的提取方法研究进展,发现提取方法主要有普通水提法、超声辅助水提法、酶辅助水提法、微波辅助水提法、复合水提法和超临界CO2萃取法等。同时也总结了地黄多糖的生物活性及作用机制,分析了现存的问题,并对地黄多糖未来研究方向进行展望,为地黄多糖的后续生物活性研究、构建并完善生产体系以及在食品与医药领域的开发应用提供理论依据。     

响应面法优化块菌多糖提取工艺条件的研究

为确定块菌多糖超声中性水提取的最佳工艺条件,以块菌多糖提取率为考察指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用响应面法对主要提取工艺参数进行了优化,并得到了回归模型。研究结果表明：块菌多糖超声中性水提取的最优工艺条件参数为超声功率为105W,提取时间为40min,料液比为1∶25,提取温度为75℃。在此条件下,块菌多糖的提取率达到3.48%。实验证明模型拟合程度良好,误差较小,模型的选择合适。     

枸杞多糖的提取方式、结构及生物活性研究进展

枸杞(Lycium barbarum)果实为传统的名贵滋补药材,在我国有2000多年的历史。枸杞多糖(Lycium barbarum polysacchavides,LBP)是枸杞中最重要的活性成分之一。在过去的几年中,LBP由于具有良好的生物活性而备受关注。然而,多糖的生物活性与其化学结构密切相关,而化学结构又被提取方式所影响。该文对LBP的提取方法、化学结构和主要生物活性的对应关系进行总结,比较通过不同提取方式制备得到的枸杞多糖的不同之处,旨在提出枸杞多糖的构效关系,关注特定结构和活性的枸杞多糖的定向提取。大部分研究表明,采用热水提取法制备的枸杞多糖多为含有酸性糖组分的杂多糖,其中的中性糖组分多以阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖及半乳糖为主。此外,枸杞多糖通过不同的机制显示出良好的抗氧化、免疫调节、抗肿瘤及神经保护活性。     

Polysaccharides from Enteromorpha tubulosa: Optimization of extraction and cytotoxicity

An ultrasound‐assisted procedure for the extraction of water‐soluble polysaccharides from Enteromorpha tubulosa was studied by using response surface methodology. Three independent variables including extraction time, extraction temperature, and ratio of liquid to raw material were investigated by single‐factor experiments. A three‐factor‐three‐level Box–Behnken design was adopted to optimize the extraction process parameters. A highly significant second‐order polynomial equation was fitted by using multiple regression analysis. The optimal extraction conditions were obtained as follows: extraction time 36 min; extraction temperature 69 °C; and ratio of liquid to raw material 45 mL/g. By experiments with these conditions, the extraction yield was 16.04%, which was well matched with the predicted value. The obtained polysaccharides were evaluated for cytotoxicity in vitro against human breast cancer cell line MCF‐7 and the results showed that the polysaccharides possessed potent cytotoxicity.

Practical applications

Seaweeds are one of the largest numbers and species of marine plants, and their bioactive compounds, especially algal polysaccharides, have become the focus of research in the field of food and medicine. Moreover, many algal polysaccharides have been gradually applied to food and medicine owing to their varied biological activities, such as antivirus, antitumor, antiradiation, antimutation, antioxidation, and enhancing immunity. However, there is no universal extraction process for polysaccharides from the different seaweeds because of the different structures of the seaweeds and the varying compositions of algal polysaccharides. In the current research, an ultrasound‐assisted procedure for the extraction of water‐soluble polysaccharides from Enteromorpha tubulosa was studied by using response surface methodology, and the optimal extraction conditions were obtained so as to provide references for the mass productions in the factories.     

Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from garlic (Allium sativum L.): Production,physicochemical and biological properties,and structure–function relationships

Garlic is a common food, and many of its biological functions are attributed to its components including functional carbohydrates. Garlic polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as main components are understudied but have future value due to the growing demand for bioactive polysaccharides/oligosaccharides from natural sources. Garlic polysaccharides have molecular weights of 1 × 10³ to 2 × 10⁶ Da, containing small amounts of pectins and fructooligosaccharides and large amounts of inulin-type fructans ((2→1)-linked β-d -Fruf backbones alone or with attached (2→6)-linked β-d -Fruf branched chains). This article provides a detailed review of research progress and identifies knowledge gaps in extraction, production, composition, molecular characteristics, structural features, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and structure–function relationships of garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. Whether the extraction processes, synthesis approaches, and modification methods established for other non-garlic polysaccharides are also effective for garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (to preserve their desired molecular structures and bioactivities) requires verification. The metabolic processes of ingested garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (as food ingredients/dietary supplements), their modes of action in healthy humans or populations with chronic conditions, and molecular/chain organization–bioactivity relationships remain unclear. Future research directions related to garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides are discussed.     

Research advances in traditional and modern use of Nelumbo nucifera: phytochemicals,health promoting activities and beyond

Abstract

Nelumbo nucifera, or sacred lotus, has been valuable for us to use as vegetable, functional food, and herb medicine for over 2,000?years. The purpose of this article is to systematically review the traditional/modern uses, chemical compositions and pharmacological activities on different parts of N. nucifera. Traditionally, this plant has been used to treat chronic dyspepsia, hematuria, insomnia, nervous disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and hyperlipidemia. Now, phytochemical investigations on different parts of N. nucifera have indicated a wide spectrum of at least 255 constituents belonging to different chemical groups, including proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, starch, flavonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, triterpenoids, steroids, and glycosides. Meanwhile, its pharmacological activities, including anti-obesity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, antitumor, memory-improving and antiviral activities, have also been reviewed, together with its applications in health food industry and clinic uses of its single plant or herbal formulae. Herein, this review will provide state-of-the-art overview on its traditional and modern uses in food industry and medicines, together with the comprehensive profiles of phytochemicals, and health promoting bioactivities of this valuable plant. In addition, the new perspectives and future challenges in the research on lotus are also outlined.     

Polysaccharides in Lentinus edodes: Isolation,Structure, Immunomodulating Activity and Future Prospective

Lentinus edodes has been valued as edible and medical resources. Polysaccharides have been known to be the most potent antitumor and immunomodulating substance in Lentinus edodes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the polysaccharides isolated from Lentinus edodes, including extraction and purification methods, chemical structure and chain conformation, the effects on innate and adaptive immunity and their mechanism, relationship between structure and function, and the future prospects.     

Microwave‐Assisted Extraction,Chemical Structures,and Chain Conformation of Polysaccharides from a Novel Cordyceps Sinensis Fungus UM01

Cordyceps sinensis is a well‐known tonic food with broad medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and characterize chemical structures and chain conformation of polysaccharides from a novel C. sinensis fungus UM01. Ion‐exchange and gel filtration chromatography were used to purify the polysaccharides. The chemical structure of purified polysaccharide was determined through gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Moreover, high performance size exclusion chromatography combined with refractive index detector and multiangle laser light scattering were conducted to analyze the molecular weight (M_w) and chain conformation of purified polysaccharide. Based on the orthogonal design L₉, optimal MAE conditions could be obtained through 1300 W of microwave power, with a 5‐min irradiation time at a solid to water ratio of 1:60, generating the highest extraction yield of 6.20%. Subsequently, the polysaccharide UM01‐S1 was purified. The UM01‐S1 is a glucan‐type polysaccharide with a (1→4)‐β‐d ‐glucosyl backbone and branching points located at O‐3 of Glcp with a terminal‐d ‐Glcp. The M_w, radius of gyration (R_g) and hydrodynamic radius (R_h) of UM01‐S1 were determined as 5.442 × 10⁶ Da, 21.8 and 20.2 nm, respectively. Using the polymer solution theory, the exponent (ν) value of the power law function was calculated as 0.38, and the shape factor (ρ = R_g/R_h) was 1.079, indicating that UM01‐S1 has a sphere‐like conformation with a branched structure in an aqueous solution. These results provide fundamental information for the future application of polysaccharides from cultured C. sinensis in health and functional food area.     

Extraction,structure and biofunctional activities of laminarin from brown algae

Brown algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, peptides, omega‐3 fatty acids, carotenoids, phenolics, vitamins and minerals. Laminarin is low‐molecular‐weight polysaccharide and bioactive compound present in brown algae. Laminarin is found in the fronds of Laminaria and Saccharina species. Laminarin, a storage β‐glucan, is composed of (1,3)‐β‐d ‐glucan and some β‐(1,6)‐intrachain links. The reported content of laminarin from brown algae is up to levels of 35% on dry basis, which varies depending on species, harvesting season, habitat and method of extraction. Laminarin has many reported biofunctional activities including antitumour, anti‐apoptotic, anti‐inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant activity. Biofunctional activities of laminarin can be enhanced after suitable chemical modifications, sulphation and novel processing techniques. Studies on feeding of laminarin‐rich extracts to animals indicate it's suitability as functional ingredient for food applications. This paper reviews the main sources, structure and extraction of laminarin with its biofunctional activities.     

Phytochemistry Profile,Nutritional Properties and Pharmacological Activities of Mauritia flexuosa

Mauritia flexuosa L. (Arecaceae) is a popular Brazilian fruit known as “buriti” and belonging to the category of functional foods. This work reviewed the phytochemistry profile, nutritional and pharmacological activities of M. flexuosa. The main bioactive compounds reported to buriti were carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, fiber, phytosterols, and mono‐ and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids. These compounds were mainly related to antioxidant, hypolipemiant, photoprotector, antiaggregant, antithrombotic, anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemiant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities. Furthermore, some compounds present in buriti fruit and its properties were tested in vitro and in vivo and showed biotechnology applications, especially for extraction of fiber, polysaccharides, pigments, antioxidants, and oil. Howerer, the buriti fruit shows great relevance to the development of new products in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, this fruit is still underexploited and it has need to expand its production chain and processing to encourage their consumption and utilization.     

Citrus essential oils: Extraction,authentication and application in food preservation

Citrus EOs is an economic, eco-friendly and natural alternatives to chemical preservatives and other synthetic antioxidants, such as sodium nitrites, nitrates or benzoates, commonly utilized in food preservation. Citrus based EOs is obtained mainly from the peels of citrus fruits which are largely discarded as wastes and cause environmental problems. The extraction of citrus oils from the waste peels not only saves environment but can be used in various applications including food preservation. The present article presents elaborated viewpoints on the nature and chemical composition of different EOs present in main citrus varieties widely grown across the globe; extraction, characterization and authentication techniques/methods of the citrus EOs; and reviews the recent advances in the application of citrus EOs for the preservation of fruits, vegetables, meat, fish and processed food stuffs. The probable reaction mechanism of the EOs based thin films formation with biodegradable polymers is presented. Other formulation, viz., EOs microencapsulation incorporating biodegradable polymers, nanoemulsion coatings, spray applications and antibacterial action mechanism of the active compounds present in the EOs have been elaborated. Extensive research is required on overcoming the challenges regarding allergies and obtaining safer dosage limits. Shift towards greener technologies indicate optimistic future towards safer utilization of citrus based EOs in food preservation.     

多糖的增稠、胶凝及乳化特性研究进展

多糖是可再生的天然大分子物质,具有显著的增稠、胶凝、乳化等特性,在食品工业中常作为添加剂应用。然而,多糖种类繁杂、结构差异大、流变特性多样,长期以来国内有关多糖流变学特性的报道相对有限。本文从多糖水溶性高分子的本质特征出发,综述了食品多糖增稠、胶凝、乳化特性及其凝胶化影响因素的基本原理,同时介绍了非凝胶多糖和表面活性多糖分子聚集的原理,旨在为多糖在食品工业中的进一步应用提供理论指导。