葡萄不同整形综合效应观察

目前，鲁南地区葡萄整形多为立架无主干扇形整枝，此树形已应用数年，虽然产最较高，但也存在不少弊端，突出表现在病害严重、果实着色不良、品质欠佳、经济效益不高等。为解决这些问题，我们于1996－1999年，在加强肥水管理，适当增施磷、钾肥的基础D：，从整枝方面着手，就葡萄不同贸形方式的综合效应进行了试验观察。1试材与方法11试材试验园子1996年春建园，面积O6hll’。沙壤十，有水浇条件，十地较肥沃，栽植株行距为］1fiXZTT，每666．7TI’栽植333株，南北行向。以巨峰葡萄为供试品种。采用立架单臂高干宽顶会稍整形修剪，以牛…     

测土配方施肥对巨峰葡萄园土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响

以成都市龙泉驿区6年生巨峰葡萄为试材,通过对试验园土壤本底值进行分析测定,以目标产量法确定施肥量,采用正交设计设置9组配方施肥方案,测定配方施肥对巨峰葡萄园土壤理化性质和果实品质的影响。结果表明,各组试验处理都对巨峰葡萄生长有促进作用,其中处理5(即基肥施入干鸡粪0.9 kg/株、过磷酸钙0.15 kg/株,萌芽肥施入尿素0.06 kg/株、速效硼0.01 kg/株,壮果肥施入磷酸一铵0.057 kg/株、尿素0.02kg/株,着色肥施入硫酸钾0.097 kg/株)效果最佳,可有效改善土壤板结状况,提高土壤有机质含量0.4%,改善果实品质,增加经济效益。     

巨早葡萄花穗整形及生长调节剂处理对果实品质的影响

试验以巨峰系芽变品种巨早为试材,于开花前进行不同花穗整形处理,花后10 d进行不同组合及浓度的生长调节剂处理,果实成熟后测定果实品质指标。结果表明,保留穗尖6.5 cm并在花后10 d用25 mg/kg赤霉素浸蘸果穗并全株喷洒2 mg/kg芸苔素内酯的组合处理,其果粒大、糖度高、酸度低、果实色泽好,果型美观,即果实综合品质较好,适宜精品果管理技术;其次是去穗尖歧肩并进行生长调节剂处理的组合。在无生长调节剂处理的情况下,去穗尖歧肩的处理在保证较高产量的同时,果实糖度较高,糖酸比也较高,果形指数大,着色亦较好,是一般丰产园可采用的花果整形方式。     

推行机采棉给制造业带来的机遇

经过50多年的不断发展，新疆生产建设兵团农业集约化程度、规模化水平、农机装备水准、现代农业实用技术推广等方面都处于全国领先地位，尤其是棉花高密度、高产栽培技术独树一帜，“播种论粒”、“浇水论滴”、“施肥论克”等精准农业技术已经得到广泛运用，大面积单产水平在全世界占有一席之地。2006年兵团植棉47．13万hm^2（707万亩），总产达到108万t左右，占全国棉花总产650万t的1／6，兵团人均产棉420kg；皮棉单产突破140kg，较全国533．33万hm^2（8000万亩）棉花单产78．5kg高出61．5kg。对兵团而言，加快推进机采棉，确保作为主要经济作物的棉花丰产丰收、效益增加。[第一段]     

氮肥对设施‘红地球’葡萄品质及植株氮含量的影响

以设施‘红地球’葡萄为材料，设氮肥20 cm浅施、40 cm深施两个施肥深度，不同施肥深度下设3个氮肥水平，为低氮(180 kg·hm^-2)、中氮(240 kg·hm^-2)、高氮(300 kg·hm^-2)，调查氮肥对设施葡萄品质及植株氮含量的影响。结果表明，氮肥施用深度相同时，3个施用量处理的葡萄产量、果实纵径、粒质量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、Vc含量及成熟期植株氮含量均显著增加，而中高氮肥施用量(240、300 kg·hm^-2)处理的葡萄产量、果实外观品质、植株氮含量差异不显著；氮肥施用量相同时，随着施用深度的增加，葡萄产量、果实品质显著降低。综合考虑葡萄产量、品质和植株氮含量等因素，浅施中氮(施肥深度20 cm、施肥量240 kg·hm^-2)为祁连山沿山冷凉区设施‘红地球’葡萄较为适宜的氮肥施用方式。     

保鲜剂不同组合对袋内SO2积累及葡萄保鲜质量的影响

采用不同剂型及包装形式、不同扎眼工艺、放置高分子吸水纸垫及其组合,形成6 种保鲜处理方式,在－1～0 ℃条件下对无核白葡萄进行贮藏,研究贮藏期间不同保鲜剂组合对袋内SO2积累量及无核白葡萄保鲜品质的影响,比较不同剂型保鲜剂及其组合对果肉SO2残留量、果柄耐拉力、果实汁液pH值、可溶性固形物含量以及果实腐烂率、漂白率、落粒率的影响。结果表明：3.5 kg包装的无核白葡萄,放入CT2号保鲜剂5 小包＋免扎眼保鲜剂1 小包效果最好,在贮藏50 d后,果柄耐拉力为2.44 N,果实汁液pH值为3.43,可溶性固形物含量为17.16%,在贮藏105 d后,果肉SO2残留量为10.21 mg/kg,残留量明显低于其他处理,且腐烂率、漂白率、落粒率均较低。     

抗丛根病甜菜新品种中甜--内糖(ND)37的选育

中甜-内糖(ND)37以抗(耐)丛根病二倍体单粒雄性不育系moms66181为母本,以从品系334—1中选育出的高糖抗病四倍体多粒授粉系974001为父本杂交而成。该品种在1999—2001年全国第六届甜菜品种区域试验中平均根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别为56022kg／hm^2、15、89度、8915．2kg／hm^2,分别比对照提高17．7％、1．17度、27．2％。2002年,中甜-内糖(ND)37生产试验平均根产量、含糖率、产糖量为54925kg／hm^2、15．94度、8742．9kg／hm^2,分别比对照提高31．7％、0．6度、36．8％。中甜-内糖(ND)37适应性较强,抗丛根病,适宜在新疆、甘肃、山西、河北、内蒙古地区种植,种殖密度75000—82500株／hm^2。     

不同钾肥用量对“重阳红”桃果实挥发性物质的影响

为探讨钾肥对桃果实挥发性物质的影响,对陕西主栽"重阳红"桃采用放射沟施肥法进行不同用量的钾肥处理,不施钾肥的为对照,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定了其挥发性物质成分和含量。4种处理桃果实中共检测出82种挥发性成分,主要由醛类、酯类、醇类、烯烃类和酮类等物质构成,其中共包含了12种特征香气物质且它们的相对含量从低到高的顺序为K3(0.93 kg/株)K2(0.70 kg/株)对照(0)K1(0.47 kg/株)。此外,施钾肥提高了桃果实中醛类、烃类和酮类物质的相对含量,降低了醇类和酯类物质的相对含量。不同钾肥用量之间对桃果实的香气影响不同,施0.47 kg钾肥果实的"果香型"香气物质的相对含量最高,其中对香气含量贡献最大的为顺-3-乙酸己酯;而施0.70 kg钾肥果实的"青香型"香气的相对含量最高,但果香味相对最淡;同时,施0.47 kg和0.93 kg钾肥桃果实中均存在"花香型"香气成分,因而香气成分表现更为丰富。因此,施0.47 kg钾肥可以使桃果实的果香味浓厚且香气物质丰富。     

谷氨酸生产菌分纯及生产应用

采用天津短杆蓖T6－13变株328^#，进行分纯，经初筛和三次复筛，测定一级种各项指标、镜检杂菌、噬菌体检查，挑出活力强，产酸高的2－3个新株，于200m^3发酵罐试生产，最后确定生产应用新菌株。经多年生产检验，效果好。     

葡萄无架栽培

一九七四年冬插条直接定植,一九七六年开始结果,一九七七年最高株产5.2斤,亩产566斤,一九七八年最高株产6斤,亩产1242斤,一九七九年最高株产15.6斤,亩产2934.6斤,平均穗重0.47斤,含糖量为12％。兹将试验情况简介如下: 一、试验地条件及栽培方式: 试验地原为沙荒,地势平坦,土质为轻沙壤,肥力较差,但有水浇条件。面积4.15亩,葡萄品种为白羽,株行距1×2米,每亩333丛株。二、整形与管理:     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.