铁素体-马氏体复相钢疲劳裂纹扩展和闭合效应SCIEI

本文研究铁素体-马氏体复相钢中铁素体含量对裂纹萌生、扩展和裂纹尖端塑性变形的影响。在24.2—41.5％的铁素体含量范围内,以33.8％含量的复相钢裂纹萌生期N_0较长、门槛值ΔK_(th)高、并有低的扩展速率和较高的闭合应力强度因子K_(Cl)。三种铁素体含量复相钢的dα/dN-ΔK_(eff)一致的事实,表明裂纹闭合对低速扩展的重要作用,且闭合程度(K_(Cl)/K_(max))随裂纹尖端ΔK的降低而提高,在ΔK_(th)时达到最大。铁素体含量为33.8％的K_(Cl)/K_(max)值最高达0.7。     

HT60高拉力钢在人工海水中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性

对高拉力钢HT60的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展特性和门槛值区域特性,采用紧凑拉伸试件在人工海水中进行了实验和研究,结果表明:在空气中的da/dN与ΔK_(cff)关系可以作为在海水中的da/dN与ΔK关系的一个偏保守的预测;在高应力比的高ΔK区域,由于应力诱起溶解促进了裂纹扩展的加速;该裂纹开口应力强度因子K_(op)仅反映了裂纹表面同腐蚀生成物接触的结果,从而导致了K_(op)在裂纹尖端的偏大的估计结果。     

稀土镁球墨铸铁的ΔK_(th)值

测定了各类球墨铸铁在低应力下疲劳裂纹扩展界限应力强度因子△K_(th)值,肯定了球铁是存在ΔK_(th)值的。ΔK_(th)值随着基体中珠光体量、磷含量的增加而降低。铁型复砂铸造工艺、气体软氮化表面强化工艺能在一定程度上提高球墨铸铁的ΔK_(th)值。当疲劳应力较低时,裂纹前缘的石墨球的钝化作用使球墨铸铁的ΔK_(th)值比一般结构钢高;当应力接近裂纹失稳扩展临界值时,石墨球的应力集中作用降低了基体抵抗裂纹扩展的阻力,从而使球墨铸铁的断裂韧性值低于一般结构钢。球铁的σ_(-1)值主要描述裂纹萌生所需能量,决定于基体的强度;而ΔK_(th)值则描述裂纹扩展所需能量,依赖于基体的韧性。不同基体组织对二者的影响截然不同,在选材时应考虑二者的综合影响。     

ON THE THRESHOLD VALUE ΔK_(th) OF RARE EARTH-MAGNESIUM DUCTILE IRON

测定了各类球墨铸铁在低应力下疲劳裂纹扩展界限应力强度因子△K_(th)值,肯定了球铁是存在ΔK_(th)值的。ΔK_(th)值随着基体中珠光体量、磷含量的增加而降低。铁型复砂铸造工艺、气体软氮化表面强化工艺能在一定程度上提高球墨铸铁的ΔK_(th)值。 当疲劳应力较低时,裂纹前缘的石墨球的钝化作用使球墨铸铁的ΔK_(th)值比一般结构钢高;当应力接近裂纹失稳扩展临界值时,石墨球的应力集中作用降低了基体抵抗裂纹扩展的阻力,从而使球墨铸铁的断裂韧性值低于一般结构钢。 球铁的σ_(-1)值主要描述裂纹萌生所需能量,决定于基体的强度;而ΔK_(th)值则描述裂纹扩展所需能量,依赖于基体的韧性。不同基体组织对二者的影响截然不同,在选材时应考虑二者的综合影响。     

TiN夹杂物对690合金传热管疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

采用销加载拉伸(PLT)方法和直流电压降法(DCPD)测试技术,测量了690合金管在室温和高温325℃空气中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。结果采用Priddle模型拟合分析,预测得到了690合金管在室温和325℃下的门槛应力强度因子幅值ΔK_(th)和断裂韧性K_c,高温下材料的疲劳裂纹扩展速率明显加快,表现为ΔK_(th)和K_c显著下降。试验结束后在扫描电镜下观察断口形貌,疲劳裂纹的扩展为穿晶形式,疲劳断口上观察到大量的TiN夹杂物,分析表明TiN夹杂物对690合金管的疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展有促进作用。     

富氢环境下管道钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展模型

基于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的基本假设,结合氢的弱键理论和局部塑变理论,对处于富氢(氢气)环境下的管道钢提出了氢脆-钝化-断裂模型。推导得出氢脆型腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展(HE-CFCP)具有明显应力腐蚀准平台开始的转变应力强度因子(K_(tran))表达式。考虑了临界断裂强度因子(K_c)对裂纹扩展的影响,提出了HE-CFCP的亚临界断裂强度因子(K_(sc))的概念,并将其作为HE-CFCP准平台结束的应力强度因子。通过比较K_(tran)和K_(sc)大小,将(K_(sc)-K_(tran))的差值作为衡量由应力强度因子控制的HE-CFCP准平台发生及准平台区间长度的评价标准。通过对已有管道钢的CFCP实验数据分析,考虑氢致损伤和断裂强度因子的影响,将HE-CFCP曲线划分为四个区域:I-近门槛区域;II-I-Paris区域;II-II-氢完全控制区域;III-快速扩展区域。最后分析了氢致损伤对Paris区域和氢完全控制区域的影响。研究表明:基于裂纹扩展动力学规律导出的裂纹扩展速率表达式对描述HE-CFCP具有较好的通用性。     

690合金腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展研究

基于DCPD方法测量了690合金在室温空气、325℃空气和325℃除氧超纯水中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率。试验结果采用Priddle模型进行拟合分析,得到690合金在3种条件下疲劳裂纹扩展的门槛应力强度因子幅值ΔK_(th)和失稳断裂应力强度因子Kc。结果表明,高温水环境下,疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展加快,这可以用滑移-溶解机理解释;高温下,材料强度下降,ΔK_(th)和Kc也下降,高温加速了材料的疲劳断裂。SEM断口形貌表明,空气中的疲劳断口观察到明显的滑移台阶,疲劳破坏形式为穿晶断裂;高温水下的疲劳断口则同时出现穿晶和沿晶开裂,为混合型断口特征。     

粗糙度引入的Ⅱ型裂纹扩展的剪切阻力

通过混合(Ⅰ/Ⅱ)型疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值和裂纹闭合效应的测试.获得双相钢纯Ⅱ型疲劳门槛值是其纯Ⅰ型的1.9倍:其纯Ⅱ型分枝裂尖正应力强度因子范围为纯Ⅰ型的2.2倍说明由同一粗糙度引入裂纹面的剪切阻力,对Ⅱ型裂纹扩展的阻碍程度将大于此粗糙度诱导裂纹闭合效应,降低裂尖Ⅰ型有效驱动力的贡献,即粗糙度对Ⅱ型裂纹扩展的阻碍比对Ⅰ型的大Ⅱ型分量在近门槛值的疲劳裂纹生长过程中能够起两个重要的作用:(1)增大裂尖塑性以至加速裂纹生长;(2)引入裂纹表面接触以至减小裂纹扩展速率本文通过裂纹闭合效应的测试,定量估算了剪切阻力,Ⅱ型摩擦剪切应力强度因子范围(△K_(Ⅱ.f))要远远大于纯Ⅰ型的闭合应力强度因子范围(△K_(ICl)),说明粗糙度的引入加大了第二种作用,从Ⅱ型裂纹角度出发起到了屏蔽裂尖的功能.     

应力比R对09CuPCrNi钢焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△K_(th)的影响

本文根据国标GB6398-86,采用降K法分别求出在不同应力比R条件下,09CuPCrNi钢母材、焊缝和热响区(HAZ)的疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值△K_(?)的表达式,发现当应力比R达到某一值R_(?)之前,母材、焊缝和热影响区的门槛值△K_(?)随着应力比R的增大而减小;当R超过R_(?)之后,其门槛值均匀保持不变,同时还重点叙述了裂纹闭合应力强度因子K_(?)的计算方法,证实焊接接头的闭合效应高于母材金属,并对上述规律做了分析和解释.     

ROUGHNESS-INDUCED SHEAR RESISTANCE OF MODE Ⅱ CRACK GROWTH

通过混合(Ⅰ/Ⅱ)型疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值和裂纹闭合效应的测试.获得双相钢纯Ⅱ型疲劳门槛值是其纯Ⅰ型的1.9倍:其纯Ⅱ型分枝裂尖正应力强度因子范围为纯Ⅰ型的2.2倍说明由同一粗糙度引入裂纹面的剪切阻力,对Ⅱ型裂纹扩展的阻碍程度将大于此粗糙度诱导裂纹闭合效应,降低裂尖Ⅰ型有效驱动力的贡献,即粗糙度对Ⅱ型裂纹扩展的阻碍比对Ⅰ型的大Ⅱ型分量在近门槛值的疲劳裂纹生长过程中能够起两个重要的作用:(1)增大裂尖塑性以至加速裂纹生长;(2)引入裂纹表面接触以至减小裂纹扩展速率本文通过裂纹闭合效应的测试,定量估算了剪切阻力,Ⅱ型摩擦剪切应力强度因子范围(△K_(Ⅱ.f))要远远大于纯Ⅰ型的闭合应力强度因子范围(△K_(ICl)),说明粗糙度的引入加大了第二种作用,从Ⅱ型裂纹角度出发起到了屏蔽裂尖的功能.     

8090Al—Li合金疲劳短裂纹门槛值的研究

本文研究了8090Al-Li合金穿透疲劳短裂纹的门槛值,测定了不同长度短裂纹的门槛值和裂纹闭合效应,探讨了该合金疲劳短裂纹门槛值、裂纹尾迹和裂尖屏蔽之间的关系,给出了该合金穿透疲劳短裂纹的上界值和理论最低门槛值。     

疲劳裂纹尖端的位错结构

在双相钢物理短裂纹门槛区，观察到稳定的位错胞和墙结构；长裂纹门槛区，在铁素体／马氏体相界堆垛位错密度大，有形成位错胞的趋势．长裂纹扩展第二阶段，铁素体晶粒内具有单向滑移线（Ｒ＝０，－１）和正交网状（Ｒ＝－１）的位错结构，长裂纹扩展第三阶段，位错稀少，但单滑移、双交滑移位错线明显拉长，说明裂纹尖端位错组态是应变历史的产物．疲劳裂纹扩展门槛区形成的位错胞和墙是一亚稳态结构，与门槛循环应力应变处于动态平衡，也是一微观结构参数．     

SLOW PROPAGATION OF FATIGUE CRACK NEAR THRESHOLD

The effect of pearlite interlamellar spacing(d)from 0.31 to 0.77 μm of T8 steel on fatiguecrack propagation near threshold has been investigated at different stress ratios(R).Theclosure stress intensity factor(K_(cl)),the threshold value(ΔK_(th))and crack tip opening dis-placement range(ΔCOD)were measured.The results show that pearlite interlamellar spac-ing in this range has no effect on K_(cl),but has effect on the threshold value in low stress ratio.The threshold value is higher for materials with larger interlamellar spacing.No matter whatthe stress ratio is,during the propagation near threshold,the propagation rate will be thesame,provieded the crack tip opening displacement range is the same.Metallurgical examinations were also carried out to show that the crack propagationpath is sensitive to mierostructure.The crack always propagates along either boundary ofpearlite colony or ferrite lamellar in pearlite.     

EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION NEAR THRESHOLD

本文研究一次拉伸型过载对奥氏体不锈钢疲劳裂紋近门槛值扩展的影响.试验结果表明,过载对门槛值的影响和过载比P_0/P_(max)的大小有关;P_0/P_(max)>1.4时,门槛值随着过载比增加而线性提高.提出了裂纹扩展速率减缓和门槛值提高的主导原因是过載大大促进裂纹顶端闭合,即塑性诱发闭合和断裂表面粗糙诱发闭合.     

A dislocation model for the two critical stress intensities required for threshold fatigue crack propagation

We have examined the variations, with decreasing load ratio, of threshold peak and cyclic stress intensities required for fatigue crack growth in stage I (mainly mode II loading) using a simple model simulating dislocation motion near a crack tip. In this model the crack grows by dislocations running into the crack during loading and unloading phases. Initially we have studied the behaviour of a crack with a dislocation source relatively far away from the crack tip. Crack propagation rates showed a Paris regime at high ΔK, and an abrupt threshold value ΔK_th below which no crack growth occurred. The variation with load ratio of the peak (K_th) and cyclic (ΔK_th) stress intensities at the fatigue threshold showed that two different processes controlled the behaviour. At high load ratios dislocations are generated readily during loading and the threshold is controlled by the need for sufficient unloading to allow dislocations to run back into the crack, so that the criterion ΔK ≥ ΔK∗ results. At negative load ratios it is the generation of dislocations during the loading phase that controls the threshold condition, since once generated, the large unloading and reversed loading easily forces dislocations back to the crack. Under these conditions the threshold criterion becomes K_max ≥ K∗.     

THRESHOLD OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACK FOR Al-Li ALLOY 8090

Threshold of fatigue for short through cracks for Al-Li alloy 8090 was evaluated to be lowerthan that of long cracks,and to decrease with the shortening of the crack length.The correla-tion among the threshold,crack wake,and crack tip shielding of the short fatigue cracks wasdiscussed.The super demarcation length and lowest theoretical threshold of short through fa-tigue cracks were presented.     

Fatigue crack growth behavior of a solid solution-strengthened nickel-base superalloy (Incoloy 825)

Fatigue crack growth behavior of a solid solution-strengthened nickel-base superalloy (Incoloy 825)* was investigated. The investigation also examined the influence of heat treatment on resultant microstructures and the near-threshold fatigue crack growth behavior. In addition, the influence of load ratios(R), material strength, and grain size on fatigue threshold was studied. Compact tension specimens prepared from Incoloy 825 with transverse-longitudinal (TL) orientation in the as-received, as well as two different heat treated conditions, were used. The heat treatment studies revealed a peak hardness condition after solution treatment at 1200 °C for 1/2 hr, followed by aging at 600 °C for 434 hr. Among all the heat treated conditions, the fatigue threshold was the highest and the near-threshold crack growth rate was lowest in this peak aged condition. Fatigue threshold values were observed to decrease with an increase in load ratio, whereas an increased grain diameter resulted in a higher fatigue threshold. An earlier mathematical model was found applicable to characterize the relationship between load ratio and fatigue threshold. Preferential etching of grain boundary suggests formation of a thin film of carbide precipitation along the grain boundary region in the aged specimens. This carbide precipitation facilitated intergranular crack growth in these samples, resulting in higher roughness-induced crack closure. The highest fatigue threshold in the peak aged condition can be attributed to this large roughness-induced crack closure process. Incoloy 825 is a trademark for products of Huntington Alloys, Inc.     

不同疲劳载荷下工业纯钛再结晶热处理对疲劳裂纹扩展行为影响

本文开展热处理后工业纯钛TA2不同载荷水平下疲劳裂纹扩展实验,考虑裂尖塑性变形程度,研究疲劳裂纹扩展规律以及热处理状态对疲劳裂纹扩展不同阶段的适应性。结果表明,不同疲劳载荷下热处理对疲劳扩展速率产生不同的影响。A类加载热处理后的疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降是由于近门槛区有效载荷的降低,以及近门槛值的提高。B类加载下热处理对有效载荷以及裂尖塑性变形几乎没有什么影响。C类与D类加载下热处理后裂尖塑性变形受到限制,而导致疲劳裂纹扩展速率下降。     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior of K40S cobalt-base superalloy at elevated temperature

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高速列车车轴用EA4T钢腐蚀疲劳性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境中EA4T车轴钢疲劳性能,为车轴的腐蚀检测和使用寿命评估提供依据.方法 采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机,在人造雨水模拟的腐蚀环境和空气环境中,对EA4T车轴钢试样进行疲劳试验,以获得不同环境下试样的疲劳S-N曲线、表面损伤以及裂纹扩展规律.然后对扩展裂纹进行概率统计,通过扫描电镜对疲劳失效的断口进行观察,并分析对比不同环境中裂纹扩展门槛值的变化.结果 空气环境中,试样的疲劳极限为355 MPa,而在腐蚀环境中,试样不存在疲劳极限,107循环周次对应的疲劳强度降低到245 MPa,相比空气环境中降低了31％.Gumbel分布统计与Weibull双参数分布统计相比,更适合描述EA4T车轴钢试样表面腐蚀裂纹长度随加载次数的变化.腐蚀环境中,疲劳裂纹萌生于表面腐蚀坑,并存在多个裂纹源.腐蚀环境显著降低了试样裂纹扩展门槛值,空气环境下,该值为6.29 MPa·m1/2,腐蚀环境下降低到4.1 MPa·m1/2.结论 腐蚀环境降低EA4T钢疲劳寿命的主要原因是,腐蚀环境降低了裂纹扩展门槛值,加快了裂纹萌生以及短裂纹扩展.而当裂纹达到一定长度时,腐蚀环境对裂纹扩展几乎没有影响.