全尾砂?废石膏体流变特性及阻力演化

为了研究全尾砂?废石膏体的管道输送特性,采用流变仪测试了不同尾砂?废石质量比（尾废比）及固体质量分数条件下膏体的流变特性,构建了综合考虑密实度、灰砂比及体积分数的输送阻力方程。将该方程代入Comsol软件中进行模拟计算并与环管实测结果进行对比验证,数值模型所测误差均在7%以内,说明该模型用于计算全尾砂?废石膏体的阻力特性是合理的,还模拟了不同浓度、尾废比及初始速度条件下管道输送阻力的变化特征。实验结果表明:塑性黏度和屈服应力随着粗骨料膏体固体质量分数和尾废比的增加而增大;由于颗粒间的摩擦效应导致阻力损失随尾废比的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,阻力损失在尾废比5∶5处取得最小值;固体质量分数增大导致水含量的降低,使粗骨料浆体难以流动,从而导致阻力损失快速增长;初始流速增加,颗粒运动变得不稳定,摩擦加剧,并于“拐点”—2.2 m·s?1处阻力损失的增长率大大提高。研究成果对于粗骨料膏体管输系统的设计具有一定借鉴意义。      

Characterization of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci from a Swiss hospital

Between August 1994 and September 1996, 28 glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE) were isolated from 8 infected patients and 11 intestinal carriers hospitalized at the University Hospital of Geneva. Identification to the species was made by both phenotypic (API 20 STREP and Rapid ID 32 STREP systems, and Vitek Gram Positive Identification Card) and genotypic methods using a multiplex PCR assay developed also for the determination of the genotype of glycopeptide resistance (vanA, vanB, vanC1, and vanC2-C3 genes). Fifteen isolates were identified as Enterococcus faecium, 8 as E. gallinarum, 4 as E. faecalis, and 1 as E. hirae. All of the phenotypic identification methods failed to differentiate some isolates of E. gallinarum from E. faecium, or vice versa. Both vanA (n = 18) and vanB (n = 4) glycopeptide resistance genotypes were found. For the first time, the vanB determinant was found in two isolates of E. gallinarum. Two patients were colonized by two different species containing the vanA gene and one by two different species containing the vanB gene. All vanA isolates were highly resistant to both vancomycin and teicoplanin except for three isolates which were susceptible to teicoplanin. Molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed identical or similar patterns among E. faecium isolates with the vanA gene in five patients for whom the epidemiological link could not be always elucidated. This study emphasizes the necessity of utilizing both phenotypic and genotypic methods to characterize GRE.     

混合粗骨料配比对充填体强度及浆体流动性能的影响规律

为缓解金川龙首矿棒磨砂产量不足和充填成本上升带来的压力,提升充填体的稳定性,对金川龙首矿棒磨砂、废石混合粗骨料与固结粉的充填特性进行了研究。选择-5 mm棒磨砂和-12 mm废石混合新型固结粉作为充填材料,在灰砂比为1∶4的基础上,开展充填体强度测试和浆体流变性、流动性及泌水率试验,分析混合骨料配比对其充填综合性能的影响规律,从而提出最佳配比参数。结果表明：随着废石掺量的增加,充填体3 d强度出现略微下降,7 d和28 d强度呈现小幅增长的趋势;浆体屈服应力随废石掺量的增加而增大,黏度系数不断减小,当废石掺量小于35%时,浆体屈服应力均小于150 Pa;充填浆体塌落度和扩展度随废石掺量的增加而急剧减小,塌落度为27~29 cm,能够满足自流输送的要求;浆体泌水率为9%~12%,随着废石掺量的增加泌水率减少,有利于提升浆体的抗离析性;混合粗骨料中废石最佳掺量为30%,最佳质量浓度为82%~83%,在该参数条件下充填体各项指标均能满足金川龙首矿充填质量标准,对于提升矿区充填体稳定性和降低充填成本具有重要意义。     

Dewatering of Tunneling Slurry Waste Using Electrokinetic Geosynthetics

Laboratory experiments are described that investigate the potential for using electrokinetic geosynthetics (EKGs) [materials that permit the combined exploitation of geosynthetics with electrokinetics (EKs)] to dewater slurry waste from a tunneling operation. The results demonstrate that the EK is reproducible for different slurries and that the process can significantly dewater tunneling slurry wastes. Higher electrode element surface area, increased potential gradient, and longer processing time increase water removal from a slurry waste. Higher potential gradients and current densities were found to consume more energy, with thicker samples (lower voltage gradients) and close element spacing using less power to achieve a particular dewatering efficiency than other configurations tested. The resultant pH of the treated slurry and the effluent water were found not to be sufficiently altered by the EK process to prevent their safe disposal or reuse. The potential of three different forms of EKG to treat tunneling slurry are discussed and a conceptual scheme for an EK enhanced belt press is proposed. While further investigation would be required to optimize their operating parameters, preliminary designs, and cost estimates can be based on the results presented herein.     

Ultrastructural study of mitochondria and their cristae in embryonic rats and primate (N. nemistrina)

Adaptation of HT-29 cells to increasing concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) results in the selection of differentiated populations which show sequential dose-dependent changes of their differentiated phenotype with, at the highest concentrations (0.1 and 1 mM), a shift of differentiation from a mucus-secreting to an enterocytic phenotype coinciding with an amplification of the DHFR gene. We show here that DHFR gene amplification itself does not play a role in the shift of differentiation. An alternative explanation is the presence, within the mucus-secreting population, of an undetectable minor population of cells committed to enterocytic differentiation and able to develop resistance to higher concentrations of MTX. This was confirmed by cloning the population of cells resistant to 10 microM MTX. Out of 19 isolated clones, 17 were found to be mucus-secreting and 2 enterocytic. We tested 9 of these clones for their ability to develop resistance to 0.1 mM MTX: only 1 of enterocytic phenotype, was found to develop resistance to this higher concentration and to amplify the DHFR gene. The ability of enterocytic cells to develop resistance to elevated MTX concentration through amplification of the DHFR gene was demonstrated in another enterocytic HT-29 population selected by glucose deprivation. Enterocytic cells resistant to 10 microM MTX were also found, unlike mucus-secreting cells, to be readily adaptable to 5-fluorouracil, this occurring without amplification of the thymidylate synthase gene. Together these results highlight a previously uncharacterized relationship between commitment to enterocytic differentiation of colon-cancer cells and their ability to develop resistance to MTX and 5-fluorouracil.     

Genetic diversity and clonal relationships of Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated in a neonatal ward: epidemiological investigations by allozyme, whole-cell protein and antibiotic resistance analysis

Sixty-five strains of Acinetobacter baumannii which had been isolated from patients and the indoor environment of a neonatal intensive care unit and, for comparative purposes, isolates from three other wards, were examined by means of electrotyping and analysis of whole-cell protein and antibiotic resistance patterns. Fourteen different electrotypes were determined. The predominant type, a multiply resistant acinetobacter clone, persisted in the neonatal ward over several months. The results underline the usefulness of electrophoretic subtyping, in particular by means of allozyme pattern and as a supplement to whole-cell protein pattern analysis, in epidemiological investigations into the routes of transmission of nosocomial A. baumannii infections.     

Sulfonamide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with differences in the amino acid sequence of its chromosomal dihydropteroate synthase

Sulfonamide resistance in recent isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes was found to be associated with alterations of the chromosomally encoded dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS). There were 111 different nucleotides (13.8%) in the genes found in susceptible and resistant isolates, respectively, resulting in 30 amino acid changes (11.3%). These substantial changes suggested the possibility of a foreign origin of the resistance gene, in parallel to what has already been found for sulfonamide resistance in Neisseria meningitidis. The gene encoding DHPS was linked to at least three other genes encoding enzymes of the folate pathway. These genes were in the order GTP cyclohydrolase, dihydropteroate synthase, dihydroneopterin aldolase, and hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase. The nucleotide differences in genes from resistant and susceptible strains extended from the beginning of the GTP cyclohydrolase gene to the end of the gene encoding DHPS, an additional indication for gene transfer in the development of resistance. Kinetic measurements established different affinities for sulfathiazole for DHPS enzymes isolated from resistant and susceptible strains.     

采矿废石—尾砂混合骨料在下向分层进路胶结充填采矿中应用的试验研究

为了降低金川矿山充填采矿成本,针对下向分层进路胶结充填采矿法,开展了废石—尾砂混合骨料现场工业充填试验。对废石和尾砂进行了粒度分析与级配研究,选取合适的废石—尾砂配比混合骨料开展现场工业充填试验研究。结果表明：-16 mm废石粗骨料和选矿尾砂细骨料的配比在5∶5~7∶3范围内,此时混合骨料的堆积密实度达到或接近于最大;对于废石与尾砂配比为6∶4和5∶5的混合骨料,当水泥添加量为260 kg/m³时,2种配比的混合骨料的胶结充填体强度均满足金川矿山充填法采矿的胶结体强度要求;采用一段搅拌时废石—尾砂混合骨料充填料浆搅拌不均匀,水泥和尾砂存在结团现象,导致胶结充填体均质性较差,整体稳定性较低,因此,废石—尾砂混合骨料的充填料浆需要采取二段活化搅拌来提高胶结充填体整体质量;对混合骨料充填料浆配比的精确控制,是影响胶结充填体强度和整体稳定性的重要因素。     

Rapid detection and evaluation of clinical characteristics of emerging multiple-drug-resistant gram-negative rods carrying the metallo-beta-lactamase gene blaIMP

Gram-negative rods (GNR) carrying the transferable carbapenem resistance gene blaIMP, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, have been isolated from more than 20 hospitals in Japan. Although the emergence of such multiple-drug-resistant bacteria is of utmost clinical concern, little information in regard to the distribution of blaIMP-positive GNR in hospitals and the clinical characteristics of infected patients is available. To address this, a system for the rapid detection of the blaIMP gene with a simple DNA preparation and by enzymatic detection of PCR products was developed. A total of 933 ceftazidime-resistant strains of GNR isolated between 1991 and 1996 at Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan, were screened for the blaIMP gene; 80 isolates were positive, including 53 P. aeruginosa isolates, 13 other glucose-nonfermenting bacteria, 13 S. marcescens isolates, and 1 Citrobacter freundii isolate. Most of the patients from whom blaIMP-positive organisms were isolated had malignant diseases (53. 8%). The organisms caused urinary tract infections, pneumonia, or other infections in 46.3% of the patients, while they were just colonizing the other patients evaluated. It was possible that blaIMP-positive P. aeruginosa strains contributed to the death of four patients, while the other infections caused by GNR carrying blaIMP were not lethal. DNA fingerprinting analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis suggested the cross transmission of strains within the hospital. The isolates were ceftazidime resistant and were frequently resistant to other antibiotics. Although no particular means of pathogenesis of blaIMP-positive GNR is evident at present, the rapid detection of such strains is necessary to help with infection control practices for the prevention of their dissemination and the transmission of the resistance gene to other pathogenic bacteria.     

Novel OXA-10-derived extended-spectrum beta-lactamases selected in vivo or in vitro

A clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, PAe191, was found to be highly resistant to all anti-Pseudomonas beta-lactam antibiotics (except imipenem) and resistant also to aminoglycosides. It produced a beta-lactamase (with an apparent pI of 7.6) which was not inhibited by clavulanic acid. Cloning and characterization of the beta-lactamase gene showed that it coded for a novel extended-spectrum OXA-10 variant, called OXA-19, which differed from OXA-10 by nine amino acids and from OXA-13 by two, i.e., Asn in position 73 (Asn73) instead of Ser and Asp157 instead of Gly. Asparagine in position 157 is implicated in resistance to ceftazidime, while the amino acid in position 73, in this variant, seems to condition the level of resistance to penicillins. The oxa19 gene was found to be inserted, in a typical integron structure, immediately downstream from an aac(6')-Ib gene coding for an aminoglycoside acetyltransferase variant, which was called AAC(6')-Ib9.     

建筑垃圾制备膏体充填材料骨料级配优化

建筑垃圾用作井下充填材料,不仅可以消除其大量堆放造成的环境危害,而且可以解决矿山采空区充填材料不足的问题,有效维护采场安全。采用土工试验的方法,测试了建筑垃圾的基本物理性质。针对建筑垃圾一次破碎中间粒径缺失问题,提出了新的破碎工艺,即将一次破碎后粗骨料的1/3二次破碎至15 mm以下后回混,能够得到级配良好的骨料。根据膏体材料强度及流动性能要求,选用建筑垃圾制备骨料,普通水泥作为胶凝材料,粉煤灰作为添加料,制备合格的膏体材料,开展单轴抗压试验和坍落度试验。结果表明：使用建筑垃圾制备骨料时,控制粉煤灰掺量为15%、水泥掺量为10%、含水率在27%~28%之间,膏体材料的坍落度为21.5~24.0 cm,得到的充填体3 d单轴抗压强度为1.23 MPa、28 d单轴抗压强度为3.55 MPa,能够满足膏体材料对强度和流动性能的要求。     

Hypertension and insulin resistance

Non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and obesity are defined as classical insulin resistant states. Essential hypertension is now also considered to be an insulin resistant state, even in absence of NIDDM or obesity, as shown in epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. Neither the underlying mechanism nor a direct causality between the two phenomena has been detected as yet, but different hypotheses have been postulated where, on the one hand, insulin resistance and hypertension are considered to be causally related and, on the other hand, they are considered to be parallel phenomena due to genetic and acquired factors. The clarification of the connection between hypertension and insulin resistance seems to be of great clinical importance, since they are both independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and mortality from cardiovascular complications. This paper gives an overview of the results of recent research on the possible underlying pathogenetic mechanisms linking hypertension and insulin resistance.     

基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法的废石及尾砂混合充填料配比优化

为了提高高峰矿尾砂充填体强度和解决井下废石利用问题,开展高峰矿废石及尾砂混合充填材料的最优配比研究,设计了四因素四水平的正交试验,采用极差分析获得了影响充填体强度、料浆泌水率和料浆坍落度的主次因素,得到初步满足矿山要求的配比：料浆浓度为83%,灰砂比为0.25,废尾比为1.5,泵送剂添加量为0.5%。根据正交试验数据建立了28 d充填体强度、料浆泌水率和坍落度的二次多项式回归模型,基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行多目标优化,获得最优充填料浆配比。研究结果表明：灰砂比对充填体强度影响最大,料浆浓度和废尾比次之,泵送剂影响最小;灰砂比对料浆泌水率有明显的控制作用,废尾比和料浆浓度次之,泵送剂作用最小;料浆浓度对坍落度影响最大,泵送剂和灰砂比影响次之,废尾比影响最小;多目标优化后的配比：料浆浓度为82.989%,灰砂比为0.240,废尾比为1.419,泵送剂添加量为0.537%,优化后的配比方案所需充填材料成本相比正交试验确定的方案成本下降了2.9%。     

Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp isolated from healthy broiler chickens after slaughter

Of 105 Salmonella organisms of any serotype selected from a sample of 1,824 serotyped salmonellae isolated during a nationwide bacteriologic survey of healthy broiler chickens after slaughter, 60 (57%) were resistant to 1 or more antimicrobial agents and 47 (45%) were resistant to 2 or more agents. Highest resistance was to tetracycline (45%), streptomycin (41%), sulfisoxazole (19%), gentamicin (10%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (8%). Additional isolates of S typhimurium, heidelberg, agona, and enteritidis were selected from the sample of 1,824 isolates for testing because of the high frequency with which these 4 serotypes are isolated from human patients. The highest frequency of resistance among 104 isolates of S heidelberg, 92 isolates of S typhimurium, and 30 isolates of S agona was to streptomycin (33 to 57%), sulfisoxazole (33 to 50%), tetracycline (26 to 50%), and gentamicin (13 to 40%); 51 to 63% of these isolates were resistant to 1 or more agents and 37 to 59% were resistant to 2 or more agents. Resistance to ampicillin among these 3 serotypes was uncommon (0 to 4%). In contrast, 15 of 19 tested isolates (79%) of S enteritidis were resistant to ampicillin and 13 of the 19 isolates (68%) were resistant only to ampicillin. This pattern of resistance was associated with a specific bacteriophage type and indicated the potential role of bacterial clones in determining the frequency and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in populations of broiler chickens. Resistance to gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was higher than that previously reported and is of public health concern because of the frequency with which these drugs are used to treat bacterial infections in human patients.     

Characterization of the rpoB gene mutations in clinical isolates of rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

OBJECTIVES: Characterization and frequency of the rpoB gene mutations associated with rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Sevilla. METHODS: Characterization of rpoB mutations in 21 rifampicin-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis isolated during a three-year period (1994-1996) by three different molecular methods: a nonradioactive Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, DNA sequence analysis and a commercial method the line probe assay InnoLiPA. RESULTS: Five distinct rpoB mutations were identified. Ser531-->Leu mutation was detected in 14 strains (66.7%), H526-->Asp in 3 strains (14.3%), Ans512-->Ser in 1 strain (4.8%), Glu513-->Leu in 1 strain (4.8%). A nine nucleotide deletion (codon 510-513) was found in one strain (4.8%) while in the remaining resistant strain (4.8%) no mutation was detected. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of the different mutations found in the rpoB gene, associated with rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Seville, are similar to those previously reported. However, two new mutations has been detected: a nine nucleotide deletion (codon 510-513), and the Asn512-->Ser point mutation. The characterization of the mutations in the rpoB gene could serve as epidemiological marker for the rifampicin resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis.     

Mechanism of sulfonamide resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae

The genetic basis of sulfonamide resistance in six clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae was demonstrated to be 3- or 6-bp duplications within sulA, the chromosomal gene encoding dihydropteroate synthase. The duplications all result in repetition of one or two amino acids in the region from Arg58 to Tyr63, close to but distinct from the sul-d mutation, a duplication previously reported in a resistant laboratory strain (P. Lopez, M. Espinosa, B. Greenberg, and S. A. Lacks, J. Bacteriol. 169:4320-4326, 1987). Six sulfonamide-susceptible clinical isolates lacked such duplications. The role of the duplications in conferring sulfonamide resistance was confirmed by transforming 319- or 322-bp PCR fragments into the chromosome of a susceptible recipient. Two members of a clone of serotype 9V, one susceptible and one resistant to sulfonamide, which are highly related by other criteria, were shown to have sulA sequences that differ in 7.2% of nucleotides in addition to the duplication responsible for resistance. It is postulated that horizontal gene exchange has been involved in the acquisition (or loss) of resistance within this clone. However, five of the six resistant isolates have distinct duplications and other sequence polymorphisms, suggesting that resistance has arisen independently on many occasions.     

Identification of a structural determinant for resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Gram-positive bacteria

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main causal agent of pathologies that are increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatment. Clinical resistance of S. pneumoniae to beta-lactam antibiotics is linked to multiple mutations of high molecular mass penicillin-binding proteins (H-PBPs), essential enzymes involved in the final steps of bacterial cell wall synthesis. H-PBPs from resistant bacteria have a reduced affinity for beta-lactam and a decreased hydrolytic activity on substrate analogues. In S. pneumoniae, the gene coding for one of these H-PBPs, PBP2x, is located in the cell division cluster (DCW). We present here structural evidence linking multiple beta-lactam resistance to amino acid substitutions in PBP2x within a buried cavity near the catalytic site that contains a structural water molecule. Site-directed mutation of amino acids in contact with this water molecule in the "sensitive" form of PBP2x produces mutants similar, in terms of beta-lactam affinity and substrate hydrolysis, to altered PBP2x produced in resistant clinical isolates. A reverse mutation in a PBP2x variant from a clinically important resistant clone increases the acylation efficiency for beta-lactams and substrate analogues. Furthermore, amino acid residues in contact with the structural water molecule are conserved in the equivalent H-PBPs of pathogenic Gram-positive cocci. We suggest that, probably via a local structural modification, the partial or complete loss of this water molecule reduces the acylation efficiency of PBP2x substrates to a point at which cell wall synthesis still occurs, but the sensitivity to therapeutic concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics is lost.     

Dietary fatty acids modulate hormone responses in lactating cows: mechanistic role for 5''-deiodinase activity in tissue

Eight Salmonella typhimurium (Copenhagen) and eight Salmonella dublin isolates from cattle were compared by their antibiotic resistance patterns, by their production of colicin, aerobactin, haemolysin and capsule, by their possession of transmissible R plasmids and the spvC gene, and by their ability to invade and replicate within cultured epithelial cells. The two groups differed in their antibiotic resistance profiles, with more of the host-adapted S. dublin isolates resistant to tetracycline than were the non-host-adapted S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) group, but more of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates resistant to the other antibiotics tested. None of the isolates produced colicin, but all produced aerobactin. One isolate in each group was encapsulated. All of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) and S. dublin isolates contained plasmids, and all of them contained the spvC-homologous sequences. Four of the S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) isolates were able to transfer an R plasmid to a recipient organism by conjugation. One of the five S. dublin isolates, which showed resistance to some of the antibiotics tested, was able to transfer an R plasmid by conjugation. Both groups of isolates invaded cultured epithelial cells to a similar degree after 1 h, but the S. dublin isolates reached significantly higher levels within the cells than did S. typhimurium (Copenhagen) after 9 h. This ability may, in part, explain the association of S. dublin with more severe forms of salmonellosis and prolonged carrier states. Further study of the intracellular growth of these isolates seems warranted.