警惕电气自动控制中寄生回路的隐性危害

在电气自动控制的设计过程中,设计者根据生产工艺要求和生产控制过程用经验设计法设计出来的控制电路,虽然通过了试验和一定时间的实践验证。但是随着时间的推移,其存在的隐性危害便会逐渐暴露出来,电气自动控制中寄生回路的存在及其隐性危害便是一例。所谓寄生回路,是指自动控     

警惕电气自动控制中寄生回路的隐性危害

在电气自动控制的设计过程中,设计者根据生产工艺要求和生产控制过程用经验设计法设计出来的控制电路,虽然通过了试验和一定时间的实践验证.但是随着时间的推移,其存在的隐性危害便会逐渐暴露出来,电气自动控制中寄生回路的存在及其隐性危害便是一例.     

下期要目

在电气自动控制的设计过程中，设计者根据生产工艺要求和生产控制过程用经验设计法设计出来的控制电路，虽然通过了试验和一定时间的实践验证。但是随着时间的推移，其存在的隐性危害便会逐渐暴露出来，电气自动控制中寄生回路的存在及其隐性危害便是一例。     

多回路泵驱动回路热管系统的换热特性

为提高泵驱动回路热管系统的温度效率,探讨多回路系统替代单回路系统用于空调系统排风能量回收的技术可行性,制作了单回路和三回路泵驱动回路热管系统样机,搭建实验测试平台,研究单回路和三回路系统在夏、冬季运行工况下的换热特性,并基于换热温差均匀性原理进行对比分析。结果表明,相比于单回路系统,三回路系统的性能更优,冬季工况下室内外温差为31.9℃时,换热温差均匀性明显改善,系统温度效率提高22.6%,夏季工况下系统温度效率变化不大。     

变电所二次回路中保护回路的设计

变电所二次回路中保护回路的设计王德山（齐齐哈尔化工总厂生产技术处１６１０３３）前言二次回路设计是变电所设计中的一个重要内容。它包括交、直流操作电源的选择，测量回路的设计、控制、信号回路以及保护回路的设计。保护回路的设计是其中最为重要而又复杂的环节。保...     

水泥厂低压柜控制电源的选取问题

正0前言水泥厂中低压配电设备所占比重最大,因此低压配电柜数量也是所有配电柜中最多的。相比高压柜的控制,低压柜往往可能会更复杂一些,因此也是运行维护中的重点。低压回路一般包括主回路(或一次回路)和控制回路(或二次回路)。主回路一般都是几种固定的模式,比较简单,相比而言     

两种不同结构的回路型重力热管性能比较

将回路型热管和重力热管的优点相结合,设计了回路型重力热管。通过试验的方法分析两种不同结构的回路型重力热管的传热性能,结果表明:A型回路型重力热管的传热性能优于B型,不同的倾斜方向对两种回路型重力热管几乎没有影响。通过数值模拟的方法研究了齿形翅片对回路型重力热管的影响,结果表明:齿形翅片可以有效强化自然对流传热,增加回路型重力热管的传热功率。     

多回路泵驱动回路热管系统的换热特性

为提高泵驱动回路热管系统的温度效率,探讨多回路系统替代单回路系统用于空调系统排风能量回收的技术可行性,制作了单回路和三回路泵驱动回路热管系统样机,搭建实验测试平台,研究单回路和三回路系统在夏、冬季运行工况下的换热特性,并基于换热温差均匀性原理进行对比分析。结果表明,相比于单回路系统,三回路系统的性能更优,冬季工况下室内外温差为31.9℃时,换热温差均匀性明显改善,系统温度效率提高22.6%,夏季工况下系统温度效率变化不大。     

化工过程多回路PID控制系统模式切换参数自整定

化工过程一般为多变量系统,但其主要控制方案为分散多回路PID常规控制。由于多变量系统内部存在不同程度的耦合作用,各控制回路之间存在相互影响,当其他回路进行手动/自动模式切换时,本回路等效被控对象将会发生突变,导致本回路的原有控制参数不能适应等效被控对象的变化,造成控制性能下降,甚至闭环系统不稳定。为避免这种情况的发生,从整个系统的角度研究控制回路模式切换时的稳定性,采用多变量频域Nyquist阵列设计法。基于对角优势下正Nyquist稳定性判据,从Gershgorin圆边界点的角度定量分析各个控制回路在模式切换前后的稳定性变化程度,从而确定各回路控制器增益的调整方向及程度,实现各回路的控制器参数在控制回路模式切换瞬间的自动整定,尽可能抵消控制回路模式切换对整个系统的扰动,保证整个系统的闭环稳定性。以Shell公司重油分馏塔的多回路PID控制系统为例,将3个PID控制回路依次投用时,根据Gershgorin圆边界点进行控制参数的自整定,闭环系统仍能保持一定的控制性能,否则闭环系统将不稳定。     

本安回路计算及在工程实际应用中的意义

本质安全设计作为一种有效的防爆技术,大规模地应用在自动化控制回路的设计中,为安全生产提供可靠的保障。但是在目前的工程设计中,对于本安回路参数的认证及本安回路计算这项工作鲜有涉及,从本安回路的结构入手,详细介绍、论证了本质安全参数认证和本安回路计算的步骤以及本安回路各组成部分对于回路性能的影响。     

ECT系统杂散电容分布研究

对基于FPGA的ECT系统中存在的杂散电容进行分析和研究,其中包括电容传感器杂散电容、高速PCB的工艺杂散和寄生电容、集成电路芯片引脚间与电极引线间的串扰,并提出减小相应杂散的措施。     

寄生电容对高频除尘电源特性的影响

高频静电除尘设备在实际工作中由于电路工作在高频,加之变压器变比很大,使得变压器寄生参数对高频除尘电源供电特性的影响不可忽略。为此,通过对电流断续模式下,串、并联谐振变换器在不同工作阶段的数学分析、推导和归一化处理,得到高频除尘电源变换器的输出平均电流特性、开关管导通时间特性和临界断续频率特性,并以图形曲线的方式给出了量化分析结果。仿真结果证实了特性曲线的正确性和调频调压控制方案的可行性。     

Analysis of the performance of packed-bed electrochemical reactors

The performance of a packed-bed electrochemical reactor with a parasitic reaction is analysed. Current efficiency and energy consumption are calculated using a linear approximation to the polarization equation. The results are presented as a function of dimensionless variables, which are characteristic of electrode and process parameters. The adverse effects of the parasitic reaction are estimated and ways to avoid them are discussed.     

Plant Parasites under Pressure: Effects of Abiotic Stress on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts

Parasitic angiosperms, comprising a diverse group of flowering plants, are partially or fully dependent on their hosts to acquire water, mineral nutrients and organic compounds. Some have detrimental effects on agriculturally important crop plants. They are also intriguing model systems to study adaptive mechanisms required for the transition from an autotrophic to a heterotrophic metabolism. No less than any other plant, parasitic plants are affected by abiotic stress factors such as drought and changes in temperature, saline soils or contamination with metals or herbicides. These effects may be attributed to the direct influence of the stress, but also to diminished host availability and suitability. Although several studies on abiotic stress response of parasitic plants are available, still little is known about how abiotic factors affect host preferences, defense mechanisms of both hosts and parasites and the effects of combinations of abiotic and biotic stress experienced by the host plants. The latter effects are of specific interest as parasitic plants pose additional pressure on contemporary agriculture in times of climate change. This review summarizes the existing literature on abiotic stress response of parasitic plants, highlighting knowledge gaps and discussing perspectives for future research and potential agricultural applications.     

DMFC at low air flow operation: Study of parasitic hydrogen generation

In this paper, the effect of hydrogen generation in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) is described. Under certain operating conditions hydrogen generation occurs in DMFC causing an additional methanol consumption and a decrease of the cell voltage.For the present experiments a segmented cell with an active area of 244 cm² is used. The cell has 196 segments which are regularly distributed on the whole area. By this experimental setup hydrogen generation was found in regions with insufficient air supply. Hydrogen generation was analyzed by systematically applying different air flow rates and detecting the local current densities. The theory for hydrogen generation is confirmed by the results obtained from the segmented cell. A correlation between open circuit voltage (OCV), air flow rate and hydrogen generation was observed. Furthermore, half-cell measurements with different methanol concentrations were performed and used for analyzing the processes during hydrogen generation.The work clearly indicates the importance of sufficient cathode air supply for DMFC. Starved cathode areas not only do not contribute to the overall current generation but in addition reduce the power and efficiency by the parasitic generation of hydrogen.     

The Effect of Virulence and Resistance Mechanisms on the Interactions between Parasitic Plants and Their Hosts

Parasitic plants have a unique heterotrophic lifestyle based on the extraction of water and nutrients from host plants. Some parasitic plant species, particularly those of the family Orobanchaceae, attack crops and cause substantial yield losses. The breeding of resistant crop varieties is an inexpensive way to control parasitic weeds, but often does not provide a long-lasting solution because the parasites rapidly evolve to overcome resistance. Understanding mechanisms underlying naturally occurring parasitic plant resistance is of great interest and could help to develop methods to control parasitic plants. In this review, we describe the virulence mechanisms of parasitic plants and resistance mechanisms in their hosts, focusing on obligate root parasites of the genera Orobanche and Striga. We noticed that the resistance (R) genes in the host genome often encode proteins with nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domains (NLR proteins), hence we proposed a mechanism by which host plants use NLR proteins to activate downstream resistance gene expression. We speculated how parasitic plants and their hosts co-evolved and discussed what drives the evolution of virulence effectors in parasitic plants by considering concepts from similar studies of plant–microbe interaction. Most previous studies have focused on the host rather than the parasite, so we also provided an updated summary of genomic resources for parasitic plants and parasitic genes for further research to test our hypotheses. Finally, we discussed new approaches such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing and RNAi silencing that can provide deeper insight into the intriguing life cycle of parasitic plants and could potentially contribute to the development of novel strategies for controlling parasitic weeds, thereby enhancing crop productivity and food security globally.     

高可靠性的轴位监控仪

介绍了一种新研制的轴位监控仪的工作原理及几个主要电路的设计方案（如警告、报警、危险报警、监视电路）．列出了该仪器警告报警与危险报警的实测数据。     

两种印刷电路板式微通道节流制冷器性能实验研究

回热节流结构对微通道节流制冷器性能有决定性影响,针对目前微通道节流制冷器多为单层高、低压通道结构,制冷量较小的特点,结合印刷电路板工艺可刻蚀焊接形成不同结构的叠层通道、传热效率高的优点,设计制作出两种印刷电路板式微通道节流制冷器。两种制冷器交错的高低压通道各6层。第一种制冷器的通道结构为大小微槽道相搭配,实现先回热换热后节流,当量直径分别为463 μm和120 μm;第二种通道结构为错排微圆柱针肋,当量直径337 μm,高低压板片均实现回热和节流并行发生。在2.02~5.20 MPa进口压力范围内实验研究两种制冷器性能,得到制冷器质量流量、进出口压力以及进出口和轴向测点的温度。结果表明,微槽道结构制冷器的节流段温降斜率明显大于回热段;微针肋结构前段温降斜率有略微增大的趋势,由于轴向导热和寄生热负荷的存在,后段温降趋缓。第一种制冷器在5.12 MPa进口压力下的质量流量为4.52 g/s,高压侧压降4.31 MPa,最低温度为210.9 K,第二种制冷器在5.20 MPa入口压力下,质量流量为8.70 g/s,高压侧压降4.40 MPa,最低温度可达165.2 K。相比试件一先以回热为主再以节流为主的流程形式,试件二回热与节流同时作用,热力和传热过程有不同规律,具有明显更优的温降效果,是流量、压降、换热、热力过程相互影响的综合结果。随着微通道技术在气体节流领域的应用越来越多,换热过程中伴随显著节流效应越来越普遍,两试件对比实验研究可为今后此类问题的研究、设计与应用提供一些参考。     

Influence of Ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) on Plant Parasitic Nematodes

The roots of ragweed Ambrosia trifida exude chemical compounds that have insecticidal activities. This paper reports a survey conducted in a soybean field infested with ragweed to determine if the ragweed affected the populations of plant parasitic nematodes. There was a strong indication that the ragweed decreased populations of plant parasitic nematodes in some cases.     

电容式电磁流量转换器的设计

介绍电容式电磁流量计的转换部分，重点介绍高阻抗输入电路和以C8051F005单片机为核心的信号放大、检出、滤波电路及转换器的其它功能。