酸碱度对纳米Fe_3O_4磁性流体性能的影响

采用化学共沉淀法制备纳米Fe3O4磁性颗粒,并用油酸钠对其进行包覆改性,以煤油为基液制备出煤油基Fe3O4磁流体。对比分析了pH值=5和10.5条件下油酸钠包覆的Fe3O4磁性颗粒的性能差异,得出油酸钠在pH值=5时可以更好地包覆在Fe3O4磁性颗粒表面,其饱和磁化强度为58.0A·m2/kg,在此基础上制备出的磁流体的饱和磁化强度为20.2A·m2/kg,并且Fe3O4磁性颗粒分散较均匀。而油酸钠在pH值=10.5时包覆的Fe3O4磁性颗粒,其饱和磁化强度虽然高一些(67.8A·m2/kg),但制备出的磁流体稳定性较差,出现较为明显的沉降现象。     

油酸对微波水热法制备的纳米Fe_3O_4的影响

采用微波水热法制备纳米Fe3O4,并用油酸对其进行表面改性,获得油酸包覆的Fe3O4纳米粒子。利用XRD、FT-IR、TEM和振动样品磁强计对Fe3O4纳米粒子的结构、形貌、磁性能进行表征。结果表明:表面改性使得油酸分子中—COOH和Fe离子形成化学键;改性后的纳米Fe3O4粒子为粒度均匀的球形,具有良好的分散性,平均粒径约8nm;该产物具有超顺磁性,饱和磁化强度为61.8emu/g。     

Fe3O4/羧基改性壳聚糖复合纳米粒子的制备、表征及生物学应用

采用氧化水热法,以H2O2为氧化剂制备了磁性Fe3O4纳米颗粒.以磁性Fe3O4为核,通过反相悬浮聚合法对Fe3O4颗粒表面进行改性,在碳二亚胺的活化作用下,与壳聚糖衍生物-α-酮戊二酸缩壳聚糖(KCTS)反应制备了表面含有一定羧基的磁性Fe3O4/KCTS纳米粒子.经XRD、TEM、VSM、IR、TGA等手段对复合材料进行了表征及性能研究.结果表明,该磁性Fe3O4/KCTS纳米粒子的平均粒径为26nm,比饱和磁化强度为24.8A·m2/kg.其性能优良,具备超顺磁性,能很好的应用于生物分离,蛋白吸附等领域.     

含松香丙烯酸酯的磁性聚合物微球的制备及表征

以苯乙烯(St)为单体,松香丙烯酸与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯酯化物(RAH)为交联剂,在油酸改性的Fe3O4存在下,采用悬浮聚合法制备了含松香的磁性聚合物微球[P(St/RAH)/Fe3O4],研究了Fe3O4用量对聚合物微球性能的影响,采用红外光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、热重和磁强计对磁性聚合物微球进行了分析表征。结果表明,成功制得了P(RAH/St)/Fe3O4;得到的磁性微球球形良好,表面光滑,Fe3O4包埋在聚合物中;微球为超顺磁性,在油酸改性Fe3O4用量为8%(质量分数)时磁性达到饱和,饱和磁化强度为3.13A·m2/kg。     

超声辅助磁性纳米Fe3O4粒子表面有机改性研究

采用超声粉碎分散团聚磁性纳米Fe3O4粒子,用油酸对分散好的磁性粒子表面进行改性.结果表明,在纳米Fe3O4中油酸用量为0.5mL、超声次数为15次、每次2min、间隔时间为15s、pH值为7.5的条件下,改性效果最好,改性指数为0.87.红外光谱分析证明,油酸通过-COOH的"均化"与纳米Fe3O4粒子的表面结合实现了包覆改性,无分解和其它化学反应发生,改性效果良好.     

油酸钠对油相法制备的Fe3O4纳米粒子的表面改性研究

以常见的表面活性剂油酸钠作为表面改性剂,通过油酸根离子中的脂肪烃链与高温油相法制备的Fe3O4纳米粒子表面的亲油性基团之间的范德华力作用,将分散在油相中的Fe3O4纳米粒子转移到水相中.研究了油酸钠浓度、油相中Fe3O4纳米粒子含量、pH值及温度等条件对改性结果的影响;用穆斯堡尔谱仪（Moessbauer）、透射电镜（TEM）、傅立叶红外光谱（FT-IR）等方法对改性前后的样品进行了表征.结果表明：本方法可有效地将油相法制备的Fe3O4纳米粒子从油相中转移到水相.当油酸钠浓度为3mmol/L、Fe3O4纳米粒子在正己烷中浓度为12.28mg·mL^-1、pH为8.6且温度为60℃时,转移率最高可达86%,改性后粒子在水相中的含量最高可达10.5mg·mL^-1;改性后磁性粒子在水相中含量较低时,能够稳定分散较长时间.     

油酸钠基纳米Fe3O4磁流体制备、表征及应用

采用化学共沉淀法制备了Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子。以油酸钠为基体的Fe3O4磁流体具有良好的分散效果。利用X衍射仪（XRD）和透射电镜（TEM）分别对磁性粒子的物相、结构及粒径进行了分析，证实其为纯相Fe3O4粒子且粒径约为8nm。采用振动样品磁强计（VSM）测得包覆油酸钠前后的Fe3O4粒子饱和磁化强度（Ms）分别为60...     

无水乙醇对双层油酸包覆结构中物理吸附层的影响

研究了无水乙醇洗涤次数对油酸包覆的Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒表面包覆结构的影响。采用FT-IR和TGA联合表征了油酸包覆的Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒经过无水乙醇洗涤前后表面包覆结构的变化,采用TEM观察了油酸包覆后Fe3O4磁性纳米颗粒的形貌。实验结果表明经过无水乙醇5次洗涤后,油酸包覆的Fe3O4磁性颗粒为双层包覆结构;经过无水乙醇20次洗涤后,无水乙醇将双层油酸包覆结构中的物理吸附层洗掉,造成双层油酸包覆的Fe3O4磁性颗粒演变为单层包覆结构。     

包覆双层表面活性剂Fe3O4纳米粒子的制备及性能研究

为制备稳定的水基磁流体,分别以月桂酸、油酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠作为外层表面活性剂,对包油酸的Fe3O4粒子进行了再包覆.将得到的双层包覆的Fe3O4粒子分别分散在水中,发现以十二烷基苯磺酸钠为外层表面活性剂的磁粒子制成的水分散液的稳定性最佳.利用IR研究其吸附机理,结果显示:内层的油酸通过化学键合吸附在磁粒子表面,外层的十二烷基苯磺酸钠通过物理作用吸附在包油酸的Fe3O4粒子表面.     

超临界CO2中聚丙烯酸丁酯/Fe3O4复合物的制备及应用

通过超临界二氧化碳(scCO2)沉淀聚合法制备了磁性聚丙烯酸丁酯(PBA/Fe3O4)复合物。首先经共沉淀法制备油酸(OA)改性的纳米Fe3O4颗粒,然后以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为反应单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯(EGDMA)为交联剂,正己烷为助溶剂,在scCO2中制备了PBA/Fe3O4复合物。对复合物进行了红外光谱、透射电镜、热重分析、X射线衍射表征和磁性能测试,结果显示OA-Fe3O4与PBA复合。对磁性复合物进行吸油性能测试,当反应压力为17MPa,改性纳米Fe3O4用量为6.7%时,反应生成的PBA/Fe3O4复合物对柴油的吸附量达7g/g,利用磁铁可对吸油复合物进行回收,经CO2再生后可重复使用10次,复合物对柴油的吸附量仍维持在5g/g以上。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...