尘埃粒子计数器的校准

本文主要介绍了尘埃粒子计数器的调校方法和校准过程中遇到的问题。     

尘埃粒子计数器校准装置的研制

采用“尘埃粒子计数器-凝结核粒子计数器-气溶胶静电计”的逐级溯源方法,开展了尘埃粒子计数器校准装置的研制。首先采用可溯源至国家电阻及电压标准的高值电阻和直流电压源,对气溶胶静电计的响应电流进行了校准;之后利用比对法和稀释技术,对凝结核粒子计数器进行了校准研究,最后将凝结核粒子计数器作为量值传递标准,通过比对法实现对尘埃粒子计数器的校准,校准结果可溯源至国家电流标准。     

尘埃粒子计数器校准系统的改造

本文主要介绍了尘埃粒子计数器校准系统改造方案的研究方案和改造过程中遇到的问题。     

尘埃粒子计数器的校准方法

尘埃粒子计数器主要用来评定洁净室洁净度等级、检测过滤器的过滤效率及洁净织物的发尘量等。尘埃粒子计数器的量值溯源因其特殊性,存在很大难度,多年来国内外都在致力于尘埃粒子计数器的校准研究。该文就研究以及编写的尘埃粒子计数器国家计量校准规范,来阐述尘埃粒子计数器的校准方法。     

标准尘埃粒子计数器校准方法的可溯源性研究

介绍一种新的标准尘埃粒子计数器校准方法,通过"尘埃粒子计数器—凝结核粒子计数器—气溶胶静电计"的逐级溯源链,将尘埃粒计数器的计数值溯源至电流基准,形成一个完整的溯源体系。结果表明,该方法可以对尘埃粒子计数器量程内粒径的计数效率进行评估,解决各种流量的尘埃粒子计数器的校准问题。     

尘埃粒子计数器的检测和校准现状

尘埃粒子计数器是用来评价洁净环境洁净度等级的重要仪器,近年来,尘埃粒子计数器的量值溯源一直是国内外计量机构的研究重点,目前被广泛认可的尘埃粒子计数器的溯源方法有两种:一是采用参加全国比对的尘埃粒子计数器与待检尘埃粒子计数器进行比对;另一种是通过凝结核粒子计数器溯源至气溶胶静电计,最终溯源至计量基准电流之上。本文将综述尘埃粒子计数器的检测和校准方法以及存在问题。     

大流量尘埃粒子计数器校准装置研究

尘埃粒子计数器是用于测量洁净环境中单位体积内尘埃粒子数量和粒径分布的仪器,随着新版GMP实施和大量高等级工业洁净房的应用,大流量的尘埃粒子计数器应用明显增加,针对现有校准装置对大流量尘埃校准时气溶胶雾化流量不足、手动操作易引入人员操作干扰且试验的重现性不佳等缺陷,本课题主要解决传统计数器校准装置存在的不足,提高其校准装置的自动化、信息化水平,解决仪器的校准中复现性差、稳定性不佳的问题,使其满足现在大流量、高稳定性的要求。     

尘埃粒子计数器校准结果及其应用探讨

本文对尘埃粒子计数器粒子浓度示值误差校准结果的计算进行了讨论,并以制药行业中尘埃粒子计数器的使用为例对尘埃粒子计数器校准结果的应用进行了探讨。     

尘埃粒子计数器校准结果量值溯源

通过对尘埃粒子计数器校准原理的研究分析,确定了与尘埃粒子计数器校准结果直接相关的量值颗粒尺寸和颗粒数量,并对颗粒尺寸及其颗粒数量的溯源性进行了分析,理顺了量值溯源与传递体系的关系,保证了尘埃粒子计数器校准结果的准确可靠。     

浅析尘埃粒子计数器的量值溯源

随着尘埃粒子计数器在各行各业的广泛利用,为保证测量结果的准确可靠,必须对尘埃粒子计数器有效溯源。本文从目前国内外有关的尘埃粒子计数器技术标准出发,详细分析其溯源现状,并探讨进一步的研究方向,供有关计量科研人员参考。     

Determination of the refractive index and size distribution of aerosol from dual-scattering-angle optical particle counter measurements

A method is presented for inferring both the refractive index and the size distribution of aerosol from observations of a dual-scattering-angle optical particle counter (OPC). An existing prototype of an OPC with 60 degree and 90 degree dual-scattering angles was used for the experiments. Based on the high sensitivity of the OPC response to the refractive index of particulates, two families of size distribution curves may be calculated. The solution of the refractive index corresponds to the superposition of the two size distributions. This method was applied to the simulation and to the field measurements conducted in Beijing and Hefei, and the results of both are presented.     

Modeling of the signals of an optical particle counter for real nonspherical particles

An optical particle counter (OPC) was exposed to atmospheric particles of diameters of 200, 300, and 400 nm. The OPC data were combined with the results of single-particle analysis with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) on samples taken in parallel with the OPC measurements. With a T-matrix-based optical model the measured OPC spectra of scattered light pulses could be approximated with good precision. With an algorithm that simulated the response of the OPC to a given population of model particles derived from the TEM results, average absorption properties of different particle types were retrieved. For mobility sizes of 400 nm, higher light absorption was retrieved with the optical model for soot aggregates than for the rest of the morphological particle types. At smaller mobility sizes no compositional information could be derived from the model particles derived from the TEM data. Despite the limited success of the new methodology applied to the present experiment the results encourage the use of OPCs in combination with electrical mobility analyzers to derive more than aerosol-size distributions. With state-of-the-art pulse-height analysis the light-scattering pulses could be resolved with much finer resolution than in the instrument used.     

Nonintrusive optical single-particle counter for measuring the size and velocity of droplets in a spray

A technique for measuring nonintrusively, and in real time, the size and velocity of droplets in a spray is presented. A small beam identifies the center of a larger beam, thus defining a region of almost uniform intensity, and only droplets crossing through such a center are measured. The size is obtained from the absolute scattered light and the velocity from the modulated signal produced by the interferometric pattern. A self-calibrating algorithm is also discussed. Results are presented for a spray of predictable characteristics.     

Comparison of optically derived particle size distributions: scattering over the full angular range versus diffraction at near forward angles

The volume scattering function (VSF) of particles in water depends on the particles' size distribution and composition as well as their shape and internal structure. Inversion of the VSF thus provides information about the particle population. The commercially available LISST instrument measures the scattering at near forward angles to estimate the bulk size distribution of particles larger than about 1?μm. By using scattering over the full angular range (0°-180°), the recently improved VSF-inversion method [X. Zhang, M. Twardowski, and M. Lewis, Appl. Opt. 50, 1240 (2011).10.1364/AO.50.001240APOPAI0003-6935] can characterize particles in terms of particle subpopulations, which are described by their unique size distribution and composition. Concurrent deployments of the Multispectral Volume Scattering Meter and the LISST in three coastal waters (i.e., Chesapeake Bay, Mobile Bay, and Monterey Bay) allowed us to compare the size distributions derived from these two different methods. We also obtained indirect validation of the results for submicrometer particles and for the composition of particles provided by the VSF-inversion method. For particle sizes ranging from 1 to 100?μm, the concentration was shown to vary over 10 orders of magnitude, and excellent agreement was found between the two methods with a mean relative difference less than 10% for the total size distributions. The inversion results also reproduced spectral variations in the shape of the VSF, although these spectral variations were not frequently observed in our study. The increased backscattering towards the shorter wavelengths was explained by the stronger influence of submicrometer particles affecting the backscattering. Based on published measurements of cell sizes and intracellular chlorophyll-a [Chl] concentrations over a wide range of phytoplankton species and strains, [Chl] was estimated for the inverted subpopulations that were identified as phytoplankton based on their refractive index and mean sizes. The estimated [Chl] agreed well with the fluorescence-based estimates in both magnitude and trend, thus reproducing a bloom event observed at a time series station.     

Absolute neutron detection efficiency calibration of a stilbene organic scintillator in the energy range 2 to 20 MeV with the associated particle technique

The associated particle technique (APT) has been used with neutrons from D(d, n)³He and T(d, n)⁴He reactions to measure the absolute neutron detection efficiency of a stilbene detector (3.81 cm diameter, 1.27 cm thick) in the energy range 2–20 MeV as a function of the light collection threshold. The measurements have been carried out using thin TiT and home made self-supporting deuterated polyethylene targets. The APT facility of the INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, the efficiency measurements and their comparison with both analytical and Monte Carlo (SANREMO code) calculations are described. The good agreement between the experimental data and the SANREMO code predictions allows extension of the efficiency evaluation throughout the whole energy range 2–20 MeV with an uncertainty of 5–10%. The experimental uncertainty in efficiency values is about 2%.     

Optical trap detector for calibration of optical fiber powermeters: coupling efficiency

The optical trap detector is based on two, 1 cm x 1 cm silicon photodiodes and a spherical mirror contained in a package that is highly efficient for measuring light diverging from the end of an optical fiber. The mathematical derivation of the coupling efficiency relies on the integral directional response weighted by the angular intensity distribution of an idealized parabolic optical beam. Results of directional-uniformity measurements, acquired with the aid of a six-axis industrial robotic arm, indicate that the trap has a collection efficiency greater than 99.9% for a fiber numerical aperture of 0.24. Spatial uniformity measurements indicate that the variation of detector response as a function of position is less than 0.1%. The detector's absolute responsivity at 672.3, 851.7, and 986.1 nm is also documented by comparison with other optical detectors and various input conditions and indicates that the design is well suited for laser and optical fiber power measurements.     

Slurry particle size evolution during the polishing of optical glass

The particle size distribution of aqueous metal-oxide slurries can evolve during the polishing of optical glass in response to changes in mechanical and chemical process factors. The size-evolution phenomenon and its consequences were systematically studied in a planar continuous-polishing process. The concurrent application of electrokinetic techniques to characterize common optical shop materials has contributed new insight into the nature of silicate glass polishing by demonstrating the pivotal role of fluid chemistry, particularly pH, in maintaining electrokinetically favorable conditions for a welldispersed polishing agent. According to the proposed slurry-charge-control effect, a well-dispersed polishing agent is the key to obtaining the smoothest possible glass surfaces, especially when a recirculated slurry is used.